Pygmies of central africa. The pygmies of Africa are the "little people" of the continent. Why are they so small
The first mentions of pygmies were made in ancient Egyptian records, dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. Later, ancient Greek historians wrote about the pygmies. Herodotus, Strabo, Homer. The real existence of these African tribes was confirmed only in the 19th century by a German traveler. Georg Schweinfurt, a Russian researcher Vasily Juncker and others.
The growth of adult male pygmies is from 144-150 cm in height. Women - about 120 cm. They have short limbs, light brown skin, which serves as an excellent camouflage in the forest. The hair is dark, curly, the lips are thin.
Occupation
Pygmies live in the forests. The forest for them is the supreme deity - the source of everything necessary for survival. The traditional occupation for most pygmies is hunting and gathering. They hunt birds, elephants, antelopes and monkeys. Short bows and poisoned arrows are used for hunting. In addition to different meat, pygmies are very fond of the honey of wild bees. In order to get to their favorite treat, they have to climb 45-meter trees, after which they use ash and smoke to disperse the bees. Women collect nuts, berries, mushrooms and roots.
Pygmies live in small groups, no less than 50 members. Each group has a special area for building huts. Marriages between members of different tribes are quite common here. Also, absolutely any member of the tribe, when he wishes, can freely leave and join another tribe. There are no formal leaders in the tribe. The questions and problems that have arisen are resolved by open negotiations.
Weapon
Weapons are a spear, a small bow, arrows (often poisoned). Pygmies exchange iron for arrowheads from neighboring tribes. Various traps and traps are widely used.
Pygmies are the most famous dwarf tribes living in the forests of tropical Africa. The main areas of concentration of pygmies today: Zaire (165 thousand people), Rwanda (65 thousand people), Burundi (50 thousand people), Congo (30 thousand people), Cameroon (20 thousand people) and Gabon (5 thousand people). people).
Mbutis- a tribe of pygmies living in the Ituri forest in Zaire. Most scientists believe that they were most likely the first inhabitants of this region.
Twa (Batwa)- a tribe of pygmies in equatorial Africa... They live both in the mountains and on the plains near Lake Kivu in Zaire, Burundi and Rwanda. They maintain close ties with neighboring cattle-breeding tribes, they know how to make pottery.
Tswa (batswa)- this large tribe lives near the swamp south of the river Congo. They, like the Twa tribe, live in cooperation with neighboring tribes, adopting their culture and language. Most of the Tswa are hunters or fishermen.
The most low people on land, whose average height does not exceed 141 cm, live in the Congo Basin in Central Africa. "The size of a fist" - so translated from the Greek pygmalios - the name of the pygmy tribe. There is an assumption that they once occupied the whole of Central Africa, but then were forced out into the area of tropical forests.
Daily life of these wild people devoid of romance and is associated with the daily struggle for survival, when the main task of men is to get food for the entire village. Pygmies are considered the most not bloodthirsty hunters. And indeed it is. They never hunt for the sake of hunting, they never kill animals for the sake of the desire to kill, they never store meat for future use. They do not even bring a killed animal to the village, but butcher, cook and eat right on the spot, calling all the inhabitants of the village to a meal. Hunting and everything connected with it is the main ritual in the life of the tribe, clearly expressed in folklore: songs about hero-hunters, dances that convey scenes of animal behavior, myths and legends. Before the hunt, men smear themselves and weapons with mud and manure of the animal they are going to hunt, turn to the spear with a request to be well-aimed, and hit the road.
The pygmies' daily food is vegetable: nuts, edible herbs and roots, the heart of a palm tree. Fishing is the seasonal industry. For fishing, pygmies use a special grass, from which the fish falls asleep, but does not die. The leaves of the grass are dissolved in the river, and the catch is collected downstream. A particular danger to pygmies is the jungle, full of a variety of wild animals. But the most dangerous is python. If a python accidentally steps on a python for more than 4 meters, it is doomed. The snake instantly attacks, wraps around the body and strangles.
The origin of the pygmies is still not entirely clear. It is only known that the first Europeans recently penetrated their world and were met with a rather belligerent response. The exact number of the tribe is not known. According to various sources, there are about 280 thousand of them. Average duration life - no more than 45 years for men, women live a little longer. The first child is born at the age of 14-15, but there are no more than two children in the family. Pygmies roam in groups of 2-4 families. They live in low grass-sheltered huts that can be made in a few hours. Boys 9-16 years old are circumcised and subjected to other rather cruel tests, accompanied by moral instructions. Only men take part in such rituals.
The tribe has lost its native language, so the dialects of neighboring tribes are most often used. The garment consists only of a hip belt with an apron. But sedentary pygmies are increasingly wearing European clothing. The main deity is the forest spirit Tore, the owner of the forest game, to whom hunters turn to prayer before hunting.
The culture and traditions of the pygmies are gradually disappearing. New life slowly penetrates into their life, dissolving the lifestyle of the smallest people on the planet.
Watch interesting videos.
Unknown planet. Pygmies and Karamojongs. h1.
Ritual dances of the Baka pygmies.
And etc.; formerly supposedly Pygmy languages
Traditional beliefs
Negrillic type of large Negroid race
Pygmies(Greek. Πυγμαῖοι
- "people the size of a fist") - a group of undersized Negroid peoples living in the equatorial forests of Africa. Another name for African pygmies is negrilli.
Testimonials
Mentioned already in the ancient Egyptian inscriptions of the 3rd millennium BC. e., at a later time - in ancient Greek sources (in the "Iliad" by Homer, Herodotus and Strabo).
Pygmies in mythology
Physical type
The Efe and Sua peoples living to the east of the tank initially give birth to small children - the growth restrictor is turned on during intrauterine development. At the tank, children are born normal, but in the first two years of life, children of the tank grow noticeably slower than Europeans.
Occupation
Pygmies are inhabitants of forests, the forest for them is the source of everything necessary for life. The main occupations are hunting and gathering. Pygmies do not make stone tools, previously they did not know how to make fire (they carried the source of fire with them). The hunting tool is a bow with arrows with metal tips, and these tips are often poisoned. Iron is exchanged with neighbors.
Language
Pygmies usually speak the languages of the peoples around them - Efe, Asua, Bambuti, etc. There are some phonetic differences in the dialects of the Pygmies, but with the exception of the Baka people, the Pygmies have lost their native languages.
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Literature
- Patnam E. Eight Years Among the Pygmies / Ann Putnam; With a preface. and ed. B.I.Sharevskaya; Artist B. A. Diodorov. - M .: Publishing house of oriental literature, 1961. - 184 p. - (Travel to the countries of the East). - 75,000 copies(region)
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Excerpt from the Pygmies
- Dr ... or a fool! ... - he said.“And that one is not! they've been gossiping about her too, ”he thought of the little princess, who was not in the dining room.
- And where is the princess? - he asked. - Hiding? ...
“She’s not quite well,” said m llе Bourienne, smiling cheerfully. “She will not come out. This is so understandable in her position.
- Hm! um! kh! kh! - said the prince and sat down at the table.
The plate didn’t seem clean to him; he pointed to the spot and dropped it. Tikhon picked it up and handed it to the barman. The little princess was not unwell; but she was so overwhelmingly afraid of the prince that, hearing that he was out of sorts, she decided not to go out.
“I’m afraid for the child,” she said to m lle Bourienne. “God knows what can be done from fright.
In general, the little princess lived in Bald Hills constantly under a feeling of fear and antipathy towards the old prince, which she was not aware of, because fear so prevailed that she could not feel it. There was also antipathy on the part of the prince, but it was drowned out by contempt. The princess, having settled down in the Bald Hills, especially fell in love with m lle Bourienne, spent days with her, asked her to spend the night with her, and often talked with her about her father-in-law and judged him.
- Il nous arrive du monde, mon prince, [Guests are coming to us, prince.] - said m lle Bourienne, unrolling a white napkin with her rosy hands. - Son excellence le rince Kouraguine avec son fils, a ce que j "ai entendu dire? [His Excellency Prince Kuraguine with his son, as far as I have heard?]" She said inquiringly.
“Hm… this excellence boy… I assigned him to the college,” the prince said insulted. - And why my son, I cannot understand. Princess Lizaveta Karlovna and Princess Marya may know; I do not know why he is bringing this son here. I don’t need it. - And he looked at the reddened daughter.
- Unhealthy, or what? From the fear of the minister, as this fool Alpatych said today.
- No, mon pere. [father.]
No matter how unfortunate M lle Bourienne got on the subject of conversation, she did not stop and chatted about the greenhouses, about the beauty of the new blossoming flower, and the prince softened after the soup.
After dinner he went to see his daughter-in-law. The little princess was sitting at a small table and chatting with Masha, the maid. She turned pale when she saw her father-in-law.
The little princess has changed greatly. She was rather bad than good, now. The cheeks dropped, the lip went up, the eyes were drawn down.
- Yes, some kind of heaviness, - she answered the prince's question, what she felt.
- Do you need what?
- No, merci, mon pere. [thank you, father.]
- Well, good, good.
He went out and walked to the waiter's. Alpatych, bending his head, stood in the waiter's room.
- Is the road covered?
- Thrown over, your Excellency; forgive me, for God's sake, for one stupidity.
The prince interrupted him and laughed his unnatural laugh.
- Well, good, good.
He held out his hand, which Alpatych kissed, and went into the office.
In the evening, Prince Vasily arrived. He was met at the roadside (as the avenue was called) by the coachmen and waiters, with a shout they drove his carriages and sleighs to the outbuilding along a road covered with snow on purpose.
Prince Vasil and Anatol were assigned separate rooms.
Anatole was sitting, taking off his jacket and propping his hands on his hips, in front of a table, to the corner of which he, smiling, fixedly and absentmindedly fixed his beautiful large eyes. Throughout his life, he looked at it as a continuous amusement, which for some reason someone undertook to arrange for him. In the same way, now he looked at his trip to to an angry old man and a rich ugly heiress. All this could come out, according to his assumption, very good and funny. And why not marry, if she is very rich? It never gets in the way, Anatole thought.
He shaved, perfumed himself with the thoroughness and panache that had become his habit, and with his natural, good-natured, victorious expression, carrying his handsome head high, he entered his father's room. Near Prince Vasily his two valets were busy dressing him; he himself looked animatedly around him and nodded cheerfully to his son who entered, as if he were saying: "So, that's how I need you!"
- No, no kidding, father, is she very ugly? A? He asked, as if continuing the conversation he had more than once conducted during the trip.
- Completely. Nonsense! The main thing is to try to be respectful and reasonable with the old prince.
“If he scolds, I'll leave,” said Anatole. - I hate these old people. A?
- Remember that for you everything depends on it.
At this time, in the maiden's room, not only was the arrival of the minister with his son known, but appearance both of them have already been described in detail. Princess Marya sat alone in her room and tried in vain to overcome her inner excitement.
“Why did they write, why did Liza tell me about it? After all, this cannot be! She said to herself, looking in the mirror. - How do I get out into the living room? If even I liked him, I would not be able to be with him by myself now. " The thought of her father's gaze horrified her.
The little princess and m lle Bourienne had already received all the information they needed from the maid Masha about what a ruddy, black-browed handsome man the minister’s son was, and how papa forced their legs up the stairs, and he, like an eagle, walking three steps, ran behind him. Having received this information, the little princess with m lle Bourienne, still heard from the corridor in their animatedly talking voices, entered the princess's room.
- (Pygmaei, Πυγμαι̃οι). A mythical people of dwarfs, the size of πηγμή, τ. That is, growth is not more than the distance from the elbow to the fist. According to Homer, they lived on the shores of the Ocean; subsequently, the sources of the Nile, as well as India, began to be considered their location. The current ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology
A group of peoples belonging to the Negrillic race, the indigenous population of tropical Africa. They speak the Bantu languages (Twa, 185 thousand people, 1992; Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire), the Adamaua of the eastern group (aka, Binga and others, 35 thousand people; Congo, CAR) and Shari ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (footnote) people are morally insignificant. Wed For the crowd he is great, for the crowd he is a prophet; For himself he is nothing, for himself he is a pygmy! ... Nadson. “See here he is!” Cf. He loved among his wanderings his poor Fatherland. By her blinkers obvyyan, By her pygmies ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
Modern encyclopedia
From ancient Greek: Pigmaios. Literally: The size of a fist. In ancient Greek mythology Pygmies were the fabulous people called dwarfs, who were so small that they often became victims of cranes, like frogs. Therefore, the dwarfs had to ... ... Dictionary winged words and expressions
The people of dwarfs, who lived, according to the legendary legends of the Greeks, on the shores of the ocean (Homer) and on the sources of the Nile (late writing), where they constantly fought against cranes. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. pygmies ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (Pugmaioi), own. people the size of a fist in Greek mythology, a fabulous dwarf people living in Libya. The Iliad (III, 6) tells about their battles with cranes (cf. L. v. Sybel, Mythologie derIlias, 1877, and L. F. Voevodsky, Introduction to mythology ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Pygmies- PIGMES, a group of peoples: tva, binga, bibaya, gielli, efe, kango, aka, mbuti with a total number of 350 thousand people belonging to the Negrillic race, the indigenous population Tropical Africa... The name comes from the Greek pygmaios (literally the size of ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
A group of peoples in Central Africa. The total number is 390 thousand people (1995). They speak Bantu languages. Many pygmies maintain a wandering lifestyle, archaic culture, and traditional beliefs. * * * PYGMIES PYGMIES, a group of peoples related to ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
PIGMIES- (from the Greek. "fist" or "distance" from the fist to the elbow) in Greek mythology, a tribe of dwarfs, symbolizing the barbarian world. The name is associated with the small stature of the pygmies and symbolizes the distorted perception of the true ethnos. The Greeks defined ... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia
Books
- Kremlin pygmies against the titan Stalin, Sergei Kremlev. Although Putin and Medvedev are the same height as Stalin, in comparison with the titanic achievements of the Leader, the current masters of the Kremlin look like sheer dwarfs. And the pygmies will always envy the political ...
- Kremlin pygmies against the titan Stalin, or Russia to be found, Sergei Kremlev. Although Putin and Medvedev are the same height as Stalin, in comparison with the titanic achievements of the Leader, the current masters of the Kremlin look like sheer dwarfs. And the pygmies will always envy the political ...
And etc.; formerly supposedly Pygmy languages
Traditional beliefs
Negrillic type of large Negroid race
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Pygmies in mythology
Physical type
The Efe and Sua peoples living to the east of the tank initially give birth to small children - the growth restrictor is turned on during intrauterine development. At the tank, children are born normal, but in the first two years of life, children of the tank grow noticeably slower than Europeans.
Occupation
Pygmies are inhabitants of forests, the forest for them is the source of everything necessary for life. The main occupations are hunting and gathering. Pygmies do not make stone tools, previously they did not know how to make fire (they carried the source of fire with them). The hunting tool is a bow with arrows with metal tips, and these tips are often poisoned. Iron is exchanged with neighbors.
Language
Pygmies usually speak the languages of the peoples around them - Efe, Asua, Bambuti, etc. There are some phonetic differences in the dialects of the Pygmies, but with the exception of the Baka people, the Pygmies have lost their native languages.
Write a review on the article "Pygmies"
Notes (edit)
Literature
- Patnam E. Eight Years Among the Pygmies / Ann Putnam; With a preface. and ed. B.I.Sharevskaya; Artist B. A. Diodorov. - M .: Publishing house of oriental literature, 1961. - 184 p. - (Travel to the countries of the East). - 75,000 copies(region)
Links
- Culture, music and photography
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Excerpt from the Pygmies
- So he's just disguised as a girl! Don't you understand? ..I shook my head. So far, I almost did not understand anything at all - neither about the royal escape, nor about the "bad people", but I decided to just look further, not asking anything else.
- These bad people offended the king and queen, and wanted to capture them. So they tried to run. Axel arranged everything for them ... But when he was ordered to leave them, the carriage went slower, because the king was tired. He even got out of the carriage to "get some air" ... that's where they recognized him. Well, they grabbed it, of course ...
Pogrom at Versailles Arrest of the royal family
Fear of what is happening ... Seeing Marie Antoinette to the Temple
Stella sighed ... and again threw us into another " new episode»This, not so happy, but still beautiful story ...
This time everything looked ominous and even frightening.
We found ourselves in some dark, unpleasant room, as if it were a real evil prison. In a tiny, dirty, damp and fetid room, on a wooden couch with a straw mattress, sat a thin, gray-haired woman, exhausted by suffering, dressed in black, in whom it was completely impossible to recognize that fabulously beautiful, always smiling miracle queen, which young Axel is most of all loved in the world ...
Marie Antoinette at the Temple
He was in the same room, completely shocked by what he saw and, not noticing anything around, stood on his knee, pressing his lips to her still beautiful white hand, unable to utter a word ... He came to her completely desperate, having tried everything in the world and lost the last hope to save her ... and yet, he again offered his almost impossible help ... He was obsessed with the only desire: to save her, no matter what ... He simply could not allow her die ... Because without her, his life, already unnecessary to him, would have ended ...
They looked silently at each other, trying to hide the disobedient tears that flowed down their cheeks in narrow paths ... Unable to take their eyes off each other, for they knew that if he could not help her, this look could be their last .. ...
The bald jailer looked at the grief-stricken guest and, not intending to turn away, watched with interest the sad scene of someone else's sadness unfolding in front of him ...
The vision disappeared and another appeared, no better than the previous one - an eerie, screaming, armed with pikes, knives and guns, a brutal crowd ruthlessly destroyed the magnificent palace ...
Versailles ...
Then Axel appeared again. Only this time he was standing by the window in some very beautiful, richly furnished room. And next to him stood the same "friend of his childhood" Margarita, whom we saw with him at the very beginning. Only this time, all her arrogant coldness had evaporated somewhere, and her beautiful face literally breathed sympathy and pain. Axel was deathly pale and, pressing his forehead to the window pane, watched with horror what was happening on the street ... He heard the crowd rustling outside the window, and in a terrifying trance he loudly repeated the same words:
- My soul, I never saved you ... Forgive me, my poor ... Help her, give her the strength to endure it, Lord! ..
- Axel, please! .. You have to pull yourself together for her. Well, please be sensible! - an old friend persuaded him with participation.
- Prudence? What prudence are you talking about, Margarita, when the whole world has gone crazy?! .. - Axel shouted. - What is it for? For what? .. What did she do to them ?!
Margarita unfolded a small piece of paper and, apparently not knowing how to calm him down, said:
- Calm down, dear Axel, listen better:
“I love you, my friend ... Don't worry about me. I just miss your letters. Perhaps we are not destined to meet again ... Farewell, the most beloved and most loving of people ... ".
It was the last letter of the queen, which Axel read thousands of times, but for some reason it sounded even more painful from someone else's mouth ...
- What is it? What's going on there? - I could not resist.
- This beautiful queen is dying ... She is being executed now. - Stella answered sadly.
- Why can't we see? I asked again.
“Oh, you don’t want to look at this, trust me. - The baby shook her head. - It's a pity, she's so unhappy ... How unfair.
- I would still like to see ... - I asked.
- Well, look ... - Stella nodded sadly.
On a huge square, jam-packed with "agitated" people, in the middle a scaffold towered ominously ... A deathly pale, very thin and exhausted woman dressed in white was proudly climbing up the small, crooked steps. Her short-cropped blonde hair was almost completely hidden by a modest white cap, and deep hopeless sadness was reflected in her tired eyes, reddened from tears or insomnia ...
Slightly swaying, since, because of the tightly tied hands behind her back, it was difficult for her to keep her balance, the woman somehow climbed onto the platform, still trying with all her strength to keep straight and proudly. She stood and looked into the crowd, not lowering her eyes and not showing how really she was terribly scared ... And there was no one around whose friendly look could warm the last minutes of her life ... warmth could help her withstand this terrible moment when her life had to leave her in such a cruel way ...