Common firefly. Fireflies are living lanterns. Is there life on Mars, says the firefly

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The body of fireflies (family Lampyridae, more than 2000 species) is soft (and even the elytra are also soft), flattened, the antennae are rather short, serrated, the pronotum is wide and covers the head from above. Wings are usually developed only in males, tender and flexible. Females often lack elytra and wings, are inactive, and their body resembles an inconspicuous worm rather than a beetle. They sit in the grass and blink, signaling their location to airborne cavaliers. In summer, male fireflies fly, looking for females, and different types

blink at different rhythms. On a warm July night, in places where fireflies live, you can see dozens of greenish lights that go out and flare up again a few meters above the ground. Some tropical species glow quite intensely. The blinking rhythm allows female fireflies to distinguish males of their own species from strangers who do not know the “code.”

Initially, in fireflies, the male “blinked” frequently and rather randomly, after which the female responded with a short flash. Responding to the female's signal, the male moved closer and closer to her until they met. Gradually, this scheme became more complicated, and in the most advanced species, the female and male “talk” for some time in single flashes, between each of which there is a long delay, specific to each species. This code of flashes and long pauses ensures that only females and males of the same species come together. You can be sure that it's really just the rhythm of the flashes and nothing else: an experienced observer can attract a male by imitating the female's reaction using a miniature flashlight. At the same time, it is extremely difficult for even experienced taxonomists to distinguish closely related species of fireflies, and a much more reliable way is to distinguish them by the rhythm of flashing light. The females of some tropical fireflies hunt by imitating the code of others, and various types fireflies. The deceived males fly towards them towards the invitingly blinking light and find their death in the jaws of these “fatal” females. Reproducing the rhythm of light signals of different types is quite, and the females of these fireflies are a rare example of a “visual parrot”, i.e. imitate visual rather than auditory stimuli. Although the preliminary stages of such behavior are known in euphausid crayfish and hydromedusa: in these, the outbreak of one individual is supported by neighbors, so that whole cascades of imitative luminescence flare up and go out in the depths of dark waters. Likewise, some fireflies gather and blink “in unison”: this is an analogue of the choral singing of many grasshoppers and crickets.

The luminescent organs of fireflies are most often located at the end of the abdomen. Here, under the transparent shell - the cuticle - lie large photogenic cells. They are the ones who emit light. And under them there are other cells - reflectors. They are filled with uric acid crystals and reflect light (like the mirror bottom of a spotlight). For oxidative processes (i.e. “combustion,” albeit chemical and cold), oxygen is needed. It reaches photogenic cells through tubes - tracheas. The efficiency of the glow organ in fireflies is amazingly high: about 98 percent of the energy expended is converted into light, while in a conventional electric light bulb only 4 percent of the energy is used for this.


Fireflies are predators, feeding on insects and shellfish. Firefly larvae lead a wandering life, like the larvae of ground beetles, and for some reason they glow. Perhaps this is how they scare away predators - for marine luminous organisms it has been shown that predators prefer not to touch them. Although other explanations are possible. There are luminous bacteria that, settling in the tissues of the host animal, begin to glow and unmask it. Predators eat the glowing bait, and the parasitic bacteria are thus dispersed. Another answer is possible: it is known that many “sounding” beetles emit signals that encourage grouping; their larvae also chirp quietly. Maybe the fireflies are trying to stick together? In general, why the larvae glow is not yet known exactly.

In the south of the Primorsky Territory, the Mongolian firefly, which is quite common there, lives, as well as another, much more rare view fireflies - the pyrocoelia firefly (Pyrocoelia rufa), listed in the Red Book. The body is 15 mm long, the antennae of males are saw-shaped, the rounded pronotum and scutellum are rufous, and the elytra are dark gray or brownish, as in almost all fireflies. Females lack elytra and wings. The larvae live for about two years before turning into adult insects; they can be found under stones and in the forest floor.

Living glow

“...at first there were only two or three green dots blinking, smoothly gliding among the trees.
But gradually there were more of them, and now the entire grove was illuminated by a fantastic green glow.
We have never seen such a huge concentration of fireflies.
They rushed in a cloud among the trees, crawled through the grass, bushes and trunks...
Then sparkling streams of fireflies floated over the bay..."

J.Darrell. "My Family and Other Animals"

Probably everyone has heard about fireflies.

Many have seen them. But what do we know about the biology of these amazing insects? Fireflies, or fireflies, are representatives of a separate family Lampyridae in the order of beetles. In total there are about 2000 species, and they are distributed almost all over the world. The sizes of different types of fireflies range from 4 to 20 mm. The males of these beetles have a cigar-shaped body and a fairly large head with large hemispherical eyes and short antennae, as well as very reliable and strong wings. But female fireflies are usually wingless, soft-bodied, and appearance

resemble larvae. True, in Australia there are species in which wings are developed in both males and females. All types of fireflies have the amazing ability to emit a soft phosphorescent light in the dark. Their luminous organ is photophore – most often located at the end of the abdomen and consists of three layers. The lower layer acts as a reflector - the cytoplasm of its cells is filled with microscopic crystals of uric acid that reflect light. The top layer is represented by a transparent cuticle that transmits light - in short, everything is like in a regular lantern. Actually photogenic, light-producing cells are located in the middle layer of the photophore. They are densely braided with tracheas, through which air enters with the oxygen necessary for the reaction, and contain

great amount

The light emitted by these insects belongs to the rather narrow yellow-green zone of the spectrum and has a wavelength of 500–650 nm.

There are no ultraviolet or infrared rays in the bioluminescent light of fireflies.

The luminescence process is under nervous control. Many species are capable of decreasing and increasing the intensity of light at will, as well as emitting intermittent light.

Both male and female fireflies have a luminous organ. Moreover, the larvae, pupae, and even the eggs laid by these beetles glow, although much weaker.

The light emitted by many tropical firefly species is very bright. The first Europeans to settle in Brazil, in the absence of candles, lit their homes with fireflies. They also filled the lamps in front of the icons. Indians still tie large fireflies to their big toes when traveling through the jungle at night. Their light not only helps you see the road, but also possibly repels snakes. Entomologist Evelyn Chisman wrote in 1932 that some eccentric ladies

South America

and the West Indies, where especially large fireflies are found, before the evening holidays they decorated their hair and dress with these insects, and the living jewelry on them sparkled like diamonds. You and I cannot admire the glow of bright tropical species, but fireflies also live in our country.(Our most common big firefly Lampyris noctiluca ) is also known as "

Ivanov the worm " This name was given to the female of this species, which has an elongated wingless body.It is her rather bright flashlight that we usually notice in the evenings. Male fireweeds are small (about 1 cm) brown bugs with well-developed wings. They also have luminescent organs, but you can usually notice them only by picking up the insect.In the book by Gerald Durrell, the lines from which are taken as an epigraph to our article, it is most likely mentioned flying firefly -

, found not only in Greece, but also on the Black Sea coast (including in the Novorossiysk area), and often stage similar fantastic performances there. Photinus pyralis(in flight And in Primorye you can find a rare and little-studied firefly

pyrocoelia Pyrocaelia rufa.

It is believed that the bioluminescence of fireflies is a means of intersexual communication: partners use light signals to let each other know about their location. And if our fireflies glow with a constant light, then many tropical and North American forms blink their lanterns, and in a certain rhythm.

Some species perform real serenades for their partners, choral serenades, flaring up and dying out in unison with the entire flock gathered on one tree.

And the beetles located on the neighboring tree also flash in concert, but not in time with the fireflies sitting on the first tree. Also, in their own rhythm, the bugs glow on other trees. Eyewitnesses say that this spectacle is so bright and beautiful that it outshines the illumination of large cities. Hour after hour, weeks and even months, the bugs blink on their trees in the same rhythm.

Neither the wind nor

heavy rain cannot change the intensity and frequency of flashes. Only the bright light of the moon can dim these unique natural lanterns for a while. You can disturb the synchronization of flashes if you illuminate the tree with a bright lamp. But when the external light goes out, the fireflies again, as if on command, begin to blink. First, those in the center of the tree adapt to the same rhythm, then neighboring beetles join them and gradually waves of lights flashing in unison spread throughout all branches of the tree. Males of different species of fireflies fly in search of flashes of a certain intensity and frequency - signals emitted by the female of their species. As soon as the huge eyes catch the required light password, the male descends nearby, and the beetles, shining lights for each other, perform the sacrament of marriage. However, this idyllic picture can sometimes be disrupted in the most terrible way due to the fault of the females of some species belonging to the genus.

Photuris . These females emit signals that attract males of other species. And then they simply snack on them. This phenomenon is called aggressive mimicry One of the most amazing natural phenomena

Fireflies are small insects. Their body length does not exceed 25 mm. The color of the integument is varied, but black, gray and brown shades predominate. The chitinous cover is not very dense, most often soft. The insect's head is small. It has large compound eyes and short antennae that come in various shapes.

Fireflies are characterized by sexual dimorphism. The males have the typical beetle structure and are somewhat similar in appearance to cockroaches. Females lack wings and elytra, therefore they are more similar to insect larvae. The firefly larva has a dark color and light spots on the sides.

Features of behavior

Fireflies are heat-loving insects, so most species live in tropical and subtropical zones. IN temperate zone There are 20 species, 15 of which are found in Russia. All adult fireflies are nocturnal and terrestrial. The larvae can live both in water bodies and on land.

These insects can be found in meadows, near swamps, and also in the wilds of deciduous forests. Fireflies, although not social insects, often form large aggregations. During the daytime, the beetles are inactive; they sit on the grass all the time, waiting for sunset. At night, insects wake up and begin to fly quickly.

The diet of different firefly species varies greatly. Depending on their diet, insects are divided into main groups:

1. Vegetarians - feed on nectar and pollen.
2. Predators (including cannibals) - eat various invertebrates.
3. Species in which adult insects have an atrophied mouth, therefore they do not feed, but consume the nutrients accumulated in the fat body.

Reproduction and life cycle

At the beginning of summer, fireflies begin mating season, after which fertilized females lay eggs in the ground. Soon, hungry larvae emerge from these eggs. Regardless of the species, larvae are always predators, feeding on shellfish. After a meal, the larvae usually hide in the shells of their victims.

The development of fireflies occurs quite slowly - from six months to several years. Pupation occurs under the bark of trees or under blocks of stones. The insect remains in the pupal stage for 1–2.5 weeks. In the spring, the adult beetle crawls out and the cycle begins again.

Glow

Each glowing insect has special bodies- laterns that generate light. Depending on the species, the number, shape and placement of these organs may vary. Laterns are a collection of nerve endings, tracheae and photogenic cells. Below them are reflector cells filled with uric acid crystals.

Chemical reactions behind the glow

To generate light, four substances must be present in photogenic cells:

• luciferin;
• luciferase enzyme;
• oxygen;
• ATP as an energy source.

Light is released when the substance luciferin is oxidized by oxygen. Luciferase only speeds up this process. The reaction goes through the following stages

1. Luciferin, when interacting with an ATP molecule, is converted into luciferyl adenylate.
2. Luciferyl adenylate reacts with oxygen and turns into oxyluciferin, releasing AMP and light.

The color of the glow depends on the composition of luciferase, which differs in many species.

Glow as a method of communication

Glow is used by beetles as a way to transmit information. Entomologists have learned to distinguish between the signals that insects use during the mating season: calls from males, consent and refusal of females, as well as post-copulatory signals. In addition, fireflies can use luminescence to express anger, mark territory, and even defend themselves.

Interesting fact. Female predators of the genus Photuris are capable of producing light signals, characteristic of the genus Photinus. Attracted males flock to the call and become the prey of bloodthirsty deceivers.

Types of glow

Scientists have noticed that different types of fireflies produce typical light signals:

• Continuous glow. The generation of light in this case occurs constantly, is not controlled by the insect and does not depend on environmental conditions. This type of glow is characteristic of eggs and larvae of all types of beetles, as well as adults of fireflies of the genus Phengodes.
• Intermittent glow. Insects generate light for a long time, but its brightness can gradually change depending on daily rhythms, the external environment and changes in the body of the beetle itself.
• Ripple. This type of luminescence consists of regular flashes of light that are regulated by circadian rhythms.
• Flashes. The most common type of glow. It differs from pulsation by the ability to regulate the duration of each cycle, light brightness and other indicators by internal and external factors.

Interesting fact. Some species of tropical fireflies are able to regulate the periodicity of glow so precisely that insects collected together “light up” and “go out” at the same time.

Why fireflies glow: Video

Nature endows its creations with many amazing properties, one of the most interesting and amazing is glow. Fireflies, beetles from the family of the same name, have characteristic feature emit light. Largest quantity The species lives in tropical latitudes, but in the temperate zone beacons light up at night. Ivanov's worm is the name given to the common firefly in Russia. Females of this species signal invitingly with a greenish lantern on their abdomen. In the darkness of the night, on the edge of a forest, clearing or lake shore, you can see lonely lights.

Morphological description of the species

The common firefly (Lampyrisnoctiluca) belongs to the order Coleoptera. The length of the adult is 12-18 mm. Insects are found throughout Europe and Asia. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced:

• The male has a cigar-shaped body measuring no more than 15 mm. The large head is covered by the pronotum. The eyes are hemispherical, the antennae are short and thread-like. The body covers are soft. The dark elytra are covered with punctures. The wings are transparent and fold on the back. Beetles are deprived oral apparatus, they do not feed, they live off the nutrients accumulated by the larval phase.
• The female has an elongated, flat body. The elytra and wings are reduced. Externally, insects look like larvae. Only female fireflies have the ability to glow bioluminescently. The light is created by an organ located in the last three segments of the abdomen. In this area the body cover is translucent.

Interesting fact. The insect received the name “Ivan’s worm” because of the Russian belief that the firefly lights its first light on the holiday of Ivan Kupala (July 7).

For whom does Ivanov's worm shine?

With night glow, sedentary females attract partners for mating. They cannot fly in search of active males, but they have found interesting way attract attention. Females sit on the ground or climb plants. The glow continues for two hours. If they fail to attract a partner, they continue to light the light for 7-10 days. Males notice the glow when they are within a radius of 50 meters from the object. The peak mating season occurs in late June and early July.

Interesting fact. Males choose females with the most bright light on the abdomen. She is able to bear more eggs.

Fireflies lead night image life, for habitat they choose forest clearings and the banks of bodies of water (lakes, rivers, streams). Adults and larvae love humidity, and in such places snails are found - the favorite food of the fireweed worm's offspring. Best time to observe fireflies from 22 to 24 hours. The glow of insects should attract the attention of nocturnal predators, but frogs and reptiles do not bother them. This is due to the presence of poison in the body of fireflies.

Shine Mechanism

A chemical reaction allows an organ to emit a greenish-yellow glow. Female Lampyris noctiluca have a group of special cells entangled with tracheas for oxygen supply and nerve endings. Cells are filled with luciferin, a biological pigment that, when oxidized, produces light. The released energy is almost entirely used for glow, only 2% goes to heat. Cells with uric acid crystals serve as reflectors of light waves. Larvae can also emit glow, but to a lesser extent.

Information. Male fireflies often confuse the light of a waiting partner and the light of artificial lamps.

Reproduction

After mating, females begin ovipositing. Over three days, they lay 50-100 eggs, placing them under moss or in grass tissue. The eggs are 1 mm in diameter, light yellow, and can glow. The embryo is visible through the thin shell. Having given life to their offspring, the imagoes die. After 2-3 weeks the larvae appear. On their dark body, consisting of 12 segments, light spots are noticeable, which disappear with age. The head is small, the mandibles are sickle-shaped, and has a sucking canal. At the end of the abdomen there is a special brush for cleaning mucus from mollusks.

Predatory larvae feed on slugs and snails. The prey is several times larger than the hunters. The larva bites the mollusk several times and injects poison that liquefies the body. After some time, she drinks the nutrient substance. During development, the larvae molt 4-5 times. By winter, they hide under stones and pupate. The pupa overwinters. In the spring a beetle emerges from it.

The development of the larvae may take several years. There have been recorded cases of a decrease in the number of fireflies in different years associated with this factor. Habitat destruction, pollution or drainage of water bodies, a large number of artificial lighting leads to the death of insects.

A firefly is an insect that belongs to the order Coleoptera (or beetles), suborder heterophagous, family fireflies (lampyridae) (lat. Lampyridae).

Fireflies get their name because their eggs, larvae and adults are capable of glowing. The oldest written mention of fireflies is in a Japanese poetry collection from the late 8th century.

Firefly - description and photo. What does a firefly look like?

Fireflies are small insects ranging in size from 4 mm to 3 cm. Most of them have a flattened oblong body covered with hairs and a structure characteristic of all beetles, in which they stand out:

• 4 wings, the upper two of which have turned into elytra, having punctures and sometimes traces of ribs;

• movable head, decorated with large faceted eyes, completely or partially covered by the pronotum;

• filiform, comb or saw-shaped antennae, consisting of 11 segments;

• mouthparts of the gnawing type (more often observed in larvae and females; in adult males it is reduced).

The males of many species, which resemble ordinary beetles, are very different from the females, which more closely resemble larvae or small worms with legs. Such representatives have a dark brown body on 3 pairs of short limbs, simple large eyes and no wings or elytra at all. Accordingly, they cannot fly. Their antennae are small, consisting of three segments, and their hard-to-see head is hidden behind the neck shield. The less developed the female, the more intensely she glows.

Fireflies are not brightly colored: representatives of brown color are more common, but their covers can also contain black and brown tones. These insects have relatively soft and flexible, moderately sclerotized body coverings. Unlike other beetles, the elytra of fireflies are very light, so the insects were previously classified as soft beetles (lat. Cantharidae), but then separated into a separate family.

Why do fireflies glow?

Most members of the firefly family are known for their ability to emit a phosphorescent glow, which is especially noticeable in the dark. In some species, only males can glow, in others, only females, in others, both (for example, Italian fireflies). Males emit a bright light in flight. Females are inactive and usually glow brightly on the soil surface. There are also fireflies that do not have this ability at all, while in many species the light comes even from the larvae and eggs.

By the way, few sushi animals generally exhibit the phenomenon of bioluminescence ( chemical glow). The larvae of fungus gnats, springtails (collembolas), fire flies, jumping spiders and representatives of beetles, for example, such as fire-bearing click beetles (pyrophorus) from the West Indies, are known to be capable of this. But if we count marine inhabitants, then there are at least 800 species of luminous animals on Earth.

The organs that allow fireflies to emit rays are photogenic cells (lanterns), abundantly intertwined with nerves and tracheas (air tubes). Externally, lanterns look like yellowish spots on the underside of the abdomen, covered with a transparent film (cuticle). They can be located on the last segments of the abdomen or evenly distributed throughout the body of the insect. Beneath these cells lie others filled with uric acid crystals and capable of reflecting light. Together, these cells work only if there is a nerve impulse from the insect’s brain. Oxygen enters the photogenic cell through the trachea and, with the help of the enzyme luciferase, which accelerates the reaction, oxidizes the compound of luciferin (light-emitting biological pigment) and ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Thanks to this, the firefly glows, emitting light of blue, yellow, red or green.

Males and females of the same species most often emit rays of similar colors, but there are exceptions. The color of the glow depends on the temperature and acidity (pH) of the environment, as well as on the structure of luciferase.

The beetles themselves regulate the glow; they can strengthen or weaken it, make it intermittent or continuous. Each species has its own unique system phosphorus radiation. Depending on the purpose, the glow of fireflies can be pulsating, flashing, stable, fading, bright or dim. The female of each species reacts only to the male’s signals with a certain frequency and intensity of light, that is, his mode. With a special rhythm of light emission, beetles not only attract partners, but also scare away predators and protect the boundaries of their territories. There are:

• search and calling signals in males;
• signals of consent, refusal and post-copulatory signals in females;
• signals of aggression, protest and even light mimicry.

Interestingly, fireflies spend about 98% of their energy emitting light, while an ordinary electric light bulb (incandescent lamp) converts only 4% of the energy into light, the rest of the energy is dissipated as heat.

Diurnal fireflies often do not need the ability to emit light, which is why they lack it. But those daytime representatives who live in caves or dark corners of the forest also turn on their “flashlights”. The eggs of all types of fireflies also emit light at first, but it soon fades away. During the day, the light of a firefly can be seen if you cover the insect with two palms or move it to a dark place.

By the way, fireflies also give signals using the direction of flight. For example, representatives of one species fly in a straight line, representatives of another species fly in a broken line.

Types of firefly light signals

V. F. Buck divided all light signals of fireflies into 4 types:

• Continuous glow

This is how adult beetles belonging to the genus Phengodes glow, as well as the eggs of all fireflies without exception. Neither outside temperature, nor lighting have any effect on the brightness of the rays of this uncontrollable type of glow.

• Intermittent glow

Depending on environmental factors and internal state insect, it can be weak or strong light. It may completely fade away for a while. This is how most larvae shine.

• Ripple

This type of luminescence, in which periods of light and absence of light are repeated at regular intervals, is characteristic of the tropical genera Luciola and Pteroptix.

• Flashes

There is no time dependence between the intervals of flashes and their absence with this type of glow. This type of signal is typical for most fireflies, especially in temperate latitudes. In conditions given climate The ability of insects to emit light is highly dependent on environmental factors.

HA. Lloyd also identified a fifth type of glow:

• Flicker

This type of light signal is a series of short flashes (frequency from 5 to 30 Hz), appearing directly one after another. It is found in all subfamilies, and its presence does not depend on the location and habitat.

Firefly communication systems

Lampyrids have 2 types of communication systems.

1. In the first system, an individual of one sex (usually a female) emits specific calling signals and attracts a representative of the opposite sex, for whom the presence of their own light organs is not mandatory. This type of communication is typical for fireflies of the genera Phengodes, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
2. In the second type of system, individuals of the same sex (usually flying males) emit calling signals, to which flightless females give sex- and species-specific responses. This method of communication is characteristic of many species from the subfamilies Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) and Photurinae, living in North and South America.

This division is not absolute, since there are species with intermediate type communication and with a more advanced interactive luminescence system (in the European species Luciola italica and Luciola mingrelica).

Synchronized flashing of fireflies

In the tropics, many species of beetles from the family Lampyridae seem to shine together. They simultaneously light their “lanterns” and extinguish them at the same time. Scientists call this phenomenon the synchronous flashing of fireflies. Process synchronized flashing fireflies have not yet been fully studied, and there are several versions regarding how insects manage to shine at the same time. According to one of them, within a group of beetles of the same species there is a leader, and he serves as the conductor of this “chorus”. And since all representatives know the frequency (break time and glow time), they manage to do this very amicably. Mostly male lampyrids flash synchronously. Moreover, all researchers are inclined to believe that the synchronization of firefly signals is associated with the sexual behavior of insects. By increasing population density, their ability to find a mating partner increases. Scientists also noticed that the synchrony of insect light can be disrupted by hanging a lamp next to them. But with the cessation of its work, the process is restored.

The first mention of this phenomenon dates back to 1680 - this is a description made by E. Kaempfer after a trip to Bangkok. Subsequently, many statements were made about the observation of this phenomenon in Texas (USA), Japan, Thailand, Malaysia and the mountainous regions of New Guinea. Especially many of these types of fireflies live in Malaysia: this phenomenon occurs there local residents called "kelip-kelip". In the USA in national park Elkomont (Great Smoky Mountains) visitors watch the synchronous glow of representatives of the species Photinus carolinus.

Where do fireflies live?

Fireflies are fairly common, heat-loving insects that live in all parts of the world:

• in North and South America;
• in Africa;
• in Australia and New Zealand;
• in Europe (including the UK);
• in Asia (Malaysia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines).

Most fireflies are found in the Northern Hemisphere. Many of them live in warm countries, that is, in the tropical and subtropical regions of our planet. Some varieties are found in temperate latitudes. Russia is home to 20 species of fireflies, which can be found throughout the territory except the north: in Far East, in the European part and in Siberia. They can be found in deciduous forests, in swamps, near rivers and lakes, in clearings.

Fireflies do not like to live in groups; they are loners, but they often form temporary clusters. Most fireflies are nocturnal animals, but there are also those that are active during daylight hours. During the day, insects rest on the grass, hide under bark, stones or in mud, and at night those that are able to fly do so smoothly and quickly. IN cold weather they can often be seen on the surface of the earth.

What do fireflies eat?

Both larvae and adults are often predators, although there are fireflies that feed on the nectar and pollen of flowers, as well as decaying plants. Carnivorous bugs prey on other insects, cutworm caterpillars, mollusks, millipedes, earthworms, and even their fellow insects. Some females living in the tropics (for example, from the genus Photuris), after mating, imitate the rhythm of the glow of the males of another species in order to eat them and obtain nutrients for the development of their offspring.

Females in adulthood feed more often than males. Many males do not eat at all and die after several matings, although there is other evidence that all adults eat food.

The firefly larva has a retractable tassel on the last abdominal segment. It is needed in order to clean off the mucus remaining on its small head after eating slugs. All firefly larvae are active predators. They mainly eat shellfish and often live in their hard shells.

Reproduction of fireflies

Like all Coleoptera, fireflies develop with complete metamorphosis. The life cycle of these insects consists of 4 stages:

1. Egg (3-4 weeks),
2. Larva, or nymph (from 3 months to 1.5 years),
3. Pupa (1-2 weeks),
4. Imago, or adult (3-4 months).

Females and males mate on the ground or on low plants for 1-3 hours, after which the female lays up to 100 eggs in depressions in the soil, in garbage, on the lower surface of leaves or in moss. The eggs of common fireflies look like pearly yellow pebbles washed with water. Their shell is thin, and the “head” side of the eggs contains the embryo, which is visible through the transparent film.

After 3-4 weeks, the eggs hatch into terrestrial or aquatic larvae, which are voracious predators. The body of the larvae is dark, slightly flattened, with long running legs. U aquatic species lateral abdominal gills are developed. The small elongated or square head of nymphs with three-segmented antennae is strongly retracted into the prothorax. There is 1 light eye on each side of the head. The strongly sclerotized mandibles (mandibles) of the larvae are shaped like a sickle, inside of which there is a sucking canal. Unlike adult insects, upper lip nymphs lack it.

The larvae settle on the soil surface - under stones, in the forest floor, in mollusk shells. Nymphs of some firefly species pupate in the same fall, but mostly they survive the winter and only turn into pupae in the spring.

The larvae pupate in the soil or by hanging themselves on the bark of a tree, as they do. After 1-2 weeks, beetles crawl out of the pupae.

General life cycle fireflies lasts 1-2 years.

Types of fireflies, photos and names.

In total, entomologists count about 2,000 species of fireflies. Let's talk about the most famous of them.

• Common firefly ( aka large firefly) (lat. Lampyris noctiluca) has the popular names Ivanov the worm or Ivanovo worm. The appearance of the insect was associated with the holiday of Ivan Kupala, because it is with the arrival of summer that the mating season begins for fireflies. This is where the popular nickname came from, which was given to a female very similar to a worm.

The large firefly is a beetle with the characteristic appearance of fireflies. The size of males reaches 11-15 mm, females - 11-18 mm. The insect has a flat, villous body and all other characteristics of the family and order. The male and female of this species are very different from each other. The female looks like a larva and leads a sedentary, ground-based lifestyle. Both sexes have the ability to bioluminescence. But in the female this is much more pronounced; at dusk she emits a rather bright glow. The male flies well, but glows very faintly, almost imperceptibly to observers. Obviously, it is the female who gives the signal to her partner.

• - a common inhabitant of Japanese rice fields. Lives only in wet mud or directly in water. Hunts mollusks at night, including intermediate hosts fluke worms. When hunting, it shines very brightly, emitting a blue light.

• lives on the territory North America. Males of the genus Photinus glow only during takeoff and fly in a zigzag pattern, while females use mimetic illumination to eat males of other species. From representatives of this genus, American scientists isolate the enzyme luciferase to use it in biological practice. The common eastern firefly is the most common in North America.

This is a nocturnal beetle with a dark brown body 11-14 mm long. Thanks to the bright light, it is clearly visible on the soil surface. The females of this species look like worms. Fire photinus larvae live from 1 to 2 years and hide in damp places - near streams, under bark and on the ground. They spend the winter buried in the ground.

Both adult insects and their larvae are predators, eating worms and snails.

• lives only in Canada and the USA. An adult beetle reaches a size of 2 cm. It has a flat black body, red eyes and yellow underwings. On the last segments of its abdomen there are photogenic cells.

The larva of this insect is nicknamed the “glow worm” for its ability to bioluminescence. The worm-like females of this species are also capable of light mimicry, imitating the signals of the firefly species Photinus in order to grab and eat their males.

• Cyphonocerus ruficollis- the most primitive and little-studied species of fireflies. It lives in North America and Eurasia. In Russia, the insect is found in Primorye, where females and males actively glow in August. The beetle is included in the Red Book of Russia.

• Red firefly (firefly pyrocoelia) (lat. Pyrocaelia rufa) is a rare and little-studied species that lives in the Russian Far East. Its length can reach 15 mm. It is called the red firefly because its scutellum and rounded pronotum have an orange tint. The beetle's elytra are dark brown, the antennae are saw-toothed and small.

The larval stage of this insect lasts 2 years. You can find the larva in the grass, under stones or on the forest floor. Adult males fly and glow.

• - a small black beetle with an orange head and saw-shaped antennae (antennae). The females of this species fly and glow, but the males lose the ability to emit light after turning into an adult insect.

Fir fireflies live in the forests of North America.

• - inhabitant of the center of Europe. The male beetle has clear transparent spots on the pronotum, and the rest of its body is light brown. The body length of the insect varies from 10 to 15 mm.

Males glow especially brightly in flight. Females are worm-like and are also capable of emitting bright light. The organs of light production are located in Central European worms not only at the end of the abdomen, but also in the second segment of the chest. The larvae of this species can also glow. They have a black fuzzy body with yellow-pink dots on the sides.