Presentation on gender social gender. Sociology of gender. Practice of implementation of gender policy
What is gender? Gender, sex, difference © Kateryna Maksimenko, Laima Heydar
Definition of gender Gender Gender is a grammatical gender. Gender is a socially modeled and maintained social institutions a system of values, norms and characteristics of male and female behavior, lifestyle, way of thinking, roles and relationships of men and women acquired by them in the process of socialization. Features of socialization are determined by historical, social, political, cultural and economic contexts. Gender representations are normative representations of the roles of men and women depending on their gender.
Gender and Gender Gender issues will be invisible to us if we are convinced that: The social role of men and women in society is determined by their biological sex; The roles of man and woman are determined once and for all as Nature or God decreed. In other words, the distribution of social roles between the sexes is the “natural destiny” of a person, man or woman.
Gender and Gender Gender and biological sex are not the same thing! They are born with biological sex. The biological sex includes primary and secondary sexual characteristics; Gender is constructed in the process of raising a child as a boy or as a girl: gender is conditioned by the society and culture at that particular time in history.
Where is the "man"? Where is the "woman"? Passivity Weakness Night, moon Heart, emotions Matter Tradition Static World Family Nature Philology Secretary Waiting Circle Activity Force Day, sun Head, mind Form Progress Mobility War Work Culture, technology Mathematics Chief Action Triangle
Traditional gender representations Main features of traditional gender representations: Binarity; Hierarchy; Patriarchy: The feminine is subordinate to the masculine; Inequality is justified by nature, the natural course of things; These notions are oppressive to both women and men.
Traditional perception of gender identity Femininity Emotionality Instinctive Gentleness Weakness - the "weaker sex" Beauty Caring Intuition Sociability Empathy It is important for her to be understood, shared by her feelings The process is more important than the result Masculinity Intelligence Rationality Independence Activity Strength Authoritarianism Risk-taking Restraint in emotions The ability to achieve one's own, to win It is important to be considered competent, to achieve recognition The result is more important good relations
Where does gender "work"? Social statuses and norms that are expressed in behavior Division of labor Family responsibilities The structure of the personality, which is expressed in feelings and behavior Social control Ideology Artistic images, artistic production Language (compare: “one man and his wife” and “one man and her husband”; “all people are sisters”)
Gender discrimination If an individual does not meet gender norms, a repressive mechanism of social gender control is activated: A person is discriminated against Example: the level of tolerance of a society can be measured through the degree of tolerance towards sexual minorities
Gender Discrimination The average woman is more likely to be discriminated against in the public arena than the average man: career ladder Sexism Discrimination against women: Attitudes towards women on the basis of gender, which reduces the importance of personal achievements, limits their rights and opportunities. For example: refusal to hire a woman who wants to have children.
Equality politics and the right to be different Politics equal rights, freedoms and opportunities The right to difference is also included in the policy of equal rights: The sexual biological difference of men and women should not affect the equality of their rights, freedoms and opportunities Equality policy and positive discrimination Positive discrimination The oppressed group is temporarily given greater opportunities to balance the representation of those or other social groups in important sectors: Parliamentary quotas University admission quotas Social support
"Social groups" - Lumpens pose a particular danger. class approach. Social inequality. social interests. Diversity of social groups. Differentiation. Defending their interests, people influence politics. The division of society into social groups. All spheres differ in size and role. The concept of the social structure of society.
"The social structure of Russian society" - Types of ownership. Society various types- forms of joint activity. social structure Russian society. Teacher Suslin Dmitry Yurievich www.dmsuslin.narod.ru. The main types of property present in different strata of the rich, in%. public, religious organizations. Many have not yet self-determined, have not realized their interests.
"Social mobility" - If an auto mechanic gets a job as a mechanic, such a movement will indicate horizontal mobility. concept social mobility: Social mobility. Forms of social mobility: Causes of social mobility. A positive consequence of mobility is a more complete disclosure of individual talents.
"Social structure" - Social structure = stratum + stratum + stratum. Introduction to the concept of "social structure". CHOOSE ASSOCIATIONS TO THE CONCEPT OF "MOBILITY". Types of social mobility. Modern understanding of the essence of classes. Epigraphs for the lesson. The social structure of society: social stratification and social mobility.
"Child Poverty" - Government social spending. National Study on Child Poverty. The research process. Problem questions. Policy analysis data. Basic National Documents. Math test. Index. preliminary hypothesis. macroeconomic situation. Topics for additional research.
"The life of a person in society" - The indicators of the prescribed status of a person include: 1) children 2) the elderly 3) men 4) youth. The social rise of the individual - upward mobility. 8. Which of the listed social groups does not have a common socially significant feature? Match the concepts given in the first column with the definitions given in the second.
There are 18 presentations in total in the topic
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What does the term "gender" mean?
- "Gender" is "not the physical differences between a man and a woman, but the socially formed features of masculinity and femininity." "Social expectations about behavior seen as appropriate for men and women" (Anthony Giddens)
- Our gender is the behavior and roles that we learn as women and men (in order to be/realize ourselves as a man or woman in a particular society) !!!Social/constructed.
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Sex and gender
- Gender (social, cultural, psychological features positions of women and men)
- Gender (physical, physiological, biological differences between men and women).
- “The distinction between sex and gender is fundamental, since many of the differences between women and men are due to reasons that are not biological in nature.
- The traditional division of roles into "male" and "female", which is considered to be "natural", due to natural inclinations, is the result of a certain type of socialization, upbringing, and training.
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Patriarchy
- What is patriarchy? (dominance of men over women).
- Given away to a man external world, culture, creativity, claims to dominance (the subject of power relations).
- A woman is a house, but even in a house she is a subordinate being (an object of his power).
- What is emancipation? Autonomous action of the subject, aimed at his own liberation.
- The principle of complementarity, the principle of interchangeability.
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When and how does the question of women's rights arise?
- About human rights, about the equality of all people before the law, changes begin in views on the appointment of women, in assessing their role in society, and finally, in their status, which, under the traditional order, rests on their function as successors to the family.
- Women won three groups of rights - political (civil, bourgeois revolutions), socio-economic (prom.rev), reproductive rights (cult.rev).
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What is feminism? (philosophy or ideology of women's equality)
- The idea of civil equality of women and men was called "feminism".
- "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen".
- "Society of Revolutionary Republicans" - a movement for extending the right to vote to women, that is, the right to elect and be elected to power structures - suffragism (from the English suffrage - voting).
Slide 7
Marxists and the "Women's Question"
- Friedrich Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" Karl Marx
- (The position of women wage laborers is a class position - the proletarian class; the destruction of all forms of exploitation and oppression is the common goal of the proletarians and women)
Slide 8
Gender equality: concept and categories
- Gender equality / gender equality (egalitarianism) implies that women and men should have equal shares in social power, equal access to public resources.
- Power (political, economic, cultural-symbolic) / resources of production / reproduction, distribution, control.
Slide 9
Gender equality: concepts and stages of development
- Equality and equal rights of women and men
- Equality of rights, differences and opportunities for women and men
- Equality of rights, differences, opportunities, results, self-worth and self-identification of women and men
Slide 10
Gender Policy in Modern Kyrgyzstan: Legal Framework
- International obligations
- 1995, Beijing - Fourth World Conference on the Status of Women. Joining the Beijing Platform for Action
- 1996 - Ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
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- National Action Plan for the Advancement of Women (1999)
- Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic “On further improvement of personnel policy to attract women leaders to public administration". 2002
- Law on the Fundamentals of State Guarantees for Ensuring Gender Equality (2003)
- Law on Social and Legal Protection from Domestic Violence (2003)
- Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic "On measures to improve gender policy" 2006
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Practice of implementation of gender policy
The practice of implementing gender policy: women and men in the composition of candidates and deputies of the parliamentary level.
Who are the candidates and candidates?
Women with higher education, average age 45-55 l.:
- heads of state structures
- business leaders
- NGO and media leaders,
Men with higher and secondary education / age characteristics - young men under 35:
- business leaders
- temporarily unemployed/unemployed
- heads of state structures.
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The practice of implementing gender policy: the repertoire of political activity of women during the election campaign of 2004-2005.
- More than 50% of campaigners in both women's and men's election campaigns
- Campaign leaders for male candidates
- 50% membership election commissions and local independent observers
- Activists/leaders of popular resistance
Slide 14
- discrepancy between what was declared at all levels, including the “high” policy towards women, and the real situation in which women candidates found themselves.
- the discrepancy between the need to carry the expected image of a “clean” woman and the rational need to use “dirty”, “unfeminine” methods of conducting an election campaign.
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Women and Elections: Trapped in Double Standards
- discrepancy between the behavior of male opponents and the cultural patterns that are usually attributed to men and expected from women
- the discrepancy between the strength of public expectations from female candidates to follow the images of an “impeccable mother” and the humiliating attitude on the part of society and the state towards the traditional private and family spheres of “female” influence, as secondary and “petty”
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Gender Concept in Kyrgyzstan: Violations of Meaning
- Ethno-nationalism and "remnants" of Soviet political traditions instead of citizenship
- Family ties instead of professionalism
- "Gender policy" as a platform for taming and using the female resource
- The focus of women's NGOs on social sphere instead of political participation/formation of subjectivity
- Women's practices of "terrible perfection" and submission instead of deconstruction of the patriarchal system of power relations
Slide 17
What to take into account?: signs of the socio-cultural context in the region:
- social incompetence of the population
- managerial incompetence of elites
- destruction of the urban cultural layer and ruralization/archaization of social relations
- strengthening of patriarchal values and patriarchal way of life
- influence of religious ideologies
- information space: myth-making, destruction of measure
Slide 19
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the United Nations in 1979
- include the principle of equality between men and women in the Constitution and other legislative acts and seek its practical implementation;
- if necessary, use special sanctions prohibiting discrimination against women;
- take steps to change existing laws, customs, practices that appear to discriminate against women;
- ensure the equal right for men and women to enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights.
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Gender
In psychology, gender is social biological characteristic, with the help of which people define the concepts of "man" and "woman".
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Social psychologists believe that the two main reasons why people try to conform to gender expectations are normative and informational pressure. The term "normative pressure" describes the mechanism of how a person is forced to adapt to social or group expectations so that society does not reject him.
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Gender is constantly influenced by both cultural norms about what men and women should do and social information, inspiring people how big the difference between men and women is. Developmental psychologists use the term differential socialization to describe the process in which we learn that there are things that are common to some and not to others, depending on the gender of the learner.
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A striking example of differentiation is children
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Already at the age of 3, children confidently identify themselves as male or female, which is called gender identification. At this time, children begin to notice that men and women try to look different, engage in different activities and be interested in different things.
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But it happens.)
Slide 8
In my opinion, the most interesting aspects of this issue are the restrictions imposed by the traditional female and male roles.
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Restrictions of the female role
Slide 10
One of the significant limitations imposed by the traditional female role in our time is that the working woman continues to bear the burden of household chores and responsibility for children. Compared to their wives, black men make 40% homework, white men - 34%, and men Spanish descent- 36%. A working woman does on average 69% of the housework. The increase in the proportion of time that women devote to work has led to only a slight reduction in their household duties, and the amount of time taken up by caring for children has remained unchanged.
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In work, women are usually lower in status than men. Most of the prestigious professions in our society are literally occupied. There is ample evidence of women's lower power in their organizations compared to men. This is partly because male gender stereotypes include more of the qualities that are considered necessary to win and hold power. Therefore, men seem more suitable for leadership roles. Women trying to make a career sometimes face the phenomenon of "glass ceiling" This metaphor expresses the fact that in some organizations there is an invisible ceiling, as it were, above which women cannot move. Common stereotypes suggesting that men are much better leaders than women are partly responsible for the existence of the glass ceiling.
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Male Gender Role Limitations
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The structure of a man's role norms is made up of three factors. The first has to do with the expectation that men win the status and respect of others (the status norm). The second factor, the norm of hardness, reflects a man's expectation of mental, emotional, and physical hardness. The third factor is the expectation that a man should avoid stereotypically feminine pursuits and activities (the norm of anti-femininity).
Slide 14
Of course, things change over time. All more women are engaged in male-dominated jobs, the gender pay gap is narrowing. Men do slightly more housework, and many spend more time with their children than their fathers did. However, it is clear that we still have a very long way to go.
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