Hike category 1. Categories of difficulty of tourist routes. Route difficulty categories

This is an educational article in which we will talk about categories of complexity hiking. It should be noted that the complexity categories of routes are inherent in sports tourism when it comes to achievements and victories. If you go to the mountains just for the soul, then category hikes have nothing to do with you.

- Weekend hikes. This category includes everything that does not fall under the classification of categories one to six. Tourists on forums joke that a weekend hike can be called anything that is lower in difficulty than the first category and higher than the sixth. A weekend hike is, on the one hand, a real multi-day hike that can be reported to the Ministry of Emergency Situations; on the other hand, you yourself are free to develop the route of such a hike, adjusting the comfort of the transitions to suit you.

In fact, few people fit into minimal amount days. Typically, routes of the first category of difficulty are completed in eight days, because if you try to meet the deadline within six days, then you need to cover more than twenty kilometers in a day.

In mountain hikes, the mileage in each category is less, but passes of a certain complexity are added. The difficulty of the passes varies from the first to the third category and each category is also divided into subcategories - A and B. And if pass 1A requires self-insurance skills, which are quite easy to acquire by visiting the mountain section, then difficulty pass 2A requires a team pass, and 3B is already extreme for an amateur. In water and ski trips, the mileage in each category is slightly greater than in walking trips, which is due to their higher speed.

It is important to understand that sports tourism is a sport, even if this type of sport is not considered an Olympic sport, and bookmakers do not accept bets on it. Therefore, complex category hikes are not recreational trips that are taken to enjoy nature, but real team trips. sport competitions, which have a number of serious requirements for physical fitness tourist and his equipment.

We invite you to a ski trip. The route is suitable only for those who have experience of winter field camping (a warm tent with a stove) and are confident in skiing. The Khibiny tundra is a wonderful place for those who want to try their hand at ski tourism.

On this trip there is a high probability of catching an unforgettable northern lights!

It is possible to rent ski sets(wide skis with universal bindings, shoe covers and poles). Training is carried out on winter trips BEFORE the hike. We recommend participation in at least two winter trips (take place in the Leningrad region) or providing certificates of participation in sports events.

We will spend the night warm. All overnight stays are in a tent with a stove, where you can warm up and dry your things. We will cook food over the fire ourselves, two people each. When we walk through the forest zone, we will have lunch by the fire, while passing through passes we will have heavy snacks with hot tea from thermoses.

The route is submitted to the Route Qualification Commission of the KO S-Pb and registered with the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The report on the trip takes part in the St. Petersburg Ski Sports Tourism Championship with the possible subsequent assignment of categories.

Participants who complete the entire route, including radial exits (without backpacks), receive a certificate of completion of the route of 1st category of difficulty.

Program by day

Day 1

Meeting of participants from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities at the station Apatity at 19 o'clock. The ordered transport will take us from the station to the village Koashwa. On this day our task is to move away from the road and set up camp. This process may take some time - the depth of the snow cover can reach 1.5 meters...

Dinner, group acquaintance. Overnight in a tent, watch at the stove.

Day 2

After waking up and having breakfast, we pack up the camp and start moving. The more we walk today, the less we walk tomorrow. Most likely on this day the main difficulty is ski track there will be... her absence. Our path runs on ice Umbozera and the grader road to the base Tulilukht.

For lunch we stop under Mount Coashcar. After lunch we make the first radial exit (without backpacks) to the pass point Koashkar(360 m). We go out above the forest zone, admire Umbozer from above, listen to a lecture on avalanche danger, rules for passing through avalanche-prone areas, and return along the ascent route to our backpacks. We put them on and move on along the grader.

We go out into the valley of the stream Tulyok, where we set up camp.

Day 3

After collecting the camp, we begin to follow the tracks of the snowmobiles. Most likely, we won’t have to trail... It’s still not noticeable, but we are gaining altitude. The backpacks are still heavy, but our legs have already become accustomed to the skis, and we manage to see and photograph the surrounding beauty.

For lunch we stop right on the ski track. After lunch we continue driving. At some point we will walk along the stream bed. Right on ice bridges, under which “the water makes noise and sings.”

The result of the day is setting up a camp in the “burnt forest”. There is a lot of firewood, there is water, there is no wind - what else does a tourist need? POLAR LIGHTS!

Day 4

First day of full radial exit. Lightly we begin to move up the bed of the South Kaskasnyunyok stream to the lake Academic(765 m). There will be no lunch today! But no one will be left hungry either - a heavy snack will completely restore your strength.

If the weather permits, you can return back not on your own ski track, but by sliding down the mountain (905 m) “with the breeze” through the pass Partridge. But we are planning to return along our own ski track. A supper and a tent will be set up at the camp. Equator.

Day 5

The longest transition. The lightness of the backpacks is pleasing - the main food supplies have been eaten. We move along the ski track to the pass Umbozersky. The snack is divided into several parts and therefore it seems that all day we are walking and eating. The height of the pass is 528 m, it is windy.

There are some fairly steep sections on the descent. The last few kilometers along the valley will seem the most difficult Kuniyoka by cuttings. It would be nice to find someone else's parking lot with a supply of sawn firewood...

Day 6

Day of the second radial exit. We climb without backpacks South Rischorr pass, from there to the top of Kaskasnyunchorr (1100 m). We ski down to the KSS base through the Rischorr gorge.
Enhanced dinner - there was no hot lunch again - but this is already familiar :)

Do you want to end this torment? FOR ANY MONEY!? For any - no need, 5000 rubles is enough. And a snowmobile will come for you and take you through the pass to the city of Kirovsk.Calling a snowmobile if you want to leave the route is not included in the cost of the hike.

Day 7

The longest pass of the route is Kukisvuchorr. The transition will take more than one hour, the takeoff is not very noticeable, the descent is gentle, but it blows strongly. But we have been in the mountains for a week in the winter; we are accustomed to overcoming difficulties. We are also finally running out of camera cards and energy to admire the surrounding beauty.

Exit to Kirovsk. When you see the city, you understand that a shower is what you need :) We reach the stop, take the transport and find ourselves in civilization. If we manage to rent an apartment, we will move in on a budget. Shops, warmth, discussion of the hike.

Day 8

This is a spare day. Departure home is possible after 20:00.

For those who don’t want to leave, you can rent an apartment in Kirovsk or Apatity and also ride alpine skiing, visit the largest snow cave, rent a snowmobile or... Think for yourself!

Tell your friends!

The number of difficulty categories in all types of active tourism is 6. As the difficulty category of a hike increases, its difficulty increases from I to VI (Table 1). The difficulty category of a route is determined by local obstacles encountered along the way. In trekking (mountain tourism) these are passes, in water tourism - rapids, in caving tourism - caves, etc. In turn, local obstacles can also be divided into several categories of difficulty. The difficulty category is used in the context of the hike in general, and the difficulty category is used for local obstacles on the tourist route.

Table 1 – Standards for trips in active tourism

In trekking, the trekking route must be linear or circular and make up at least 75% of the entire route. This was done so that if there is not enough distance to qualify for the ICC, tourists can make radial exits. "Radial" is counted in one direction if the return is along the same path.

The difficulty of climbing in mountaineering is determined by the complexity of a particular route to a mountain peak. There are also 6 categories of difficulty, divided into 2 semi-categories A and B (1A class in mountaineering is not included in the category count). The difficulty categories of the route are determined by the difficulty of local sections, of which there are also 6 from I to VI. There is also international methodology assessing the difficulty of rocky areas UIAA– Union of International Mountaineering Associations. The classification is presented by 11 k.t. from I to XI. You can watch it.

In trekking, local obstacles are mainly passes (Table 2). There are 3 main categories, divided into semi-categories just like in mountaineering - A and B. There are passes without c.t. – uncategorized (indicated on maps as n/a). Traverses and peak ascents can be included in your trekking credit. Here it is necessary to correctly translate the mountaineering category of difficulty into trekking. It roughly looks like this:

— the nature of the most difficult sections of the pass;

— equipment, movement tactics and features of overnight accommodations necessary to overcome the pass;

— quantitative characteristics (travel time, number of insurance points);

- necessary special equipment (Popchikovsky V.Yu.).

Any c.s. is included in the credit for the route. includes several passes (Table 2). A minimum number of passes of a given difficulty has been established. In this case, the maximum number of passes in one route can be increased by 2. A tourist group can include passes of any difficulty, not exceeding the complexity of the hike. It is worth noting that, starting with the III class campaign, the group has the right to decide for themselves which pass is more logical to go through.

Table 2 – Standards for the difficulty category of trekking trips

*on route VI class lane option possible 2B – 1 piece, 3A – 3 pieces, 3B – 1 piece.

The difficulty of the passes is determined as follows (Table 3).

Table 3 – Criteria for assessing the difficulty of passes

(Table from the book “Russian tourist. Regulatory acts on sports and health tourism in Russia for 2001-2004.”)

The criteria for evaluating routes to mountain peaks include:

— absolute height of the peak;

— length of the route;

— steepness of slopes, nature of the relief;

— technical complexity of individual sections;

— the total number of sections of varying degrees of difficulty on the way to the top;

— approaches and descent from the summit are not included in the route difficulty category.

In general, they are similar to the assessment of passes. The complexity of climbing routes is determined as shown in tables 4 and 5.

Table 4 – Criteria for assessing the complexity of routes to mountain peaks

There is no official assessment of backcountry routes in the post-Soviet space. The category of difficulty of backcountry routes is closely intertwined with the complexity of mountaineering and hiking routes (Table 6).

Table 6 – Assessment of the complexity of backcountry routes ( Vitaliy Rage)

Methods for categorizing other types of active tourism can be viewed in detail in this book on pp. 86-115. Vostokov I.E., Panov S.N. Russian tourist. Regulatory acts on sports and health tourism in Russia for 2001-2004. – M., 2001. Download .

The routes can be officially completed in Federation of Sports Tourism and Tourist All-Arounds, we have one like this. On the site you can find various information on tourist and sports events for active types of tourism: competitions, touriades, festivals, water regattas, etc. throughout Kazakhstan. But this is if you want to become an athlete, if not, then join us.

In order for tourists to assess the degree of their readiness to complete a particular route, in sports tourism it is customary to classify hikes by level of difficulty. Bringing tourist routes to certain standards is a necessary measure in sports tourism, as well as in the hotel business and in other areas of life. If, when choosing an accommodation facility, a tourist can have an idea of ​​the level of comfort and service, referring to the number of stars assigned to the hotel, then in sports tourism a classification of tours is accepted, as well as a classification that evaluates the complexity of the route.

Classification of tours:

Rest at stationary tourism sites in natural environment and without carrying out active hikes. Examples of such objects are camp sites, shelters, and hotels.

Excursion and educational tourism in the natural environment, which does not involve active hiking.

Children and youth, which in turn is divided into:

Rest without active hikes in children's health camps (DOL);

Labor camps;

Sightseeing;

With active routes.

4. Active mass sports tourism, carried out on routes of I-III categories of difficulty.

5. Extreme sports tourism, carried out on routes of IV-V difficulty categories.

6. Extreme, exotic tourism, implying expeditions and tours to hard-to-reach areas. Tours and routes V-VI categories of difficulty.

Classification of routes by complexity is carried out on the basis of the Rules for conducting tourist sports trips and the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes. Hikes for different types of tourism, namely hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleo, automobile, cycling, motorcycle, sailing and horseback riding are divided into weekend hikes, hikes of I, II and III degrees of difficulty (used in children’s and youth tourism), as well as I, II, III, IV, V and VI categories of complexity. The criteria for assigning a tourist route to one of these categories are length, duration, difficulty of overcoming, novelty, technical difficulties and a number of other criteria that arise when passing the route. In ascending order of these indicators, the degree or category of complexity increases. All hikes that do not correspond to the I category of difficulty in terms of the length or duration of the route are non-categorical (weekend hikes, I, II, III degree of difficulty).

Weekend hikes are hikes that last from one to three days. The organizers of weekend trips are usually amateur tourists, tourist clubs, and sections.

Classification of routes by degree of difficulty (used in children’s and youth tourism) 7

Based on the data given in the table, we can conclude that degrees of difficulty are not assigned to motorcycle, caving and car tourism routes. This is explained by the specifics of children’s and youth tourism, which does not imply the participation of children in these types of tourism.

The category of difficulty is determined on the basis of indicators such as defining obstacles, duration, length and other factors that are characteristic of a particular type of tourism (region, elevation difference, etc.).

The defining obstacles that may be encountered on the route are divided into local and extended.

Local obstacles are obstacles that are of short duration. Local obstacles require tourists to overcome them with an appropriate level of technical skill, and, as a rule, the use of special equipment. Local obstacles include ridge traverses, passes, rapids, peaks, caves, etc.

Extended obstacles - much more significant in length than local obstacles and require significant expenses from tourists physical strength, as well as the set of knowledge necessary to overcome them. Extended obstacles are widely represented in hiking, skiing, and sailing routes.

To assign a difficulty category to a route, it is compared with a reference route. The reference route has the minimum permissible number of defining obstacles necessary to classify it into one of the difficulty categories.

For each category of difficulty, minimum values ​​for the duration and length of the route are determined, but in reality they may undergo slight changes. For example, the length of the route can be reduced, but by no more than 25% if the number of defining obstacles on the route increases.

Minimum values ​​for the duration and length of the route, corresponding to a particular category of difficulty. 8

To assign a difficulty category to a route, it is necessary to take into account not only the number of days spent hiking and the kilometers traveled, but also the complexity of passes, rivers, caves and other obstacles. For this purpose, in sports tourism there is a concept of category of difficulty, which is determined by the level of physical fitness and skill required from tourists to safely pass an obstacle.

In mountain tourism, 6 semi-categories are accepted, by which the difficulty of passes, peaks and traverses can be determined:

1A is the simplest category, requiring tourists to have the simplest individual mobility techniques; the time to overcome is several hours. There are usually trails on the approaches to the obstacle, as this category is more popular and suitable for a larger number of tourists than subsequent categories.

1B – requires the simplest collective equipment, total time overcoming does not exceed 1 day.

2A – more complex individual and collective technique, requires more specialized equipment. The time to overcome is no more than a day.

2B – you must master all the most common techniques and skills in working with more complex safety systems. Obstacles in this category are characterized by steep rocky, snow and ice slopes; overnight stays in the glacial zone and on the pass are possible. It will take more than a day to overcome such obstacles.

3A - requires tourists to use a variety of techniques and methods of movement, insurance on long sections of the route. It is usually necessary to carry out preliminary reconnaissance. Overnight stays in the glacial zone are inevitable, with the need to prepare water from snow. The time to overcome such obstacles is up to 2 days.

3B – highest category difficulties. Tourists are required to have continuous insurance for many hours and even days, and excellent knowledge of equipment. It may be necessary to organize sitting or hanging bivouacs. Overcoming obstacles of this category takes at least 2 days.

In speleological tourism, according to the List of classified and reference tourist sports routes and obstacles, the complexity of caves is determined by 10 categories:

1 – caves, the total depth of which is from 20 to 100 meters. To pass caves of category 1 difficulty, a small amount of specialized equipment is required. The depth of wells should not exceed 40 m. Wells, in most cases, are dry and not difficult to navigate. Category 1 caves are suitable for tourists just starting caving. Horizontal caves should have obstacles: narrow spaces, areas of easy rock climbing, or waterlogged areas. Travel time from 2 to 6 hours.

2A – cave depth 40 – 180 meters. A small amount of watering of wells is allowed, but without strong watercourses. Travel time is 3-8 hours.

2B – the depth of caves of this category is from 150 to 300 meters. As in the previous category, slight watering of wells is allowed. More obstacles. The passage time is 6-10 hours.

3A – caves, the depth of which is 180 – 360 meters. Wells can be heavily waterlogged. In horizontal caves there are small siphons (tunnels filled with water), the passage of which requires the use of autonomous breathing apparatus. Travel time is from 10 to 20 hours.

3B – the total depth of caves of this category of difficulty is from 320 to 550 meters. The number of obstacles is greater than in category 3A. Travel time – 20-30 hours.

4A – vertical and mixed type caves, the depth of which is 420 – 550 meters. To pass caves of this category of difficulty, it is necessary to organize a rest point along the route or an underground camp. There are areas of difficult climbing. The time required to pass through the cave is 3-4 days.

4B - differs from the previous category by the presence of a larger number of obstacles, as well as the depth of the caves, which is 500-700 meters. Transit time – 4-5 days.

5A – cave depth from 600 to 900 meters. The presence of many different obstacles, which will take 5-10 days to overcome. Requires installation of underground camps.

5B - caves, the depth of which ranges from 800 to 1100 meters. This category of difficulty includes the presence of difficulties that were encountered in the previous categories. To pass, you need to install several underground camps. The transit time is 10-20 days.

6 – the depth of the caves exceeds 1100 meters. To pass the cave you need the entire arsenal of tactical and technical skills. Travel time over 15 days.

The classification of routes allows you to avoid mistakes when forming a group of tourists going on a hike. Based on the category of difficulty of the upcoming hike, the required amount of specialized gear and equipment that will be required to complete the route is selected.

1.2.4. Formation of a tourist group, preparation for an amateur trip

To organize a trip well, a detailed study of the route, selection of optimal equipment, and recruitment of a tourist group is necessary. The group should be selected according to the level of training of tourists, age, and the psychological characteristics of the participants in the hike. The number of participants should not be too large, but groups that are too small cannot always achieve the goals set for the group on a tourist trip. The optimal number of trekking participants is 6 – 12 people. It is advisable that tourists going on a hike have similar interests.

To improve the quality of a tourist trip, it is recommended to divide powers between tourists. Thus, it is possible to significantly save human resources, as well as determine the scope of responsibility of each participant in the trip.

The main roles include:

The group leader is the main and integral role in any hike. The responsibility of the leader of the tourist group is to comply with the time frame for completing the route, maintaining a favorable climate in the group, and ensuring the safety of each tourist. The group leader must be a respected person in the team and have a wide range of theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of hiking. Additional requirements for a person occupying the role of a group leader include: knowledge of the basics of pedagogy, psychology, age-related physiology, as well as the ability to provide first aid.

The navigator is the second person in the tourist team after the group leader. Responsible for developing the route and the group’s passage along it. The navigator must have skills in working with maps, know topographical designations, be able to use a compass and GPS navigation, and also navigate the terrain. In small tourist groups, the group leader takes on this role.

Medic - refers to the roles without which carrying out tourist trips is extremely undesirable, and sometimes even impossible. The physician must have the skills to provide medical care and know the health characteristics of each of the participants in the hiking trip, having previously conducted individual consultations with each of them. This role requires knowledge of the properties of all medications in the medicine cabinet.

Nachprod - the head of food supply is responsible for creating the menu, purchasing food and organizing catering. During a hike, the food chief must know what products each team member is carrying.

Zavsnar - the main work of the equipment manager is carried out at the stage of preparation for the trip. Preparation of the necessary equipment, in accordance with the goals of the hiking trip, distribution of equipment among the backpacks of team members in accordance with the capabilities of each of them.

Repairman - the role involves repairing equipment and equipment of participants directly during the hike, must have a set of necessary tools with him. The roles of repairman and supervisor are very close to each other, so very often both of these roles are played by one member of the team.

Nachfin - the head of finance manages the public treasury, makes payments for services that can be provided to a group of tourists during a hike (travel, visiting excursions, etc.)

Photographer and chronicler are roles that allow you to capture the emotions of tourists on film, as well as in writing. It is the presence of these roles that allows you to remember the time spent on a hike many years later.

All these roles can be combined in one way or another, depending on the size, as well as the skills of the group members.

At the preparation stage, it is necessary to pay special attention to the preparation of equipment. Group and personal travel equipment are distinguished according to their purpose.

Group equipment:

1. A tent is one of the most important pieces of equipment. It is the tent that for some time becomes a home for tourists. The choice of tent must be approached based on the goals pursued in the upcoming trip. If you are planning a hike that does not involve spending the night in unfavorable conditions, then it is enough to take a trekking tent with you, the undoubted advantage of which is its weight. Expedition tents can withstand wind and rain and are suitable for overnight stays in forests. Another type of tent is assault tent. These tents are suitable for overnight stays on difficult mountain hikes; they can withstand adverse weather conditions, but are significantly heavier than other types of tents. Assault tents have a system of detachable walls, which allows the tourist to independently regulate the temperature in the tent.

2. Boilers for cooking. For a comfortable hike, you need to take 2 boilers with you. One of which will be intended for cooking, the second for boiling water for tea and coffee. The volume of the boilers should be calculated depending on the number of tourists going on a hike. For cooking you need a boiler of 500 ml per person, a boiler for boiling water - 300 ml per person.

3. Kitchen utensils. To meet the needs of the tourist group, it should include: a knife, a ladle, a cutting board, a can opener, a sponge for washing dishes, a metal sponge for washing boilers.

4. Repair kit. It is selected depending on the goals pursued during the hike, but the minimum set should include: glue, thread with a needle, rope, wire.

Personal equipment:

1. Backpack. When choosing a backpack, you need to pay attention to the fact that it contributes to the most comfortable stay of the tourist on the road. The straps of a tourist backpack should be adjusted depending on the height of the tourist; it is necessary to have a belt that takes the load off the shoulders and transfers it to the legs. Depending on the goals and duration of the trip, the volume of the backpack is selected, which is measured in liters.

2. Sleeping bag. Must be in keeping with the season. When choosing a sleeping bag, you must be guided by the minimum and maximum temperature conditions indicated by the manufacturer.

3. Karimat or polyurethane foam mat.

4. Flashlight. Should be chosen taking into account the goals and characteristics of the trip. For example, to participate in a caving trip, you need a headlamp in order to free your hands.