I will remember transitive or intransitive. Examples of transitive and intransitive verbs

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Verbs are independent parts of speech that denote the action of a subject. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, “transitions” to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

• Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:
• When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).

If the verb has a negation: fail to complete the task (it’s also easy to replace it with the accusative case: fail to complete the task).

Difficulties may arise when determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

1. Algorithm for determining verb transitivity
2. We find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which we can ask questions in the accusative case (who? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. We remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: “I read (what?) a book.”; "I saw (who?) him." If no with the verb direct object
3. , then we still ask questions in the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a permanent feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb even without an object. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily find the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: “Hurry (who? what?)” - the word is not chosen, the verb is intransitive. “Laugh (who? what?)” is also intransitive.

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes “-sya”, “-sya”, are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but “returns” to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, passes to an object (object): sawing a log, chopping firewood, reading a newspaper, sewing a coat. Such verbs usually only have a complete meaning in combination with the name of the object. Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, making it more specific. Compare: Father is sawing and Father is sawing a log. The dressmaker sews and the dressmaker sews a dress.
Object is a very broad and very abstract concept. It covers and specific items, which are transformed or arise as a result of action (ironing trousers, building a house), and abstract concepts (feeling joy, hating lies, loving justice).
The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the accusative case without a preposition (write a poem, read a story, love a friend). In two cases, the direct object is expressed by the genitive case form: 1) if the action does not cover the entire object, but only part of it: ate bread, drank milk; 2) if the verb has a negation: did not drink milk, did not eat bread, did not read newspapers, did not chop wood
The accusative case without a preposition, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of action, i.e. it acts as a function of circumstances: sat all day, thought for an hour, slept all the way. It is impossible to ask here ordinary questions whom? what?, which is answered by a direct object.
Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not pass to the object. They cannot have a direct object with them: suffer, walk, run, sit, grow, walk, dine, rejoice, get dressed, etc.
] A special category consists of the so-called indirectly forward verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that control not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object, the influence of the subject on the object: to desire victory, wait for the train, be proud of a brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a comrade, etc.
1_ Often the same verb in some lexical meanings is classified as transitive, and in others - as intransitive. Thus, the verb to write is transitive in the meanings: 1) “to create, compose a literary, scientific, etc. work” (write stories, a dissertation); 2) “create a work of art” (paint a picture, portrait, decoration, landscape); 3) “to compose a piece of music by recording it” (write music, opera) The same verb acts as an intransitive verb when it means: 1) “to be able to use the written form of speech” (The boy is already writing, that is, he knows how to write); 2) “do literary activity»,
In the same meaning, the verb “can simultaneously control different cases and prepositional forms: bring things into the room, wrap a book in paper, splash water on the laundry, splash water on the laundry, write a letter to your brother with a pencil, draw a portrait with paints in class.
Entire semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation, as well as destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive: a) build (build) a house, sew (sew) a coat, weave (weave) a carpet, create (create) state farms; b) destroy (destroy) an old building, break (break) a glass, burn (burn) garbage, spoil (ruin) a watch, etc.
Intransitives include large groups verbs of movement (run, jog, walk, go, fly, float, float, float, jump, rush, etc.), position in space (sit, lie, stand, hang, etc.), sound (rattle , gasp, cackle, hiss, meow, hum, etc.), states (be silent, sleep, get sick, nervous, grieve, envy, seethe, breathe, etc.), changes in state, becoming (lose weight, lose weight, become stupid, become stupid, turn white, turn white, wither, wither, go deaf, become deaf, etc.). Intransitive verbs are -stvovat, -begin, -it, denoting
occupation of the person named in the producing basis (teach, build, act, professor; paint, garden, plumbing; carpenter, paint), verbs of behavior - to laze, -to work (to be generous, to slander; cowardly, to be hooligan, to be brutal) pvovat).
Thus, transitivity/intransitivity of verbs comes before gu. it depends on their lexical-semantic properties. In the expression pe-! Transitivity/intransitivity involves affixes - postfix, suffix-1" with її! and prefixes. - "
The postfix -sya is always an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb. By joining a transitive verb, it makes it intransitive. C: please parents (with success) - rejoice, wash the dishes -
to clean one's coat - to clean oneself. Intransitive denominal g hagols are formed by the suffix -e-. It expresses the meaning of the gradual accumulation by the subject of any properties, signs: smart (smart) - grow smarter (become smart), white (s) - turn white (become gt; white).
Among unprefixed verbs, only a third have a transitive meaning.
The composition of transitive verbs is continuously replenished due to prefix formations. Many prefixes, when attached to intransitive verbs, turn them into transitive ones. The prefix forms transitive verbs meaning “to achieve (achieve) something through action”: play - win a motorcycle,
work - develop two standards; prefix for meaning
“bring (bring) an object (object) to a bad state by action”: play - play a record.
Transitive denominative verbs are formed using the suffix sin(s) - blue linen (make blue), white(s) - whiten the ceiling (make white), etc. Most verbs of this type are correlative with intransitive verbs with the suffix -e-. Wed: to search (non-transition) - turn blue (transition), turn white (non-transition) - whiten ^transition), freeze (non-transition) - freeze (transition). According to transitivity/intransitivity, the members of the pairs are also contrasted: to become weak - to weaken, to go mad - to go crazy, to cool - to cool, to weaken - to weaken, etc. Here: go out (go out) - extinguish (extinguish), go blind (blind) -blind (blind ), deafen (ooh-ohnut, stall) - stun (deafen, muffle), lie - live, sleep - put to sleep, stand - put, hang - hang hang), resist - contrast, etc. In only one pair, both verbs are transitive : drink milk - give the baby milk. The second members of such pairs mean “to force (to force) to perform (perform) some action”, to force (to force) to be in some state.” They are usually called causative verbs (from the Latin causa - “reason”).

I think the above rule is more than clear. Based on this, we will now try to select a list of transitive verbs:

• stroked the cat;
• looked for the keys;
• wrote down the recipe, etc.

and intransitive verbs:

• fell asleep standing up;
• jump;
• fly.

• Transitive verbs are those whose action passes to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, draw, look, warm, and so on.

  Intransitive verbs are those whose action does not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, study, fly, develop, and so on. Everything is very simple!

  Transitive verbs, examples:

  reading a magazine

  watching a movie,

  didn't drink tea

  amassed a collection

  ironing clothes

  to love life,

  foamed the soap.

  Intransitive verbs, examples:

  thought about life

  got ready to visit

  get the flu,

  wave a flag

  stared at the fire.

  

  Transitive verbs can be identified by conjugation; these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to an object and on this basis transitive verbs differ from intransitive verbs, which denote an action in itself. The tables contain definitions and examples of two types of verbs.

  

  

  

  Transitive verbs are verbs after which you need to write an addition or clarification. And intransitive ones are independent verbs.

  Examples of transitive verbs:

  • Girl writes composition.
  • The boy is already saw This movie.

  Examples of intransitive verbs:

  • Old man fell.
  • Finally a bus I arrived.

• Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).

  Some examples of intransitive verbs: dress, have fun, rejoice.

  Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another object. Transitive verbs are verbs that control the accusative case of a noun without pretext And genitive case with negation, with a noun designating a part of the whole or, on the contrary, large quantity items.

  Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked mushrooms, did not learn the rules.

  All other verbs are intransitive and returnable Same.

  For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking your fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.

  Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.

  After the verb it is necessary to ask the question whom? or what?. If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive; if not, then it is intransitive.

  For example: I see (what?) a tree,

  I know (what?) the rule,

  I'm preparing (what?) soup.

  BUT I admire (the question WHAT? cannot be asked),

  I’m coming (you can’t ask such a question either).

  There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the noun in the accusative case next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stand the birch bluntly. I look at the birch tree- look intransitive, because the noun in the accusative case comes with a preposition. I see a birch tree verb to see transition, because the noun came into vin. pad. without pretext. And everything like that. Very easy and simple.

  The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case the word birch, but in the text any word) can also be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2). before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.

  The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sya or -sya on a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transitive ones than intransitive ones.

  Verbs can be transitional And not transitional. In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.

  This can happen, firstly, when a verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.

  Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when there is a negative particle before the transitive verb (watched TV - didn’t watch TV), and also when the action extends to part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part of things).

  Other verbs are not transitive: get involved in (what?) football.

  If you take into account the transitivity/non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: stand for an hour (in line), - the noun is in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.

  

, “responsible” for designating actions. It has not only changeable characteristics, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when words are changed. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these constant features - transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of verb transitivity

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct object, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less commonly, genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are examples:

• To write (what?) a play, to serve (who?) a client, to not earn (what?) money are transitive verbs (simply “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
• To sit (on what?) on a chair, to wash, to suffer (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can simply “sit” or “suffer”).

Transition is what it is transfer of action from subject (subject) to object (called direct object).

In what cases should nouns be put?

Transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive case - in both cases without a preposition. But how do you know which of the two cases to use in each specific case?

The accusative is basic. The genitive addition takes on the form in the following cases:

1. If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (n.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) - that is, all the water in a given vessel or reservoir.
2. In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is implied: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
3. In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle “nor”: “We have no idea.”

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, and the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns with transitive verbal forms acquire a genitive case form that differs from the main one: “I’ll take some sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).

How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb

How to determine transitivity? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be determined using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question “who?” or “what?”

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; in front of us transition.

If the sentence is incomplete, the direct object may not be present, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask a question in the accusative case of the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? what?).” If you can’t ask such a question, then this intransitive: “Where have you been all week? “I was sick” (it is impossible to ask “who?” or “what?”).

Important! All reflexive and verb forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-sya”: it seems, washes, is located.

While observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the accusative case without a preposition stands next to a verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “It takes an hour to drive,” “to live for a week.”

Transitivity of polysemous verbs

Verb forms of words can have multiple meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitive type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) a lie” is transitive, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) a march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when the normally intransitive becomes transitive: “Drink vodka and misbehave with discipline.”

The comic effect is built on this; the verbs seem to acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are placed– “to hooligan” instead of “to violate”, etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.

“Trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, having the meaning of “price the price,” it was transitive: “To trade a horse.” This usage remains in folklore.

Differences between transitive and intransitive

Now you need to find out what is the difference between transitional from intransitive. First of all is its meaning. Transitional is usually designated.

All verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. This division is based on syntactic connections realized by the verb. Transitive verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed in the accusative case of a name without a preposition: I'm reading a book. In this case, the verb can name not only a specific action, but also feelings, thoughts, etc. In the latter case, the abstract object does not undergo changes: listen to radio, music. In addition to the accusative case, an object can be expressed in the genitive case in two cases: 1) if the verb names an action that passes not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank milk, bought bread; 2) with a negative predicate verb: didn’t drink tea, didn’t read newspapers, didn’t know life.

In syntax, such an object is usually called direct. The direct object position may contain the subordinate part of a complex sentence: I realized that the game would be a success.

Intransitive verbs include verbs of motion ( go, march), verbs with the meaning of state ( relax, have fun), becoming ( turn green) and etc.

Considering that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb is related to its meaning and syntactic functioning, this category can be characterized as lexical-syntactic. Only a small group of verbs have word-formation features that allow them to be classified as transitive or intransitive. Thus, verbs with the following formal indicators can be classified as intransitive:

1) postfix –xia: study, work;

2) suffixes –nicha-, -stvova- for denominal verbs: carpentry, stay awake;

3) suffix -e- for verbs formed from adjectives ( turn blue, turn blue); in contrast to transitive verbs with a suffix -and-: blue etc.

But the above classification is not the only one. Some scientists, following A.A. Shakhmatov distinguishes 3 groups: 1) direct transitional (= transitional); 2) indirectly transitive and 3) intransitive. In this case, not only syntactic connections are taken into account, but also some morphological features of verbs.

Directly transitive verbs form passive participles: readable, repairable. They take on a passive meaning when used with a postfix –xia: the book is being read. Intransitive verbs do not form passive participles.

Following A.A. Shakhmatov, indirect-transitive verbs include those that require after themselves the genitive, dative and instrumental cases without a preposition: I am waiting steamship,I believe you,I'm doing physical education. They do not form passive participles, but are combined with a postfix –xia: to himI believe it .

A slightly different interpretation is proposed in the textbook by N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonova: “A special category consists of the so-called indirectly transitive verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that control not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: wish for victory, wait for the train, be proud of your brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a friend and so on." [Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 185].

Some polysemous verbs may be transitive in one meaning and intransitive in another; For example: writes letter(transition); boy alreadywrites , that is, learned to write (intransitive).

As a working one, we accept the first point of view, that is, we will consider transitive and intransitive verbs.

Collateral and collateral

actions (by the producer of the action) and the object, finding their

expression in verb form. Therefore, not every relationship

between the subject and object of the action are voicing, and only those that receive their grammatical form in the verb. Pledges are issued either through return forms on - Xia (build - be built) or through special formations - passive participles ( lined up)[Grammar–1960,

vol. 1, p. 412].

“Voice in Russian is grammatical

morphological forms whose meanings differ from each other

different representations of the same relationship between

semantic subject, action and semantic object"

[Russian grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 613].

The category of voice is closely related to transitivity-intransitivity. Word pledge- this is a tracing paper from the Greek. diathesis (location, state). Voice is a grammatical category of a verb, reflecting the direction or non-direction of the action on the subject.

In Greek grammar, there were 3 voices: 1) active (the action is performed by the subject); 2) passive (an object experiences action from another object); 3) combining the meaning of the two mentioned. Despite the fact that the Russian language does not have a voice similar to the third Greek, this teaching has had a great influence on the study of voices in Russian grammar. Number of allocated collaterals in different time and it was different for different authors: M.V. Lomonosov allocated 6 pledges, V.V. Vinogradov – 3, modern linguists – 2. There are two main points of view in modern linguistics: the first is reflected in the works of V.V. Vinogradov (F.F. Fortunatov was at its origins) and in Academic Grammar–1960, the second – in Academic Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, Yu.S. Maslova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. Currently, there is debate about the principles of identifying voice, about the number and types of voice, about understanding voice as an inflectional or non-inflectional category, about identifying the category of voice not only for verbs, but also for nouns, adjectives, etc.

Some linguists consider the concept of voice in the broad sense of the term, including transitivity, voice itself and the meaning of reflexive verbs, moreover, the functional-semantic fields of voice and collateral, involving various language means, with the help of which the relationship between subject and object is expressed.

We present pledge in the narrow sense of the term. Let us consider the main theories of voice in linguistics of the 20th century.

The first point of view is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar–1960, in the university grammar N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov and others. This direction comes from Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who had his own special view on the theory of transitivity in the system of verbal vocabulary. According to this point of view, the category of voice is not distinguished for all verbs. The following verbs are outside the category of voice:

intransitive irreversible verbs: go, run, fly, sleep, stand, walk, breathe and under.;

verbs with postfix –xia formed from intransitive verbs: knock - knock, threaten - threaten, darken - darken, turn white - turn white and etc.;

verbs with postfix –xia, formed from transitive verbs, but changing their lexical meaning: instruct - vouch for, torture - try, straighten - straighten, forgive - say goodbye, get - get, distribute - give out and so on.;

verbs that are not used without –xia: fear, repent, hope, be proud, bow, laugh, greet, fight, like, part, intend, doubt, smile, try and etc.;

Impersonal verbs: dozing, sleeping, dusk, dawn and under.

The verbs listed are called non-collateral. All other verbs are divided into three voices: active, passive and neuter (or neuter).

Verbs valid voices denote an action performed by a semantic subject (producer of the action) and directed at the object on which the action is performed (semantic object). For example: Workers building a house. Workers– semantic subject, action producer; in this active construction, it is simultaneously the grammatical subject of the sentence - the subject. House- a semantic object (the object on which the action is performed) - is also a grammatical object - an addition. A verb in an active construction is necessarily transitive; its complement is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition or in the genitive case without a preposition in two cases: with a negative predicate: Notdrank milk; if it denotes a part of a whole: drank milk.

Passive voice shows that Living being or an object acting as a subject, that is, a grammatical subject, does not produce an action, but experiences it from another living being or object, is a semantic object. The producer of the action (semantic subject) acts as a grammatical object - an object in instrumental case without pretext. For example: Houseunder construction workers. House– grammatical subject, subject; semantic object, since it experiences an action, but does not produce it. Workers– a grammatical object, an object in the instrumental case and at the same time a semantic subject, since it names the producer of the action.

In its perfect form, the passive voice is expressed primarily by past participles: Housebuilt workers. Floorswashed cleaning lady Estimatecompiled accountant.

Thus, the meaning of the passive voice in Russian can be expressed in two ways:

1) personal forms of verbs 3 l. units and many more including the imperfect form of transitive verbs, in which a postfix is ​​added –xia: perform – performXia ; take away– take awayXia;

2) using passive participles formed from transitive verbs by adding suffixes –eat- (-im-), -nn-, -enn-, -t-: cleaned, cleaned, done, washed etc. They have long and short forms.

The passive voice, unlike the active voice, is marked in formal expression and content.

According to the first point of view, in addition to the active and passive voice, there is a third one - reflexive (or middle, mid-reflexive) voice. The content of this pledge is that the action is concentrated in the subject itself; it is directed not at the object, but at oneself. Reflexive verbs are formed, like passive verbs, by adding a postfix -xia to a transitive verb, but differ from passives in meaning, in syntactic environment (they are not a member of a passive construction), etc.

In the system of mid-reflexive verbs, more than one and a half dozen semantic groups are distinguished. Let's name some of them.

Self-returnable verbs that name actions directed at oneself, usually at appearance, and producing external changes corresponding to the lexical meaning. Postfix -xia matters in them myself. There are a few such verbs: shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash

etc. Reciprocal -xia verbs denote the actions of two or more persons. Postfix in them corresponds to the meaning of “each other”, “with each other”: shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash

swear, meet, make up, correspond, talk, hug, quarrel, kiss, whisper Generally returnable verbs name the mental and physical processes occurring in the subject (the pronoun can be added to them): myself worry, worry, admire, be upset, rejoice, hurry, return, calm down

Indirect-returnable verbs show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build (I'm building), study, heal, gather etc. There is no direct object with these verbs.

Active-objectless verbs convey a constant meaning: the cow butts, the dog bites, the nettle stings.

The main disadvantage of the theory presented is that the category of voice covers only part of the verbal vocabulary, although the category of voice is one of the most important. Therefore, in the science of language, the search for an objective, more convincing theory of voice continues. One of the points of view common in modern linguistics is presented in Russian Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, N.S. Avilova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. What they have in common is that the category of voice covers the entire verbal vocabulary and distinguishes only 2 voices: active and passive. But there are some differences in their teaching about the two pledges.

All supporters of the second point of view emphasize that the category of voice is one that manifests itself not only in morphology, but also in syntax. According to this point of view, all verbs have a voice category. In contrast to the first point of view, there are only two of them: active and passive. The passive voice in form and content coincides with the volume and design of the corresponding voice in the Grammar–1960, and the content and boundaries of the active voice are significantly expanded. This includes not only transitive verbs, but also all intransitive verbs with formally unexpressed intransitivity ( live, scream etc.), intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity, that is, reflexive verbs with a postfix of non-passive meaning in active phrases: farmersare being built in summer; impersonal verbs dawns, freezes and under.

All verbs that do not enter into voice oppositions are inconsistent in terms of collateral. These verbs cannot form passive constructions. Such verbs L.L. Bulanin and I.G. Miloslavsky is called single-collateral, N.S. Avilova – incomparable in terms of collateral. Most of the transitive verbs are called accordingly two-collateral and comparable in collateral. A small part of transitive verbs are monovocal: Tanyathanked friend. Verb thanked is transitional; it is followed by an accusative object without a preposition, but this active construction does not have a corresponding passive (you cannot say: Friendthanks Tanya. Friendthanked Tanya).

N.S. Avilova believes that the category of pledge is mixed, partly inflectional ( built - built), partly non-verbal ( build - be built). At L.L. Bulanin and A.V. Bondarko has a different point of view. They consider the category of voice inflectional, that is, the opposed voice forms of the active and passive voice are considered forms of one word, regardless of the methods of this opposition. Wed: Professoris reading lecture(active voice) . Lectureread professor(passive voice) .

Postfix in monosyllable verbs -xia always word-forming.

face the relationship of action to reality" [Grammar - 1960, vol.

rows of forms opposed to each other expressing the relationship

actions to reality and having meaning to reality

(indicative mood), motives (imperative mood)

or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The indicative mood is closely related to the category of tense:

the meaning of this mood is revealed in the forms present, past. and bud. vr.

The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms."

[Russian grammar - 1980, vol. 1, p. 618–619].

The concept of inclination. Verb inflection system . In the Russian language, the category of mood is inflectional and is represented by three moods of the verb: indicative, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative. Of these, only the indicative mood is real, carrying out an action or state in three tenses: present, past and future. The subjunctive and imperative moods are called unreal and have no categories of time. They characterize an action not as taking place in actual reality, but as possible, desirable, or presented as an incentive.

The category of mood can be considered as a morphological way of expressing modality. Modality is one of the complex and little-studied phenomena of language. It has a multi-level nature and can be lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical modality can be expressed in modal words highlighted by V.V. Vinogradov into an independent structural-semantic class ( probably, it seems, probably etc.), in words of other parts of speech: short adjectives ( glad, must, obliged, intends and etc.), modal verbs (be able, wish, want etc.), impersonal predicative words ( can, must, must, cannot); particles ( after all, no).

The syntactic expression of modality is represented by different types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, imperative. Modality also includes the category of affirmation and negation.

Morphologically, modality is expressed by the system of verb moods.

There are various interpretations of modality. We will understand modality as the grammatically expressed attitude of the speaker to the reality of the utterance. The mood shows how the speaker relates to his statement from the point of view of its relationship to reality: the possibility, desirability, obligation or necessity of performing any actions, etc.

Indicative mood (indicative). The indicative mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is thought of as a real fact occurring in time. The relationship to reality is essentially not expressed in it, which is why it is called the “direct mood”, “zero grammatical category”.

Modal shades of the indicative mood are conveyed by tense forms. The forms of the future tense are especially rich in this regard. The meaning of tense, person and gender of indicative verbs will be considered when studying the corresponding categories.

Imperative mood (imperative). Imperative verbs express the will of the speaker (demand, advice, request), an incentive to action. The meaning of the imperative mood has a wide range from advice, polite request to command, prohibition or plea. Intonation plays an important role in this. “This intonation in itself can turn any word into an expression of command. In the system of imperative mood, this intonation is an organic part of verb forms. Outside of this intonation, the imperative mood does not exist” [V.V. Vinogradov, 1972, p. 464].

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of verbs of the present or future simple tense

by accession -And in units h.: report, remove, bring, spread etc. – and – and-those– in plural h.: report, remove, bring, disperse. On -And The emphasis falls in cases where the verb is in the 1st form. units h. has a stressed ending: study - study, smile - smile.

What is - And: ending or formative suffix? There is no clear answer to this question. The authors of Grammar-60, as well as L.V. Shcherba, A.N. Gvozdev, E.A. Zemskaya and others believe - And ending, but they do not highlight the null ending in forms like work, eat(the only exception is Grammar-70, whose authors do this). If we support this point of view and recognize -And ending, it is necessary to find those endings with which the given could correlate (like, for example, endings of gender and number in past tense verbs: decided, decided, decided, decided). Such endings exist against each other and are opposed to each other. Considered -And is not opposed to any endings in other moods of the verb, and therefore it is logical to qualify it as a formative suffix (L.L. Bulanin, F.K. Guzhva, etc.).

If there is an alternation of final consonants in the basis of the present or future simple tense, the basis of the 2nd–3rd person is chosen, but not the 1st, cf.:

1 l. sitting Imperative mood: sit (those).

2 l . sitting

3 l. is sitting

When alternating postopalatines and sibilants, postopalatines are selected: distract - distract - distract; run - run - run.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I drink, I pour, in which the base consists of two consonants [пj], [бj], [вj], [лj] and the stress falls on the ending, they form an imperative mood consisting of one base; at the same time there appears in it a fluent e: drink, beat, drink, pour.

Verbs that do not have a present tense at the base -va-(compared to the infinitive stem), get this -va- in the imperative mood; compare: give - give - give; get up - get up - get up.

Verb lie down has the form of an imperative mood lie down; eat - eat, give - give, go - go(go– simple. option). In the latter case, the form is derived from a form that does not exist in the modern language travel.

A number of verbs have variant forms: stick out - stick out, pour out - pour out, clean - clean, notify - notify, climb - climb, feast - feast and etc.

In plural h is added - those: play, carry. What is -those in similar examples? This is a particle from A.N. Gvozdev, postfix - in Grammar-70, in F.K. Guzhva, formative suffix by D.E. Rosenthal, ending with E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, in a school textbook.

The 3 l form is used as an occasional form of the imperative mood. units and many more h. present or future simple tense with special intonation: Let's play! Let's sing, friends! These verbs are used to invite joint action.

Some scientists distinguish analytical forms of imperative verbs, which are formed in two ways:

joining of particles let (let), yes to the 3 l mold. units and many more h. present or future tense: let him play, let him rest, let him print, long live;

by adding a particle Let's) to an infinitive or verb in the form of 3 l. units and many more Parts of present and future simple tense:

let's work, let's be friends. Meanings of imperative forms

[according to the book: Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 208–210]: simple urge: Kiss–here, he showed his cheek

(L. Tolstoy); humorous and ironic impulse: Shout better so that the neighbors hear, if you have no shame

(A. Ostrovsky); prohibition: Don't come in, she is sleeping

(Bitter); threat:You are in my house pickney only

(A. Ostrovsky); command: Listenmy team ! !

Line up (Fadeev); permission (permission): ... go

, if you are so drawn from here! (Goncharov); wish:Be healthy!

Grow big!; call: Turn around

on the march! (Mayakovsky);order: We need criticism from year to year, remember,

like oxygen to a person, like clean air to a room (Mayakovsky); advice:

Try in winter, sleep at least 8 hours;warning, parting words and reminder: Look, take care

myself! (Kuprin); request and plea: Think about it

about me and I will be with you (Kuprin).The modality of the imperative mood is most evident in sentences expressing an obligation: Every cricket know your sixth!(= should know). He's walking and I'm Work for him(= should work). And after such a life, he was suddenly burdened with the heavy burden of carrying the service of an entire house on his shoulders! Theyserve master, andmethi , And clean , he's at his beck and call!

(= must serve, revenge, clean).

Associated with this meaning is a connotation of discontent. In practice, this meaning goes beyond the imperative mood.

Impersonal verbs: Not all verbs have an imperative mood. This is explained by the semantic content of the mood, which has access to extralinguistics: only a living creature, first of all a person, can order something or ask to do something (if you do not use the technique of personification); You cannot ask to perform processes that are beyond human control, etc. Do not form the imperative mood:

dawn, freeze, shiver, get cold and under.; and etc.;

verbs naming actions or states beyond a person’s control: to feel ill, to feel cold, to want, to be able: verbs that name actions related to shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash

inanimate nature . The term “subjunctive mood” was presented in the textbook by L.V. Shcherby, S.G. Barkhudarov and S.E. Kryuchkov and is currently used in almost all textbooks. The term “conditional mood” was used in the works of the 19th – early 20th centuries, including in the works of F.I. Buslaeva, A.B. Shapiro et al.

The subjunctive mood is used to express an action that the speaker considers desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The subjunctive form is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form of verbs: I would tell you, I would rest and under. Verbs in the subjunctive mood change according to gender and number : would smile, would smile, would smile, would smile.

Meaning of subjunctive verbs:

desirability: I'm a wolfwould gnaw it out bureaucracy! remember,

conditionality of performing a possible action (usually in subordinate clauses of a complex sentence): II would come to you if I weren't busy.

The use of forms of one mood and infinitive in the meaning of another

The use of subjunctive forms in the meaning of others . Some forms of the subjunctive mood are capable of conveying request and advice, which is the meaning of the imperative mood, for example: I would tell you you're talking about your trip!

The use of imperative forms in the meaning of others . The imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive when expressing the condition: Be able to I paint pictures, how much I could tell!

The use of verbs of the indicative mood in the meaning of other moods.

Verbs of the 2nd l. The future tense can be used in the imperative sense: Go to the marketbuy products andyou'll get there to the hunting lodge. In this case, the addressee of the speech gives an order to carry out something. action.

Past tense verbs can be used in the imperative mood: Go! We stood up, bowed, let's go!

Very rarely, verbs in the form of the imperative mood have the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood, calling the action swift and instantaneous: And the horse at this timetake it Andbuck.

The use of the infinitive in the meaning of moods . The infinitive can act as a subjunctive mood: I'd like to go us(Chekhov).

Denoting an order, a prohibition, or less often a request, verbs in the infinitive are used instead of the imperative mood: Stand! (incl: Stop!). Be silent! (incl: Keep quiet!).