Why do some seas freeze and others don't? At what temperature does sea water freeze? Photos and videos with experiments Why the sea does not freeze

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Severe frosts also reached the Black Sea coast. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, and Odessa, the water turned to ice. On the beaches, crumbs of ice float in the water, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the shore. Due to the current situation it is closed until February 15th sea ​​communication

in Ukrainian ports. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, and ice thickness on the beaches reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.

However, the inhabitants of these countries do not despair: they use frozen water as an ice skating rink, and build sculptures from ice and snow. The last time such weather anomalies occurred was in 1977, when the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa completely froze.

(Total 16 photos)

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1. Bad weather hit the Black Sea coast. In the photo: The frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

2. Crushed ice floats near the beaches, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from land. The waves prevent the sea from completely covering with a dense crust. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

3. The surface of the sea in the Evpatoria area began to become covered with ice. The freezing area is approximately two thousand square meters. In the photo: Ice-covered pier in Evpatoria. (Stringer/Reuters)

4. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, water turned into ice, which is observed for the first time in 30 years. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

5. Seagulls against the backdrop of ice blocks in Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo) 6. Because weather conditions

Sea traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

7. People walk on the frozen Black Sea next to an ice-covered dam in Constanta, Romania. (Daniel Mihailescu/AFP/Getty Images)

8. The Romanian port of Constanta is also closed; on the beaches the ice thickness reaches 40 centimeters.

9. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.

11. Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

12. The frozen Black Sea off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak/ITAR-TASS)15. Ice formed in calm weather conditions blocks ships. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

16. A ship in the ice of the Black Sea off the coast of Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

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Due to the current situation, maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, and ice thickness on the beaches reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.

in Ukrainian ports. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, and ice thickness on the beaches reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.

Photo: Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania

An icy ship off the coast of Evpatoria.
http://bigpicture.ru/?p=254667

01.03.2011
According to the Hydrometeorological Center of the Black and Azov Seas. “This winter has been marked by sharp and prolonged cold, which has led to the freezing of water near the coast. This phenomenon occurs extremely rarely. Last time off the coast of Odessa the sea froze completely in 1977.”

For the third time since the beginning of winter, the Azov Sea also became icy. The ice thickness in some places reaches 20 cm; ice blocks up to 5-10 m high washed up to the village of Sedovo, Novoazovsky district, and lined up along the entire coastline. Because of strong wind Ferry flights from Crimea to Russia are temporarily limited.

Ice thickness in coastal zone about 20 cm. It can easily withstand the weight of an adult, but there are no people willing to walk on the ice in such weather.

Well, if 1977 is still preserved in the memory of old-timers, then here are the archival and literary sources they say that over the past two millennia, more than 20 “cruel” winters have been observed in the Black Sea region with an average interval of 78 years (from 60 to 90 years). The first information about an unusually harsh winter, in particular that the Black Sea was partially frozen, is found in the letters of Ovid, a poet of ancient times, exiled at the beginning of the 1st century. BC e. in the lower Danube. Ovid writes: “...Thrice the Ister (Danube) became cold from the cold, and three times the wave of the sea became hard.”

There are other more recent reports of unusual cold in the Black Sea region. So, for example, in the winter of 400-401. “...the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits froze for 20 days and most of Black Sea. In the spring, mountains of ice flowed through the streets of Constantinople for 30 days.”

In the winter of 557-558. “...The Black Sea was covered with ice over a large area.”
Byzantine, Arab and Western European chronicles indicate that in 763-764. “...winter is brutal. From the beginning of October there was a great severe cold not only in our land (Byzantium), but also in the east, north, west, so that the northern part of the Pontic (Black) Sea, 100 miles from the coast, turned into stone... And the same thing happened from Zikkhia ( Taman Peninsula) to the Danube, from the Kufis River (Kuban) to the Dniester and Dnieper, from all other banks - to Media. When the snow fell on such thick ice, its thickness increased further, and the sea took on the appearance of dry land. And they walked along it as if on dry land from the Crimea to Thrace and from Constantinople to Scutari.”

The winter of 1233-1234 was extremely severe throughout the Mediterranean. According to Arago, “... loaded carts moved on ice across the Adriatic Sea near Venice.” A number of other authors confirm that many lagoons of the Mediterranean and the northern part of the Black Sea have frozen.
Two hundred years earlier in 1010 - 1011. frosts shackled the current Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Terrible cold reached Africa (!), the lower reaches of the Nile were frozen in ice.

Winter 1543-1544 was also exceptionally cold for many European countries- Germany, France, countries of the Northern Black Sea region. The north of the Black Sea is covered with ice. It was so cold in France that it was necessary to “crack” the wine that had frozen in large barrels.

In the chronicles of 1708-1709 we read: “...An unusually harsh, snowy and prolonged winter throughout Europe,” the bays of the Adriatic Sea froze completely, in Venice the air temperature dropped to -20C, “many thousands of people died from the cold, orange trees cracked.” " In the same year, the winter in France and Switzerland was unusually cold; strong ice cover was observed on the Thames, Seine, and Rhone. In the Baltic Sea, the ice thickness reached 80 cm.

At the end of the eighteenth century. in Rus' “there was great snow and a severe winter with frosts, from which many Swedes died,” the northern part of the Black Sea froze. Chroniclers call the winter of 1788-1789 “Great”. There was severe cold throughout Europe: in France (-21C), in Italy (-15C), “severe frosts and snowfalls” in Switzerland, cold weather in Germany, the Vistula froze a month earlier and opened up a month later than usual. In Crimea, frosts reached -25C - in the Northern Black Sea region, “the winter was cruel, full of frost, people crawled out of their huts through the roofs because of the great snow,” and the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

Exceptionally severe, long-lasting and heavy snow conditions in Central and Eastern Europe It was the winter of 1875-1876. In the mountains of Switzerland there has been a sharp increase in the number snow avalanches. Almost all southern rivers became covered with ice much earlier than usual, catastrophic drifts were observed on Caucasian roads, and the Black Sea froze again.

Most harsh winter XX century the winter of 1953-1954 is considered. Severe, unprecedented cold from November to April occurred over a vast territory from Spain and France to the Ural Range. On the southern coast of Crimea, frosts lasted for three months in a row, average monthly temperature February was 10-12C below normal, in Yalta the snow depth exceeded 30 cm, in the Caspian Sea floating ice reached the Absheron Peninsula. The Azov Sea froze completely, stable road traffic was opened through the Kerch Strait, and the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

By the way, the winter of 1962-1963 is remembered for its bitter frosts and fierce snowstorms. Ice bound the usually unfrozen Danish Strait, and the canals of Venice and the rivers of France froze again. The season of 1968-1969 was also named “Winter of Furious Frosts”.

In 2002, due to frost in Germany, ship traffic along the Main-Danube Canal, an important European waterway, was completely stopped. The thickness of the ice in which more than 20 ships were frozen reached 70 cm in some places.

At the same time, due to severe cold, the Venice lagoon froze and the gondolas were frozen into ice. The same frosts occurred in Venice in 1985.

At the end of 2005, most countries in Central and Western Europe also found themselves at the mercy of heavy snowfalls. In Germany and the Netherlands, unusually cold temperatures for this time of year led to icing and downed power lines. In Paris, the Eiffel Tower, France's main attraction, was closed for several hours due to icing.

As for the current situation, according to forecasters, ice in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea will last until the second ten days of March. In the Odessa region, the sea will clear in the coming days.

People most often travel to Sochi for the Black Sea, to swim in warm water, sunbathe on the beach and relax. But not everyone has the opportunity to go on vacation in the summer; it happens that the vacation falls in the winter. In this case, many people ask the same question: “Does the sea freeze in winter?”

Features of the Black Sea. Does the Black Sea freeze in winter?

The Black Sea was once a lake, but today it is considered one of the youngest seas on our planet. The Black Sea is connected to the Sea of ​​Marmara by the Bosphorus Strait, and Sea of ​​Azov Kerch Strait.

The Black Sea occupies a small area and is protected on the northern side by mountains, which is why storms rarely occur here. The sea has a low concentration of salt (in the upper layers only 18 ppm), the temperature on its surface is close to the air temperature.

If you look at a photo of the Black Sea in winter, you can see that it does not freeze completely. In ancient chronicles there are references to the fact that the Black Sea once froze completely, but that was thousands of years ago. Today, for a short time, the sea in the northwestern part is covered with ice, so you can see how the sea freezes in winter at another popular Russian resort - in Crimea.

Sochi is located in a subtropical climate zone, for this reason winter here is similar to late autumn. The air temperature during the day in December drops to +9°C, and the water temperature - to +12°C. In January it becomes cooler: the average daytime air temperature is +8°C, and the water temperature is +10°C. Minimum temperature water in Sochi in February is +9°C, and the air temperature increases to +9°C.

In winter, snow rarely occurs in Sochi (once every 10 years), even if it falls, it begins to melt quite quickly. At this time of year, the resort becomes cool and windy, and it often rains.

As you can see, the temperature in Sochi, even in cold weather, is quite high (especially when compared with other Russian cities), so it is impossible to see how the sea froze in Sochi in winter.

Where can you swim in Sochi in winter?

Despite the fact that the Black Sea does not freeze in winter, this does not mean that you will be able to swim in Sochi. Swimming season lasts from May to October, but in winter the water temperature is low, so you should not jump into the water.

But if you can't imagine a holiday without swimming in the sea, there is another option - a swimming pool. In winter in Sochi you can stay in hotels with heated swimming pools.

Water parks can also be an alternative to the sea. Many water parks in Sochi are under open air and they work only in the summer, but there are also those at the resort that work all year round.

For example, the AquaLoo water park. It has two zones: open and closed. The closed part is open all year round. Here for vacationers there are slides, seawater pools, jacuzzi, saunas, waterfalls, a SPA complex, night club, cafe Restaurant. This place is perfect for family time.

You will find two more year-round water parks in Krasnaya Polyana. The Galaktika RCC, located at the Gazprom resort, has a water park with slides, swimming pools, water cannons, air geysers and a children's area. If you get hungry during your vacation, you can have a snack in a cafe.

At the Gorky Gorod resort in the Gorky Gorod Mall shopping center there is a water park called Mountain Beach. This place, like other water parks, has slides, swimming pools, saunas and Jacuzzis. But “Mountain Beach” has something to surprise you with: the floor here is covered with real sand, so even in winter you can lie on the sand and imagine that you are on the coast. This feeling is complemented by glass domed roof, it creates the feeling that you are not in a shopping center, but on a real beach with stunning views of the mountains.

If you are going to Sochi in winter, you can swim in pools or water parks. Of course, the Black Sea is cold at this time of year, and you won’t be able to swim. But in any case, sea air is incredibly useful, including in winter. Therefore, feel free to come to the resort even in the cold season!

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Young naturalists are always haunted by seemingly simple questions. At what temperature does sea water usually freeze? Everyone knows that zero degrees is not enough to turn the sea surface into a good skating rink. But at what temperature does this happen?

What does sea water consist of?

How do the contents of the seas differ from fresh water? The difference is not so great, but still:

• Much more salt.
• Magnesium and sodium salts predominate.
• The density differs slightly, within a few percent.
• Hydrogen sulfide may form at depth.

The main component of sea water, no matter how predictable it may sound, is water. But unlike the water of rivers and lakes, it contained a large number of sodium and magnesium chlorides.

Salinity is estimated at 3.5 ppm, but to make it more clear - at 3.5 thousandths of a percent of the total composition.

And even this, not the most impressive figure, provides the water with not only a specific taste, but also makes it unfit for drinking. There are no absolute contraindications, sea water is not poison or a toxic substance and nothing bad will happen from a couple of sips. It will be possible to talk about the consequences if a person at least throughout the day. Also, the composition of sea water includes:

1. Fluorine.
2. Bromine.
3. Calcium.
4. Potassium.
5. Chlorine.
6. Sulfates.
7. Gold.

True, the percentage of all these elements is much less than salts.

Why can't you drink sea water?

We have already briefly touched on this topic, let's look at it in a little more detail. Together with sea water, two ions enter the body - magnesium and sodium.

It cannot be said that a person does not need all these substances, but needs always fit within a certain framework. After drinking a few liters of this water, you will go too far beyond their limits.

However, today an urgent need for drinking sea water may arise only among victims of shipwrecks.

What determines the salinity of sea water?

Seeing a slightly higher number 3.5 ppm , you might think that this is a constant for any seawater on our planet. But it’s not that simple; salinity depends on the region. It just so happens that the further north the region is located, the greater this value.

The South, on the contrary, cannot boast of such salty seas and oceans. Of course, all rules have their exceptions. The salt levels in the seas are usually slightly lower than in the oceans.

What could be the reason for geographic division? It is unknown, researchers take it for granted, that’s all. Perhaps the answer should be sought in earlier periods of the development of our planet. Not at the time when life began - much earlier.

We already know that the salinity of water depends on the presence in it:

1. Magnesium chlorides.
2. Sodium chlorides.
3. Other salts.

Possibly in some areas earth's crust the deposits of these substances were somewhat larger than in neighboring regions. On the other hand, no one canceled sea ​​currents, Sooner or later general level should have leveled off.

So most likely the slight difference is due to climatic features of our planet. Not the most unfounded opinion, if you remember the frosts and take into account what exactly Water with a high salt content freezes more slowly.

Desalination of sea water.

Everyone has heard at least a little about desalination, some have even heard the movie “ water world"will remember. How realistic is it to put one such portable desalination machine in every home and forget about the problem for humanity forever? drinking water? Still fantasy, not actual reality.

It’s all about the energy expended, because for effective operation enormous power is required, no less than a nuclear reactor. A desalination plant in Kazakhstan operates on this principle. The idea was also presented in Crimea, but the power of the Sevastopol reactor was not enough for such volumes.

Half a century ago, before numerous nuclear disasters, it was still possible to assume that a peaceful atom would enter every home. There was even a slogan like that. But it is already clear that there is no use of nuclear micro-reactors:

• In household appliances.
• At industrial enterprises.
• In the designs of cars and airplanes.
• And generally within the city limits.

Not expected in the next century. Science can make another leap and surprise us, but for now these are all just the fantasies and hopes of careless romantics.

At what temperature can sea water freeze?

But on main question there has been no answer yet. We have already learned that salt slows down the freezing of water, and the sea becomes covered with a crust of ice not at zero, but at sub-zero temperatures. But how far should thermometer readings go below zero so that residents of coastal areas do not hear the usual sound of the surf when leaving their homes?

To determine this value there is a special formula, complex and understandable only to specialists. It depends on the main indicator - salinity level. But since we have an average for this indicator, can we average temperature find freezing? Yes, sure.

If you do not need to calculate everything down to the hundredth for a specific region, remember the temperature is -1.91 degrees.

It may seem that the difference is not that big, just two degrees. But during seasonal temperature fluctuations, this can play a huge role where the thermometer does not fall below 0. It would be only 2 degrees cooler, the inhabitants of the same Africa or South America would be able to see the ice near the shore, but alas. However, we don’t think that they are very upset by such a loss.

A few words about the world's oceans.

What about the oceans, fresh water reserves, and pollution levels? Let's try to find out:

1. The oceans are still standing, nothing has happened to them. In recent decades, water levels have been rising. Perhaps this is a cyclical phenomenon, or perhaps the glaciers are actually melting.
2. There is also more than enough fresh water; it is too early to panic about this. If another worldwide conflict occurs, this time using nuclear weapons, maybe we will, like in “Mad Max,” pray for saving moisture.
3. This last point is very popular among conservationists. And getting sponsorship is not so difficult; competitors will always pay for black PR, especially when it comes to oil producing companies. But they are the ones who cause the main damage to the waters of the seas and oceans. It is not always possible to control oil production and emergency situations, and the consequences are catastrophic every time.

But the world's oceans have one advantage over humanity. It is constantly updated, and its real opportunities It is very difficult to evaluate self-cleaning. Most likely, he will be able to survive human civilization and see its decline in a completely acceptable state. Well, then the water will have billions of years to clear itself of all the “gifts”.

It’s even hard to imagine who needs to know at what temperature sea water freezes. A general educational fact, but who will really need it in practice is a question.

Video experiment: freezing sea water