Biology presentation on Australopithecus africanus. Presentation on the topic Australopithecus. Presentation on the topic
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Australopithecus africanus (lat. Australopithecus africanus) is an extinct species of australopithecus, a family of hominids that lived about 3.5-2.4 million years ago. Unlike Australopithecus afarensis, it had a more ape-like skeleton, but a more voluminous skull. The main locations of the remains of this species are the limestone caves of South Africa: Taung (1924), Sterkfontein (1935), Makapansgat (1948), Gladysvale (1992).
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Slide no. 5 “Baby from Taung” had a large foramen magnum, which serves as an outlet for the spinal cord, and was located on the underside of the skull, indicating an upright posture and a bipedal gait. The brain volume was 520 cubic centimeters (for comparison, in chimpanzees it does not exceed 480 cubic centimeters). The supraorbital ridges characteristic of monkeys were absent, the fangs did not protrude beyond the adjacent row, as in monkeys. The development of the occipital, parietal and temporal lobes indicated the presence of association zones in the brain and difficult behavior body. Dart dubbed the find " missing link
” in human evolution and estimated its age at 1 million years.
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In 1936, anthropologist Robert Broome discovered the skull of an adult Australopithecus in the Sterkfontein Grotto, near Johannesburg. The skull was incomplete (the lower jaw was missing), it belonged to a young female, 15-16 years old, so the remains were given the name "Miss Pleas". The geological age of the find was about 2.5 million years.
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Slide no. 7 Based on the plaster cast of the skull sent in 1956, a reconstruction was made in Moscow appearance
"Miss Please." She has a small head, which is set straight on a short, strongly protruded neck. The shoulders are not wide, sloping like those of monkeys. The small volume of the brain, relatively small but deep orbits of the eyes, an overhanging eyebrow, a narrow, low forehead and a small flattened nose are combined with a heavy lower part of the face. The shape of the ears is similar to the ears of chimpanzees, but are smaller. The hair on the head is longer than that of a chimpanzee, the face and forehead are free of hair. There is short, sparse hair on the back and shoulders.
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What did this hominid look like, which still remains possible candidate to the place of the human ancestor in the branchy human tree? Nowadays, quite a lot of finds of the remains of Australopithecus africanus have accumulated. In the same Sterkfontein cave, almost his complete skeleton was found, the so-called famous find Sts14.
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Presumably Australopithecus looked like this: the length of the arms was slightly longer than the length of the legs. However, the details of the skull structure of Australopithecus africanus are closer to those of humans. At the same time, general structure body has more similarities with a monkey skeleton (for example, the fingers of this species are long and twisted, which allowed it to easily climb trees). In general, South African australopithecines are more primitive than East African ones and are presumably more distantly related modern man. Judging by the bones of the limbs and pelvis, they were completely upright, although they spent a lot of time in the trees. The height of African Australopithecus was about 1-1.5 meters, weight 20-45 kilograms, brain volume - about 425-450 cubic centimeters.
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Australopithecines ate baboons, as well as the remains of meals of stronger predatory animals. In 1981, anthropologist Lewis Binford, as a result of careful analysis, came to the inevitable conclusion - Australopithecus collected bones that had already been eaten by predators. They used flakes to scrape off the remaining meat from them, and used cobblestones to split skulls and heads of tubular bones to get to the bone marrow. In other words, australopithecines regularly included the remains of dead animals - carrion - in their diet. Along with the adaptation to carnivory, they also adapted to eating cereals, grains, seeds and roots, food that the savanna supplies in abundance. Their fangs became smaller and smaller, but their molars increased in size, so they had to grind the grain and seeds with something.
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Over a long historical period of their development, Australopithecines LEARNED TO USE NATURAL SUBSTANCES OF NATURE (STONES, COBBLES, SOLID MINERALS) TO MEET THEIR NEEDS. A STEP NECESSARY FOR THE INVENTION AND MANUFACTURE OF AN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTANCE OF NATURE. STEP REQUIRED FOR MAKING STONE TOOLS. Back in 1876, Friedrich Engels wrote: “WORK BEGINS WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF TOOLS. AND WHAT ARE THE MOST ANCIENT TOOLS THAT WE FIND - THE MOST ANCIENT, JUDGING BY THE OBJECTS FOUND, LEFT TO US AS AN INHERITANCE FROM PREHISTORIC PEOPLE, AND THE WAY OF LIFE OF THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL PEOPLES, AND ALSO THE MOST PRIMITIVE MODERN SAVAGES? THESE TOOLS ARE HUNTING AND FISHING INSTRUMENTS; THE FIRST ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY WEAPONS."
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His proud posture, the posture of a monkey standing on two legs and a stick in his paws, the use of which for australopithecines, unlike monkeys, was not an accident, but a necessity, shows how far he has already come from his ape past. With the decrease in the size of the fangs and the transition to eating carrion, the path for australopithecines back to the jungle was closed forever. Another HUMAN WAY had already begun.
“The Origin of Man” - 17. 14 – loris; 10. 15. African; 7. 13 – lemurs; Lesson in 11th grade. 14. 9. 16 – orangutans; 19.12.18 – gorillas; 18.
“Lesson on the Origin of Man” - Updating knowledge. Evidence of the origin of man from animals: b) the presence of rudiments - residual organs in humans. Evidence of human origin from animals: “Passport” data of a person. The relationship between man and animals. Human. Fixing the material. The place of man in the system of the organic world.
“Stages of Man” - Transitional stage to the formation of the type of modern man. Homo habilis (H. habilis). Mastery of fire. X-511 Fedorov F. S. Domestication of animals and plants. Hominids (Hominidae). Pongids, or anthropomorphic monkeys (Pongidae). Orangutan. High culture of tool making. Neanderthal (H. neandertaliensis).
"The Emergence of Man" - Everything modern humanity belongs to the same species. Human Origins: Modern people. Upright walking. Ancient people. Tropical and subtropical forests retreated south. In what regions of the Earth did the human race emerge? The earliest people. What significance did upright walking have in the origin of man?
“The Origin of Man on Earth” - Wisdom Teeth. G. Volzhsky 2009. Express your opinion regarding the appearance of man on Earth. Darwin began systematically collecting materials on the origins of man in 1837. Create a presentation on the topic “Human Evolution.” 5. Similarities between humans and animals.
"Homo erectus" - Fossil People modern type called Cro-Magnons. Neanderthal. Neanderthals lived in small groups of 15-20 people. To promote the formation of knowledge about patterns in the cognition of the world. Almost non-prominent chin protuberance. Ramapithecus. Therefore, there are different versions of human evolution.
Australopithecus is a group of fossil great apes whose bones were first discovered in the Kalahari Desert (South Africa) in 1924, and then in Eastern and Central Africa. Australopithecines lived in the Pliocene (4 million years ago). Australopithecines are a group of fossil great apes whose bones were first discovered in the Kalahari Desert (South Africa) in 1924, and later in East and Central Africa. Australopithecines lived in the Pliocene (4 million years ago).
Life of Australopithecines Australopithecus inhabited most Africa at the end of the Neogene between 6 and 1 million years ago. They lived in savannahs in family groups that included 2–3 adult males, several females and young different ages. Australopithecines fed mainly plant foods y, including cereal seeds, as a result of which their fangs noticeably decreased in size and ceased to protrude above the level of other teeth. They walked on two legs, almost or completely straightened. Their brain volume was only slightly inferior to that of the most ancient people of the genus Homo. It was most developed in small species of australopithecines. The African Australopithecus (Australopithecus africanus) was about 150 cm tall, and probably used primitive tools: roughly hewn stones, sticks, and bone fragments.
Body proportions The proportions of the limbs and the morphology of the foot and hand indicate that the creature from the Sterkfontein caves climbed trees (using a powerful thumb hands for a disc-shaped grip), and moved along the ground on two legs. Thus, the thumb developed among the ancient ancestors of people precisely in order to grasp branches. Among their descendants, belonging to Homo, who lived mainly on earth, it was already used to create tools and manipulations.
Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis got its name from finds in the so-called Northern Afar Triangle in Ethiopia. The smallest species of Australopithecus. He probably had dark skin and was covered in hair. Males were larger than females. Height 1-1.3 m, body weight about 30 kg.
Australopithecus africanus The main locations of the remains of this species are limestone caves in South Africa: Taung (1924), Sterkfontein (1935), Makapansgat (1948), Gladysvale (1992). The main locations of the remains of this species are limestone caves in South Africa: Taung (1924), Sterkfontein (1935), Makapansgat (1948), Gladysvale (1992).
Australopithecus lived in the Pliocene, approximately 4 million years ago, until less than a million years ago. Most species of Australopithecus were omnivores, but there were subspecies that specialized in plant foods. Their limbs were slightly less developed and they learned to use available stones, sticks and sharp bone fragments. From the point of view of taxonomy, Australopithecus belongs to the family of hominids * Taxonomy is the study of the principles and practice of classification and systematization Hominids are a family of the most progressive primates, including humans and great great apes.
Australopithecines are similar to humans due to the weak development of the jaws, the absence of large protruding fangs, a grasping hand with a developed thumb, a supporting foot and a pelvic structure adapted for upright walking. The brain is relatively large (530 cm³), but in structure it differs little from the brain of modern apes. In volume, it was no more than 35% of the average size of the modern human brain. The body size was also small, no more than a centimeter in height, and the build was slender.
Australopithecus africanus ̆ An extinct species of australopithecus, a family of hominids that lived about 3.5-2.4 million years ago. Judging by the bones of the limbs and pelvis, they were completely upright, although they spent a lot of time in the trees. The height of African Australopithecus was about 11.5 meters, weight 2045 kilograms, brain volume about cubic centimeters. In many ways, the skeletal structure of Australopithecus africanus has many similarities with its East African relative Australopithecus avar.
Australopithecus afarensis ̆ An extinct species of Australopithecus, a family of hominids, that lived about 4 million years ago. It probably had dark skin and was covered in hair. Males were larger than females. Height is 11.5 m, body weight is about 3060 kg. The brain of Australopithecus avar is not large in volume (~ cm³, which is slightly larger than that of a chimpanzee). Therefore, most likely, he could not yet control his speech.
Australopithecus robustus. A species of fossil great ape found in South Africa in 1938 by South African doctor and paleontologist Robert Broome. The remains have been dated to between 2 and 1.2 million years ago. The volume of the brain is approximately 520 cm³. The species was distinguished by a bony ridge on the skull for attachment of chewing muscles, probably allowing it to chew tough plant fibers. Protruding cheekbones also indicate developed chewing muscles. Judging by the analysis of the teeth, this species was omnivorous.
