Materials of the exam on social studies. Preparation for the exam in social studies. Social science. Complete preparation course for the exam. Shemakhanova I.A.

Political parties play an active role in the political life of any state. Today they are the second most influential social institution of the political system after the state.

The term "party" became widespread in the ancient world, translated from Latin means "part of something." In the modern understanding, political parties as a subject of political activity, as spokesmen for the interests of a certain part of society, appeared in the process of the formation of parliamentarism (XVII-XIX centuries).

The first political parties originated in Great Britain. At first it was the Tories and Whigs, then the Conservative, Liberal and Labor parties appeared. In the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. the Democratic Party appeared, and in the middle of the century - the Republican Party.

You know from the history of Russia that political parties in our country began to emerge much later than in Europe and America, only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In October 1990, the USSR Law "On Public Associations" was adopted, which laid the foundation for the restoration of a multi-party system in Russia.

Already in the time of Aristotle (IV century BC), political groups spontaneously formed, which were called parties. They were temporary associations to support a specific individual. Grouping around a politician, his supporters and followers ensured coordination of actions, which made it possible to achieve the set goals. There are several periods in the history of political parties.

I period - XVI-XVII centuries. - parties are aristocratic groupings that unite a few representatives of the political elite. They reflect the emergence of the political systems of the early bourgeois states of Western Europe and America, the struggle between aristocrats and the bourgeois.

II period - XVIII-XIX centuries - parties - political clubs focused on attracting people who enjoy influence not only in politics, but also in other vital spheres of public life to active political activity.

III period - XIX – XX centuries. - modern political parties - the presence of an ideological doctrine and a developed organizational structure. The first political party of this type, the Liberal Party, was created in England in 1877. They appeared in Russia at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. XIX century, half a century later than in Western Europe and the United States. First - parties with a socialist orientation, then liberal, and finally, conservative (in the West, on the contrary). At the beginning of the twentieth century. there are 280 parties in Russia (60 are all-Russian: cadets, RSDLP; regional).

A political party is an organized group of like-minded people adhering to a certain worldview, representing the interests of a part of the people and aiming at the implementation of a political program by conquering state power or participating in its implementation.

The main features of political parties

The bearer of a certain ideology or a special vision of the world and man.

An organized association of people (long enough, voluntary), structured at different levels of politics - from local to international - and with varying degrees of rigidity.

Aiming at the conquest and exercise of political power.

A party is a voluntary association of citizens.

The goal of the party is to participate in the exercise of political power.

The party expresses and defends the general political interests of its members; on the basis of these interests, the ideologists of the party develop its program, formulating the strategy and tactics of the party, that is, the general goals and specific tasks of the struggle, and also determine the ways and means of achieving them.

The party has its own organization (size, permanent composition, formalized membership, internal structure - all these issues are reflected in the Party Charter).

The leading core and leaders are clearly distinguished in the party.

The party disposes of certain property, financial resources, and its own mass media.

Many political parties have their own symbols, badges, banners, sometimes even uniforms.

The structure of political parties:

Party apparatus;

Party asset;

Ordinary members of the party masses;

Party supporters.

Tasks of political parties:

The party influences the formation of public opinion: the propaganda conducted by it in the mass media guides citizens in political life, helps to develop certain assessments, judgments from the position of this particular party, its political leadership;

Parties in modern society have a significant impact on political education, raising the political culture of citizens;

Parties organize the participation of citizens in political life: they nominate candidates for elections, run political clubs, clubs of voters, organize processions, pickets, rallies and other events;

Parties have a significant influence on the activities of the parliament and government, on the formation of the cabinet of ministers;

The most important function of a political party is the education of its members, as well as the formation and promotion of political leaders - the party elite, in addition, creating conditions for a person to manifest his abilities, strive for self-realization, preventing the substitution of leaders' ambitions for the true interests and goals of the party;

Parties develop programs for the development of the country; the largest parties have their own "think tanks" - research institutes, foundations, in which the best cadres of scientists are concentrated: political scientists, historians, economists, lawyers.

Functions of political parties:

Expression and defense in politics of the interests of certain social groups of society;

Struggle for power, its use or control over it;

Integration of large social groups;

Developing party ideology, conducting propaganda and shaping public opinion; political education of society;

Preparation and recruiting of the political elite in party, state, public structures.

Typology of political parties

A topical methodological problem in the study of parties and their systems is their typology. In the classification of parties, political scientists use a variety of approaches. Since the end of the XIX century. and until the middle of the twentieth century. the method of dividing parties according to the criteria of the organizational structure of the parties and the nature of membership prevailed. Taking into account the first criterion, the parties are divided into three groups:

1. Decentralized or not having a clear organizational structure (Democratic and Republican parties of the USA, environmental movements).

2. Mass centralized parties (parties of the Socialist International).

3. Strictly centralized, with a rigid structure and discipline of the party (communist, national-democratic and other parties). Orthodox followers of the Marxist tradition subdivide parties according to class principles. They distinguish, respectively, proletarian, petty-bourgeois, bourgeois and monarchist parties.

Yu. O. Martov singled out four types of parties: reactionary-conservative, moderate-conservative, liberal-democratic, revolutionary Western political scientists proposed their own typology. French political scientist Maurice Duverger in his book "Political Parties" (1954) developed a binary (bipolar) classification of the party: cadre (these parties do not seek to increase the number of their ranks; they are based on territorial grassroots committees of leaders; they are small in number; there is no membership system with registration and regular payment of membership fees) and massive (more united, have greater interconnectedness of their organizations vertically and horizontally). Parties differ in the type of ties they have with voters, party members and activists, as well as in their internal structure.

In the late 60s, some authoritative political scientists in France and the United States, without rejecting Duverger's scheme, supplemented its binary classification. J. Charlot and J. Sartori proposed a three-component typology of parties currently operating in the West: personnel, mass and voters' parties (electoral).

Typology criteria

Party types

1.The nature of attitudes towards social transformations

Revolutionary, reformist, radical, moderate, progressive, reactionary

2. Ideological platform

Social Democratic, Communist, Liberal, Conservative, Confessional, Monarchist, Nationalist, Fascist, Neo-Fascist

3.Political participation

Ruling, opposition, legal, illegal, party leaders, outsider parties, ruling monopoly, ruling in a coalition

4.Social base

Workers, peasants, entrepreneurs

5. Identity, stake on originality

"Grotesque parties" - a party of beer lovers, a party of fools, "mitki", etc. They often do not claim power, but very staunchly defend their limited circle of interests, have a small but cohesive composition

6. Differences in the structure and organization of inner life

Personnel - develop on the basis of electoral committees and parliamentary groups; free memberships are few. The financial base is private funding.

The elite are made up of parliamentarians, professional politicians.

The mass is the result of universal suffrage; rigid organization, mandatory membership; financial base - collective financing. Numerous (massive) in composition. Much attention is paid to ideological and educational work

Evolution of political parties

1. In the depths of the old statehood and political system, a new party is emerging as a response to the aggravation of contradictions in society.

2. Propaganda of ideas, agitation, attracting the maximum number of supporters, the formation of the material and technical base of the activity and financial sources of the party's existence.

3. The struggle of the party for power: the search for ways, forms, methods, forces capable of destabilizing and discrediting the state system and the ruling party; use of a crisis situation.

4. Victory of the party. Conservation of the new state and economic mechanism, implementation of personnel policy in the interests of their party.

5. Gradual work of the party to implement and enrich its program goals, take into account the influence of moods in society, dialectical development of the organizational structure, forms, methods of work of the party in order to avoid aggravation of contradictions and conflicts.

6. The defeat of the party and all the social forces standing behind it, the lack of prospects for achieving goals.

The party system is understood as the totality of all political parties operating in a given country, their relationship with each other. Stable ties and relations of parties of various types with each other, as well as with the state and other institutions of power form party systems.

Basis of classification

1. The nature of the board:

- totalitarian;

2. Various political status:

- majority;

- dominant;

- coalition.

3. The number of parties in power or fighting to influence it:

- one-party (there is only one party in the country that has a monopoly on political power in society; political opposition is prohibited);

- bipartisan (there are several parties in the country, but two of them have a real impact on political life. government. Another party is in legal opposition until it wins the next elections);

- multi-party systems (a number of parties play an active role in the political life of society, but none of them has sufficient weight to receive absolute support from voters in elections).

- How do you understand what a one-party, two-party, multi-party system is? Is there something in common between them? What are the differences?

The objective basis of a multi-party system:

- social differentiation of society, the presence in it of classes, ethnic groups, confessional associations, other social communities with the specific interests of each of them;

- the presence of socio-political interests common to various social objects: groups, strata, associations;

- the presence of groups competing for power in the ruling classes and other social communities and groups.

Elections of government bodies are a certain political procedure in which voters and representatives of voters (politicians) participate, who, proceeding from the interests of voters and relying on them, build their political programs, claiming power.

Electoral system - the procedure for the formation of the elected bodies of the state, a set of rules on the basis of which the relationship between the parliament, government and the electorate is determined.

The electoral law is the principle and conditions of citizens' participation in the formation of elected bodies.

The right to vote can be: active (the right to vote) and passive (the right to be elected). The right to vote can be limited by qualifications.

Electoral qualifications (restrictions)

Residence permit (the right to participate in elections, provided that one lives in a given territory for a certain time (for parliamentary elections in the United States - one month, in Canada - 12 months, in Ireland - to have a place to sleep, in Norway - at least 10 years).

Age qualification (the right to participate in elections upon reaching a certain age (in most countries - from 18 years).

Sex census (universal bourgeois suffrage was formed as purely masculine and did not apply to women. This qualification was first abolished in 1883 in New Zealand).

Property qualification (rarely found openly, but its real influence is extremely great).

Prices are age, educational, national, racial, property, class and settled.

In democratic states, elections are held on the basis of the so-called "four-member", characterized by universal, direct, equal suffrage by secret ballot.

Universal suffrage is the right to participate in elections for all citizens who have reached a certain age (usually 18 years old), regardless of gender, race, nationality or other factors. Only a residency qualification is allowed. In the Russian Federation, persons who have been declared incapable by a court decision and persons held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict cannot participate in elections.

b) the relative majority - more than that of the opponent.

The main principle of this system is the “winner takes all” rule.

Proportional electoral system is a method of determining the voting results, which is based on the principle of distribution of seats in proportion to the number of votes received by each party. Elections are held only on a party basis: each electoral association or bloc nominates its own list of candidates for vacant positions and the voter votes not for an individual, but for a particular party list as a whole.

In order to prevent "dwarf" parties from getting mandates, some countries have introduced a so-called percentage barrier: parties whose lists did not receive a certain number of votes - 5%, are excluded from the distribution of mandates, and the votes they collect are not taken into account when summing up the results.

Proportional Majority Electoral System

One part of the deputies is elected by the majority system. The other part of the deputies is elected on the basis of a proportional system by party lists.

LECTURES ON THE TOPIC "PERSON AND SOCIETY"

Materials for preparing for the exam in social studies

Truth and its criteria. The relativity of truth.

1. In the history of philosophy, there were different views on the possibilities of obtaining reliable knowledge:

    Empiricism - all knowledge about the world is substantiated only by experience (F. Bacon)

    Sensualism - only with the help of sensations you can cognize the world (D. Hume)

    Rationalism - reliable knowledge can only be gleaned from the mind itself (R. Descartes)

    Agnosticism - "a thing in itself" is unknowable (I. Kant)

    Skepticism - it is impossible to obtain reliable knowledge about the world (M. Montaigne)

True there is a process, and not a one-time act of comprehending the object at once in full.

Truth is one, but objective, absolute and relative aspects are distinguished in it, which can be considered as relatively independent truths.

Objective truth - this is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity.

Absolute truth - This is an exhaustive reliable knowledge about nature, man and society; knowledge that can never be refuted.

Relative truth - this is incomplete, imprecise knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge; this knowledge, depending on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.

The difference between absolute and relative truths (or absolute and relative in objective truth) is in the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality. Truth is always specific, it is always associated with a specific place, time and circumstances.

Not everything in our life lends itself to assessment in terms of truth or error (falsehood). So, we can talk about different assessments of historical events, alternative interpretations of works of art, etc.

2. Truth - this is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it. Other definitions:

    correspondence of knowledge to reality;

    what is confirmed by experience;

    some kind of agreement, convention;

    the property of self-consistency of knowledge;

    the usefulness of the knowledge gained for practice.

Aspects of Truth:

Objective truth - a content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity

Absolute truth

Relative truth

    comprehensive reliable knowledge about nature, man and society;

    knowledge that can never be refuted.

    incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the methods of obtaining knowledge;

    knowledge depending on certain conditions, place and time of their acquisition.

Truth is specific - associated with a specific place, time, circumstances

3. Criteria of truth - that which confirms the truth and makes it possible to distinguish it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, economy of the formula;

5. the paradoxicality of the idea;

6. practice.

4. Practice - an integral organic system of active material activity of people, aimed at transforming reality, carried out in a certain socio-cultural context.

Forms practices:

    material production (labor, transformation of nature);

    social action (revolutions, reforms, wars, etc.);

    scientific experiment.

Functions practices:

    a source of knowledge (practical needs brought about the existing sciences.);

    the basis of knowledge (a person not only observes or contemplates the world around him, but in the process of his life transforms it);

    the purpose of cognition (for this, a person cognizes the world around him, reveals the laws of its development in order to use the results of cognition in his practical activity);

    the criterion of truth (until some position expressed in the form of a theory, a concept, a simple inference is not tested by experience, is not implemented in practice, it will remain just a hypothesis (assumption)).

Meanwhile, practice is both definite and indefinite, absolute and relative. Absolute in the sense that only developing practice can finally prove any theoretical or other propositions. At the same time, this criterion is relative, since the practice itself develops, improves and therefore cannot immediately and completely prove certain conclusions obtained in the process of cognition. Therefore, in philosophy, the idea of ​​complementarity is put forward:the leading criterion of truth is practice , which includes material production, accumulated experience, experiment, is supplemented by the requirements of logical consistency and, in many cases, by the practical usefulness of certain knowledge.

7 Thinking and acting.

1. Activity - a way of relating to the outside world, consisting in transforming and subordinating it to the goals of a person (conscious, productive, transformative and social)

2. Differences between human activity and animal activity

Human activity

Animal activity

Goal setting in activity

Appropriateness in behavior

Human activity

Animal activity

Adaptation to the natural environment through its large-scale transformation, leading to the creation of an artificial environment for human existence. Man keeps his natural organization unchanged, while at the same time changing his way of life.

Adaptation to environmental conditions primarily by restructuring one's own organism, the mechanism of which is mutational changes fixed by the environment

Goal setting in activity

Appropriateness in behavior

Consciously setting goals related to the ability to analyze the situation (to reveal cause-and-effect relationships, anticipate results, think over the most appropriate ways to achieve them)

Submission to instinct, actions are programmed from the start

3. Subject and object of activity

4. The structure of activity: Motive (a set of external and internal conditions that cause the subject's activity and determine the direction of the activity. The following can be motives: needs; social attitudes; beliefs; interests; drives and emotions; ideals) - Purpose (this is a conscious image the result to which the human action is directed. Activity consists of a chain of actions) - Methods - Process (Actions) - Result

5. Types of motives: needs, social. attitudes, beliefs, interests, drives and emotions (unconscious), ideals

Types of actions according to M. Weber:

    goal-oriented (It is characterized by a rationally set and thought-out goal. The individual whose behavior is focused on the goal, means and side results of his actions acts purposefully.);

    value-rational (It is characterized by a conscious determination of its orientation and a consistently planned orientation towards it. But its meaning is not in achieving any goal, but in the fact that the individual follows his beliefs about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc.);

    affective (due to the emotional state of the individual. He acts under the influence of affect, if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, etc.);

    traditional (Based on a long-term habit. Often this is an automatic reaction to habitual irritation in the direction of a once learned attitude)

The activity of people unfolds in various spheres of society, its direction, content, means are infinitely diverse.


6. Types of activity:

6.1 labor (aimed at achieving a goal, practical usefulness, skill, personality development, transformation)

6.2 game (the process of the game is more important than its goal; the dual nature of the game: real and conditional)

6.3 teaching (learning new things)

6.4 communication (exchange of ideas, emotions)

6.4.1 two-way and one-way (communication); dialogue concept

6.4.2 structure: subject - purpose - content - means - recipient

6.4.3 classifications: direct - indirect, direct - indirect

6.4.4 types of subjects of communication: real, illusory, imaginary

6.4.5 functions: socialization (the formation and development of interpersonal relations as a condition for the formation of a person as a person); cognitive, psychological, identification (expression of a person's involvement in a group: "I am mine" or "I am a stranger"); organizational

7. Activities:

7.1 Material (material and production and socially transformative) and spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, predictive)

7.2 By subject: individual - collective

7.3 By nature: reproductive - creative

7.4 Legal: Legal - Illegal

7.5 By conformity to moral standards: moral - immoral

7.6 In relation to social progress: progressive - reactionary

7.7 Depending on the spheres of public life: economic, social, political, spiritual

7.8 According to the peculiarities of the manifestation of human activity: external - internal


8. Creation - a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before (the nature of an independent activity or its component).


9. Mechanisms of creative activity:

    combination,

    imagination,

    fantasy,

    intuition

8 Needs and interests

For the purpose of his development, a person is forced to satisfy various needs, which are called needs.

Need - this is a person's need for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. In the motives (from Lat. Movere - set in motion, push) of the activity, the needs of a person are manifested.

Types of human needs

    Biological (organic, material) - needs for food, clothing, housing, etc.

    Social - needs in communication with other people, in social activities, in public recognition, etc.

    Spiritual (ideal, cognitive) - the need for knowledge, creative activity, the creation of beauty, etc.

Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. Basically, biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to take a worthy position in society.

There are other classifications of needs, for example, the classification was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow:

Basic needs

Primary (congenital)

Secondary (acquired)

Physiological: in the reproduction of the genus, food, respiration, clothing, housing, rest, etc.

Social: in social connections, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities

Existential (lat.exsistentia - existence): in the safety of its existence, comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc.

Prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and high appreciation, career development Spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization


The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

It should be remembered about the reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, the needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.

Reasonable needs - these are needs that help to develop in a person his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations.


Interest (lat. interest - to have a meaning) - a purposeful attitude of a person to any object of his needs.

The interests of people are directed not so much to the objects of needs, but to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, first of all, material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.

Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less realized by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activities.

There are several classifications of interests:

by their carrier: individual; group; the whole society.

by focus: economic; social; political; spiritual.

Interest should be distinguishedinclination ... The concept of "interest" expresses focus on a particular subject. The concept of "inclination" expresses the focus on a specific activity.

Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

A person's interests express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

9 Freedom and necessity in human activity

1. Liberty - a polysemantic word. Extremes in understanding freedom:

Freedom is a cognized necessity.

Freedom (will) - the ability to do as you want.

Is a human a robot acting according to a program?

Complete arbitrariness in relation to others?

Fatalism - all processes in the world are subject to the rule of necessity

Voluntarism is the recognition of will as the fundamental principle of all that exists.

The essence of freedom - a choice associated with intellectual and emotional-volitional stress (the burden of choice).

Social conditions for the realization of the freedom of choice of a free person:

    on the one hand, social norms, on the other hand, forms of social activity;

    on the one hand - the place of a person in society, on the other hand - the level of development of society;

    socialization.

    Freedom is a specific way of being a person associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an act in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments based on an awareness of the objective properties and relationships of things, the laws of the surrounding world.

    Responsibility is an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a collective, a society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of the mutual requirements presented to them.

    Liability types:

    Historical, political, moral, legal, etc .;

    Individual (personal), group, collective.

    Social responsibility is a person's tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of others.

    Legal responsibility - responsibility before the law (disciplinary, administrative, criminal; material)

A responsibility - a socio-philosophical and sociological concept that characterizes an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a collective, a society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of the mutual requirements imposed on them.

Responsibility, accepted by a person as the basis of his personal moral position, acts as the foundation of the internal motivation of his behavior and actions. The regulator of this behavior is conscience.

Social responsibility is expressed in a person's tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people.

As human freedom develops, responsibility increases. But its focus is gradually shifting from the team (collective responsibility) to the person himself (individual, personal responsibility).

Only a free and responsible person can fully realize himself in social behavior and thereby reveal his potential to the maximum extent.

10 Systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems

1. The concept of society. Society is a complex and ambiguous concept

A. In the broadest sense of the word

    This is a part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways, human interactions; forms of uniting people

B. In the narrow sense of the word

    A circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly)

    Separate concrete society, country, state, region (e.g. modern Russian society, French society)

    Historical stage in the development of mankind (e.g. feudal society, capitalist society)

    Humanity as a whole

2. Functions of society

    Production of material goods and services

    Distribution of products of labor (activity)

    Regulation and management of activities and behavior

    Human reproduction and socialization

    Spiritual production and regulation of human activity

3. Social relations - diverse forms of human interaction, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them)

Society is a set of social relations. The essence of society is in relationships between people.

    Material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person's practical activity outside his consciousness and independently of him. This:

    • Relations of production

      Environmental relations

      Child production relationship

      Spiritual (ideal) relationships are formed, previously "passing through the consciousness" of people, are determined by their spiritual values. This:

      • Moral relationship

        Political relations

        Legal relationship

        Artistic relationship

        Philosophical relations

        Religious relationship

4. Society as a dynamic self-developing system.

WITHsystem - a complex of elements and connections between them.

System components

System concept

Society as a system

Element

    Individual individuals

    Social communities

Elements can have a complex structure as subsystems (more complex than elements, but less complex than the system itself)

The main subsystems (spheres) of society:

    Economic

    Political

    Social

    Spiritual

Connections between elements of its subsystems

Public relations (see previous point)

System properties

Integrity

The system is more than the sum of the elements and it has properties that go beyond the individual elements

Society is more than a crowd.

Functioning - development

The system can be functioning (unchanged) or developing

Self-developing system:

    self-regulation,

    self-structuring

    self-reproduction

    self-development

Openness-closedness

The system can be closed (conservation of energy within the system) and open (exchange of energy with the environment)

Open system


Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the followingspecific features :

1.It is largea variety of different social structures and subsystems.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up, it isa system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships, which a person creates by his vigorous activity together with other people.

3. Society is inherentself-sufficiency, that is, the ability to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for their own existence by their active joint activity.

4.The society is distinguished by an exceptionaldynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. The main actor in the choice of development options is a person.

5.Society highlightsspecial status of subjects, determining its development.

6. Society is inherentunpredictability, nonlinearity of development.

11 Basic Institutions of Society

1. Social institution - This is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people performing certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs.


2. Aims and functions of social institutions ... Each social institution is characterized by the presencegoals of activity and specificfunctions, ensuring its achievement.

Functions

Key Institutions

Spheres of society

Main roles

Physical traits

Symbolic features

Other institutions of this sphere of society

Caring for children

Family,

Inheritance

Social (family and marriage relations)

    Father

    Mother

    Child

House

Situation

Rings

Betrothal

Contract

Marriage, blood feud, motherhood, fatherhood, etc.

Procuring food, clothing, shelter

Own

Economic sphere

    Employer

    Salaried worker

    Customer

    Salesman

Factory

Office

Score

Money Trade

Money, exchange, economic relations, etc.

Maintaining laws, regulations and standards

Power

State

Political sphere

    Legislator

    Subject of law

Public buildings and places

Flag

The charter

Power, state, separation of powers, parliamentarism, local government, etc.

Promoting conciliar relations and attitudes, deepening faith

Religion

Spiritual realm

    Priest

    Parishioner

The cathedral

Church

Cross

Socialization of people, familiarization with basic values ​​and practices

Education

Spiritual realm

    Teacher

    Student

School

College

Textbook

Diploma

Degree

Public opinion, media, etc.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be distinguished: inheritance, power, property, family.


Social institutions:
organize human activity into a specific system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of human behavior in various spheres of social life. For example, a social institution such as a school includes the roles of teacher and student, and the family includes the roles of parents and children. Between them, certain role relationships are formed, which are governed by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in legislation, others are supported by traditions, customs, public opinion;

include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;

provide standard behavior for people in typical social situations.


3. Types of functions of social institutions:

    Explicit - officially declared, recognized and controlled by the society

    Hidden - are carried out covertly or unintentionally (they can develop into shadow institutions, for example, criminal ones).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. Even more dangerous is the situation when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions are formed, which take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).


4. The value of social institutions. Social institutions define society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.

12 The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

1. Approaches to understanding culture as a phenomenon of social life:

    technological: culture as the totality of all the achievements of the material and spiritual life of society;

    active: culture as a creative activity in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society;

    value: culture as the realization of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relationships of people.


2. Culture concept (from lat. cultivation, processing)

    in a broad sense: a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people constantly renewing in all spheres of social life;

    in a narrow sense: the process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed.


3. Material and spiritual culture (division according to human needs, satisfied by values):

    material - the result of the production and development of objects and phenomena of the material world

    spiritual - a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activity for their production, development and application.

This division is arbitrary.

4. Functions of culture : cognitive, evaluative, regulatory (normative), informative, communicative, socialization.

5. The spiritual world of the individual - the area of ​​being, in which objective reality is present in the person himself, is an integral part of his personality: knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals.

6. Spiritual life of society - an objective, supra-individual ideal reality, a set of life-meaning values ​​present in a person and determining the content, quality and direction of social and individual life. These are philosophy, morality, science, education, art, religion, law.

7. Elements of spiritual life societies are also considered to be:

Spiritual needs;
- spiritual activity and production (science, art, religion - the reproduction of social consciousness);
- spiritual values ​​(ideas, theories, images, values);
- spiritual consumption (the general nature of consumption, since spiritual goods are common property);
- spiritual relations (spiritual social ties of individuals);
manifestations of interpersonal spiritual communication.

Values - socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what is good, justice, patriotism, romantic love, friendship, etc. Values ​​are not questioned, they serve as a standard and ideal for all people.


8. Forms and varieties of culture. Typology of cultures:

    national - world;

    secular - religious;

    eastern - western (Mediterranean, Latin American, etc.; Russian, French, etc.);

    traditional - industrial - post-industrial;

    rural - urban;

    ordinary - specialized;

    high (elite) - mass - popular

9. Elite, mass and folk culture

Criteria

Mass (pop culture, kitsch, "anti-fatigue art")

Elite

People's

Professional creators (cultural standardization)

Professional creators creating cultural canons

Anonymous amateurs (myths, legends, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances)

Character

Commercial (impossible without media)

Non-profit

Non-profit

Level of difficulty

Short

High (requires intellectual "decryption"; ambiguous content, repeated reading)

Lecture hall

Mass

Narrow

Wide

Interaction

Close interaction and complementarity

1. Screen culture - a variant of mass culture shown on screens (movies, video clips, TV series and TV programs, computer games, PSP, game consoles, etc.)

Clip thinking
2. Subculture - a part of the general culture, a system of values ​​inherent in a large social group (youth, women, professional, criminal). Components: knowledge, values, style and way of life, social institutions as a system of norms, skills, abilities, ways of implementation, methods; social roles and statuses; needs and inclinations.
3. youth subculture - a culture of conspicuous consumption, developing most often on the basis of styles in clothing and music. Causes:

  • an increase in living standards;

    development of a consumer society, creating more and more new markets for products aimed primarily at young people;

    the growing role and importance of free time, leisure.

Youth culture also focuses more on friendship in a peer group, rather than on a family, conducts large-scale experiments with the way of life, the search for other, different from the culture of adults, cultural foundations of its existence.


14. Counterculture - the direction of development of modern culture, opposed to the spiritual atmosphere of modern society (or official culture; underground as a counterculture).

13 Science. The main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities

1. Science - a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at the production of knowledge about nature, society and about knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws. Science is:

    social institution (research institutes, universities, academies of sciences, etc.)

    the branch of spiritual production (R&D);

    a special system of knowledge (an integral system of concepts, laws, theories).


2. Classification of sciences:

    on the subject and method of cognition: natural, social and humanitarian, cognition and thinking, technical and mathematical;

    by distance from practice: fundamental and applied.

3. Functions of science:

    cultural and ideological,

    cognitive and explanatory,

    predictive,

    social (social forecasting, management and development).

4. General cultural characteristics of science: rationality, criticality, individuality, sociability.


5. Models for the development of scientific knowledge:

    gradual development of science;

    development through scientific revolutions and paradigm changes (a set of explicit and implicit (and often unconscious) prerequisites that determine scientific research and are recognized at this stage of the development of science; T. Kuhn "The structure of scientific revolutions", 1962);

    development by approaching the cognitive standards of natural science;

    development through the integration of scientific knowledge.

6. Scientific knowledge - a special type of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systemically organized and substantiated knowledge about nature, man and society


7. Features:

    objectivity;

    the development of the conceptual apparatus (categoricality);

    rationality (consistency, evidence, consistency);

    verifiability;

    high level of generalization;

    universality (examines any phenomenon from the side of patterns and causes);

    the use of special ways and methods of cognitive activity.


8. Levels, forms and methods of scientific knowledge

Levels

Empirical

Theoretical

Forms

A scientific fact is a reflection of an objective fact in human consciousness;

An empirical law is an objective, essential, concrete-universal, repeating stable connection between phenomena and processes.

Question

The problem is the deliberate formulation of questions (theoretical and practical);

A hypothesis is a scientific assumption;

Theory - the initial foundations, an idealized object, logic and methodology, a set of laws and statements.

Concept - a certain way of understanding (interpreting) an object, phenomenon or process; main point of view on the subject; a guiding idea for their systematic coverage.

Methods

(strictness and objectivity)

    observation;

    experiment;

    measurement;

    classification;

    systematization;

    description;

    comparison.

    Unity of historical and logical

    Climbing from the abstract to the concrete

    Formalization

    Mathematization

    Mathematical modeling

9. Universal methods of scientific knowledge:

    analysis - decomposition of the whole into parts;

    synthesis - the reunification of the whole from the parts;

    deduction - derivation of a general position from facts;

    deduction - the logical derivation of a new position from the previous ones;

    analogy - the similarity of non-identical objects;

    modeling - reproduction of the characteristics of one object on another object (model), specially created for their study;

    abstraction - mental abstraction from a number of properties of objects and highlighting any property or relationship;

    idealization - the mental creation of any abstract objects that are fundamentally impossible to implement in experience and reality.


10. Social sciences - a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at the production of knowledge about society.


11. Classification of the social sciences:

    Sciences that give the most general knowledge about society: philosophy, sociology

    Sciences that reveal a certain area of ​​public life: economics, political science, sociology, cultural studies, ethics, aesthetics

    Sciences that permeate all spheres of public life: history, jurisprudence


12. Social and Humanities Knowledge:

Social Sciences

Study of facts, laws, dependencies of the socio-historical process

Study of the goals, motives, values ​​of a person, his personal perception

Research result

Social knowledge

Humanitarian knowledge

Analysis of social processes and identification of common regular, recurring phenomena in them

Analysis of the goals, motives, values ​​of a person and understanding of his thoughts, motives, intentions

Peculiarities:

    Understanding

    Referring to texts

    Inability to reduce to unambiguous, all recognized definitions

Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrating



13. Social cognition - the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society

1. Features of social cognition:

1.1. the subject and the object of cognition coincide;

1.2. the received social knowledge is always associated with the interes of the individuals-subjects of cognition;

1.3. social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, it is value knowledge;

1.4. the complexity of the object of knowledge - society;

1.5. establishing only relative truths, the probabilistic nature of patterns;

1.6. limited use of experiment as a method of cognition.


2. The principles of the concrete historical approach in social cognition:

2.1. consideration of social reality in development;

2.2. the study of social phenomena in a variety of connections;

2.3. identification of the general and the special in analogous phenomena of other societies and eras.

3. Social fact

3.1. objective fact - an event that took place at a certain time under certain conditions; does not depend on the researcher;

3.2. scientific fact - an interpreted objective fact - knowledge about an event, which is described taking into account the specifics of the social situation in which it took place; recorded in books, manuscripts, etc. (interpretation - interpretation, explanation).

3.3. kinds social facts:

3.3.1. actions, deeds;

3.3.2. material and spiritual products of human activity;

3.3.3. verbal (verbal) actions.

3.4. Assessment of a social fact:

3.4.1. properties of the studied object;

3.4.2. correlation of the studied object with a similar object or with an ideal;

3.4.3. the cognitive goals of the researcher;

3.4.4. personal position of the researcher;

3.4.5. interests of the social group to which the researcher belongs.

14 Education and self-education

1. Education - one of the ways of personality formation by people gaining knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing mental-cognitive and creative abilities through the system of such social institutions as family, school, mass media. The goal is to familiarize the individual with the achievements of human civilization, retransmission and preservation of its cultural heritage.

2. Self-education - knowledge, abilities and skills acquired by a person independently, without the help of other trainers.

3. Functions of education:

    economic (formation of the social and professional structure of society);

    social (implementation of socialization of the individual (social function);

    cultural (the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate an individual).


4. The network of educational institutions in Russia:

    preschool (nurseries, kindergartens);

    primary (4 grades), general secondary (9 grades) and complete secondary (11 grades) education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums);

    additional education (children's art houses, circles, sections);

    secondary specialized education (lyceums, technical schools, schools, colleges);

    higher specialized education (universities: institutes, universities, academies);

    postgraduate education (institutes for advanced training, courses);

    training of scientific personnel (magistracy, residency, postgraduate, doctoral studies);

    theological educational institutions (seminaries, theological faculties, theological academies).

Education in the modern world is distinguished by a variety of ways of obtaining (school, external studies, home schooling, distance learning, self-education courses, etc.)


5. General trends in education:

    democratization of education;

    an increase in the duration of education;

    continuity of education;

    humanization of education;

    humanization of education;

    internationalization of education;

    computerization of education.


6. Directions of reforms in Russian education - for the Unified State Exam, they correspond to the trends presented above. The website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (2009) defines the followingpriorities of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education:

    Ensuring the availability of quality general education

    Improving the quality of school educational literature

    Raising the level of remuneration of educational workers

    Modernization of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of educational workers

    Improving the quality of vocational education

    Expanding public participation in education governance

    Development of a network of educational institutions

    Transition to normative per capita (budget) financing of educational institutions


7. Educational paradigm (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of semantic characteristics that determine the essential features of the schemes of theoretical and practical pedagogical activity and interaction in education. For example, the paradigm of tradition pedagogy, the paradigm of scientific-technocratic and humanitarian pedagogy, etc.


There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest subject of the exam. Many people choose it for this very reason. But this is a delusion that leads away from serious preparation.

Changes in the KIM USE 2020 in social studies:

  • There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
  • The wording of tasks 28, 29 has been detailed and corrections have been made to the system of their assessment.

How to start preparing the Unified State Exam in Social Studies?

1. Learn theory.

For this, theoretical material is selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society

  • Human
  • cognition
  • spiritual sphere (culture)
  • social sphere
  • economy
  • politics
  • right

Indicate on what topics the survey will be in the tasks. Each topic has many small subtopics that you should pay attention to when studying.

To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate the basic concepts and terms. Analyze the information provided in the form of graphics. Work with text. Competently reason within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.

Important tip: when preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, as they have lost compliance with the updated assignments.

2. Study well the structure of tasks, the system of their assessment.

The exam ticket is divided into two parts:

  1. Tasks from 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
  2. Tasks from 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.

The assessment of the Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:

  • 1 point - for 1, 2, 3, 10, 12 tasks.
  • 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
  • 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
  • 4 points - 25, 28.
  • 6 points - 29.

You can get a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.

Pay special attention to the tasks of the exam with a detailed answer in social studies.

3. Solving the tasks of the exam in social studies.

The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. Tasks are formed on the basis of

Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on Earth.

Origin theories:

1) Religious. Divine origin.

2) Man is an unearthly creature, aliens from Space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.

3) Man appeared as a result of evolution (Charles Darwin)

Man is a biosocial being:

1) Biological in a person: anatomy, physiology, has a circulatory, muscular systems. Adapts to the conditions of existence.

2) Social in a person: inextricably linked with society, capable and ready for socially useful work, possesses consciousness and reason.

The main differences between humans and animals:

1) Possesses thinking and articulate speech.

2) Capable of conscious purposeful creative activity.

3) Not only adapts, but also transforms the surrounding reality.

4) Able to make tools of labor and use them as a means of producing material goods.

5) There are spiritual needs.

Need - this is a person's need for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence.

Types of needs:

1) Biological (primary, congenital):

A) physiological (food, sleep, rest)

B) Existential (security of existence)

2) Secondary (acquired)

* social (communication, social activities, public recognition)

* spiritual (in knowledge, creativity)

Capabilities - this is a set of human properties, thanks to which his activity is ensured.

Ability development levels:

  • Capabilities

    Giftedness

  • Genius

Human activity

Activity - a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to the goals of a person.

Activity components: Subject (the one who carries out the activity)

Object (what the activity is aimed at)

Activity structure:

Goal - means to achieve goals - actions - result

The types of activities in which each person is involved in the development process:

The game - the goal is not the result, but the process (entertainment), takes place in a conditional situation (imaginary environment), which changes rapidly, substitute objects are used, is aimed at satisfying the interests of the participants, contributes to the development of personality.

Communication - exchange of information, emotions and ideas. Promotes socialization a person (assimilation of norms accepted in society), affects the mental state, helps to carry out joint activities.

Teaching - the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. It can be carried out in an organized way (in educational institutions) and unorganized (as an additional result), it can have the character of self-education.

Work - aimed at achieving a practically useful, in advance expected result is carried out with the presence of certain knowledge, smart

Activities (by objects and results):

Material (creation of wealth)

    Material - production (transformation of nature)

    Social - transformative (transformation of society)

Spiritual (creation of cultural property)

    Cognitive

    Valuable - indicative (the formation of a positive or negative attitude of people to the phenomena of the surrounding world)

    Predictive (planning or anticipating possible changes in reality)

Creation Is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before (for example, a new goal, a new result, or new means of achieving a goal). It can be a component of any activity, or an independent activity (for example, the activity of scientists, inventors, writers, artists).

Human cognitive activity

Cognition - human activity. The result of which is the acquisition of new knowledge about the surrounding world.

Cognition has two levels:

1) Sensory cognition - carried out by the senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste)

2) Rational knowledge - inherent only in humans, carried out through thinking

Types of knowledge:

1) Scientific (reliable generalization of facts)

2) Unscientific:

* mythology * life experience * folk wisdom * parascience (pseudoscientific knowledge)

True - the correspondence of our knowledge of the subject to the subject itself

    Absolute (comprehensive reliable knowledge)

    Relative (incomplete, imprecise knowledge)

Individual. Individuality. Personality.

Individual - a single representative of the human race.

Individuality - the unique uniqueness of a person.

Personality - a subject of conscious activity with a set of socially significant traits that he implements in public life.

The formation of personality is influenced by: family (upbringing), environment (communication), society, historical era, personal aspiration of a person for self-improvement.

The personality has the following features: active life position, willpower, responsibility, realistic self-esteem (not underestimated or overestimated).

The personality is formed in the process of socialization. Socialization - the process of assimilating norms accepted in society and assimilating social roles. Socialization is primary (childhood) and secondary (lasts all life).

Self-knowledge - a process during which each person comprehends his abilities, desires, opportunities, interests.

Self-realization - the process of the most complete identification and implementation by a person of his abilities to achieve the intended goals in solving personally significant problems, which allows him to fully realize the creative potential of the individual.

The spiritual world of man

The structure of the human spiritual world:

1) Cognition (based on intelligence)

2) Emotions - short-term experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, anger, fear)

3) Feelings - emotional states that are longer than emotions (friendship, love, longing, patriotism)

4) Worldview - a system of general views of the world. The worldview is: religious, ordinary, scientific.

Freedom and responsibility

Liberty - the ability to act on the basis of a choice, realizing the responsibility for it.

Human freedom in society is limited by the freedom of other people. Freedom is manifested in the ability to control their behavior. The regulator of this behavior is conscience.

In a broad sense - a part of the world isolated from nature.

In a narrow sense - a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin; - historical periods of the development of society.

The main spheres of public life

The activities of people and the relationship between them

Institutions

(organizations)

Economic

(ensures the satisfaction of material needs)

Production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and related relations

Factories, firms, stock exchanges, banks.

Social

(ensures the satisfaction of the needs for communication, collectivity)

Relations between classes, estates, nations, professional and age groups; state activities to ensure social guarantees

Health systems, social services, utilities

Political

(ensures the satisfaction of the need for organization, discipline, peace, law and order)

Organization of state power, relations between civil society and the state, between the state and political parties

Parliament, government, parties, public organizations

Spiritual

(ensures the satisfaction of the need for self-realization, for moral improvement, for knowledge)

Relationships arising in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption

Schools, universities, theaters, museums, libraries, archives, church.

Society- a complex, self-developing system (the system includes individual individuals and social groups, there are coordinated connections between them), which is characterized by dynamism, alternatives and incompleteness of development. The society is characterized by unpredictability, nonlinearity of development.

Nature:

In a broad sense - the whole world.

In a narrow sense -the whole material world, with the exception of society.

The relationship between nature and society:

Society

1) with the help of instruments of labor affects nature, changing it, i.e. purposefully,

2) the development of science enhances the influence of society on nature

3) the impact can be either improving (creation of reserves, toughening of environmental legislation) or worsening (depletion of natural resources)

Nature: 1) creates conditions for the existence of society

2) natural conditions affect the economy and the way of life of society

3) in response to human actions, nature can also "worsen"

community life (natural disasters)

Typology of societies

comparisons

Agrarian

(traditional)

Industrial

Postindustrial

(informational)

Economy

The main value is land, 75% of the population is engaged in agriculture

The main value is capital, 85% of the population is employed in industry, mass industrial production

The main value is knowledge, 66% of the population is employed in the service sector, production automation, computerization of society

Social structure

Society is divided into estates, estates are closed (difficulty of transition)

Society is divided into classes, they are open and mobile

Division of society into classes in accordance with the level of knowledge, qualifications, growth in the size of the middle class

Politics

Monarchies prevail, human rights and freedoms are absent

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, elective power

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, elective power,

Strong civil society

Spiritual life

Traditional values ​​dominate (family, religion), a small number of educated people

The values ​​of progress, personal success, science develops, popular culture spreads

High level of education (and its continuation throughout life), the special role of science, the leading role of information

The development of society can take place in the following ways:

1) Evolution- gradual development, reforms are the way of transformation.

2) Revolution- a radical, qualitative change in all or several aspects of social life (the scientific and technological revolution leads to the transformation of the production sphere, the revolution in politics leads to a change in the form of government).

Progress- the direction of development, which is characterized by the transition from the lowest to the highest, moving forward to the more perfect. (Regression - reverse movement)

A distinctive feature of the development of modern society is globalization.

Globalization- a process during which the mutual influence and interdependence of peoples and states in different fields of activity (economy, culture ...)

Global problems of humanity:

1) Caused by the activities of people around the world.

2) pose a threat to the further existence of mankind

3) Can be solved jointly

Global problems:

    Environmental (depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution)

    Uneven development of individual regions (backwardness of developing countries)

    Demographic (population growth)

    The problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of a new world war

    The threat of international terrorism

RIGHT

A set of generally binding, formally defined rules of conduct established by the state and ensured by its coercive force

Public law - area of ​​public affairs (constitutional, administrative, criminal, financial)

Private right- the sphere of private affairs (civil, family, labor)

System of law- the internal structure of law. Includes:

1) Branches of law 2) Sub-branches of law 3) Institutions of law 4) Legal norms

The main branches of the system of Russian law:

1 ) Constitutional (fixes the form of government, state-territorial structure, rights and obligations of citizens)

2 ) Administrative (regulates public relations in the field of public administration, the organization and activities of executive authorities)

3 ) Civil (regulates property, as well as related personal non-property relations)

4 ) Marital (regulates relations between spouses, as well as between parents and children)

5 ) Labor (regulates labor relations)

6 ) Criminal (defines criminality and punishability of acts)

Sources of law:

1) Laws and regulations ( differ in legal force, supreme legal force Constitution)

2) Legal custom

3) Legal precedent

4) Agreement with normative content (based on the mutual expression of the will of the parties)

Offenses: crimes and misconduct

The main types of legal liability:

1 ) Disciplinary (violation of labor, academic discipline)

2 ) Civil law (causing property damage)

3 ) Administrative (for administrative offenses)

4 ) Criminal (for crimes)

5 ) Material (for damage caused to an enterprise, institution, organization)

The legal culture of an individual is a set of legal knowledge, values, legal behavior of an individual.

HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

The way to protect rights, freedoms and legitimate interests - judicial protection

In case of violation of rights, a person turns to the "main link" - courts of general jurisdiction- district courts, considering the majority of court cases. The judiciary is exercised through civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Sentences in criminal proceedings and solutions in civil proceedings are made on behalf of Russian Federation. If a person is not satisfied with the decision of a court of general jurisdiction, he can appeal to the Supreme Court of Russia, in case of disagreement with its decision - to the supranational court - the European Court of Human Rights, which is the last instance. The judgment of this Court is binding on all member states of the Council of Europe.

Directly aimed at protecting the individual in the context of armed conflicts of an international and domestic nature INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, War crimes against humanity in accordance with international law do not have a statute of limitations.

.

Social sphere of society covers the relationship between people, groups, associations. Society has a social structure - an internal structure.

Elements of the social structure of society:

I. Social groups- stable groups of people who have distinctive, only inherent features (social status, interests, value orientations).

Types of social groups:

by number:

    Small group(from 2 to 30 people). In a small group, people know each other well (they know each other personally), they are busy with some common cause. The presence of emotionally colored interpersonal relationships, stability and consistency of the composition. For example - a family, a school class, an airplane crew.

    Large group. A large set of people who occupy the same position in the structure of society and, as a result, have common interests. For example - a nation, a class.

on interaction:

    Formal(official). Its activities are determined by means of regulatory documents (school class, football team "Zenith")

    Informal(unofficial). Its activities are determined by the personal interests of its participants (poetry circle, organization of fans of the football team "Zenith", a group of friends)

Family- a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are linked by a common life, moral and legal responsibility.

Family functions:

1) Reproductive (biological reproduction of the population)

2) Socialization (parenting, the formation of the individual as a person)

3) Economic - economic (material support for minors and disabled members of society, housekeeping)

4) Emotional (psychological support)

5) Spiritual - moral (personality development)

Family types:

by the nature of the distribution of household responsibilities:

    Traditional (patriarchal) - a woman performs household duties, a man earns money and is the head of the family.

    Partnership - responsibilities are not shared, they are performed jointly or in turn, the most important issues of family life are resolved together.

by related structure:

    Nuclear, small (married couple with children)

    Extended, multi-generational (married couple with children and one of the relatives living with them)

    Incomplete (one parent with a child or children)

by the number of children

* Large * small * childless

II. Social communities- a set of people characterized by relative integrity and acting as independent subjects of historical and social action.

    Ethnic communities- exist on a certain territory, have a common historical experience, historical memory, language and cultural traditions. Varieties: tribe, nationality, nation

    Classes- they differ in their place in the system of social production, in relation to the means of production, their role in the social organization of labor, in the methods and sizes of the obtained wealth For example: the bourgeoisie, the working class, or the upper class, the middle class, the lower class.

    Socially-demographic communities (seniors, adolescents)

Youth- a group of people from 16 to 25 years old, problems - it is difficult to find a place in life, to get interesting job offers due to lack of life experience.

    Socio-territorial(townspeople, rural population, Siberians)

    Professional(miners, teachers, doctors)

Different social groups and communities occupy different social positions.

In society, since primitive times, there has been inequality- uneven distribution of scarce resources (money, power, education and prestige) between different segments of the population.

Social status indicators can be: wealth, income power, profession, education, prestige, lifestyle.

Social status- the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status. (A person can have many statuses, this will be called a status set. There may be major and minor ones among them)

    Prescribed status - does not depend on the merit of the individual (gender, nationality)

    Achieved status - acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person

Social role- human behavior expected by society, associated with his position in society and typical for his social group. (One person can have many roles, collectively they are called a role set. For example: at work - an employee, at home - a husband, visiting parents - a son, in the company of friends - a friend, on election day - a voter, etc. )

It is customary to distinguish between two main forms of social interaction:

1) Cooperation - mutual interest, the benefits of interaction for both parties, interaction is aimed at achieving joint goals. Relations of friendship, partnership, support.

2) Rivalry - the absence of a common goal, but the presence of a similar goal with respect to an indivisible object (economic, political competition). Relationships of envy, hostility, resentment.

When conflicting views, positions and interests clash, rivalry can escalate into conflict.

Conflict- a clash of two people or social groups for the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties.

Types of social conflicts:

1) Economic 2) International 3) Political 4) Family and household

Experts point out the following solutions social conflicts:

    Negotiations (peaceful conversation between the parties to resolve the problem)

    Compromise (solving a problem through mutual concessions)

    Mediation (using a third party to solve the problem)

    Use of force, power, law (unilateral use by the party that considers itself stronger)

Social conflicts have both negative consequences (stress, unrest, sacrifice) and positive consequences (relieving social tension, stimulating social change).

Human behavior in society can be:

1) Relevant standards (conformist)

2) Deviant (does not meet the standards - deviant)

Secondary general education

UMK line G. A. Bordovskiy. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: we analyze assignments with a teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the USE in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting the assignments gives a good effect when doing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is removed, the brain activity is directed to the analysis of materials and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for the performance of the work.

As materials for work, we use the version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies in 2017 (early period), published by the FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task number 1

Write down the word that is missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When performing task number 1, you must carefully look at the name of the table. In our case, the table is called "Factors of production and factor income". One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial capabilities of information is inextricably linked with the knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial ability, information - profit. The table shows the factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a production factor as land... The correct answer is earth. When preparing a student, it is important to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task number 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing to all the other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, as device the political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); the form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the procedure for their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which belongs to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; the republic is one of the forms of government. To my students, I always strongly recommend, in a draft, as soon as they begin to complete assignments related to the topic "Politics", draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting trial exam is associated with confusion of concepts. And when the scheme is in front of your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the scheme, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for everyone else here will be - the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The rest of the concepts reflect those or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part of forms of state and republic, as one of the forms of government.

The correct answer is the form of the state.

Task number 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

  1. the complexity of the forms used;
  2. the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas;
  3. entertaining character;
  4. strong commercial focus;
  5. spiritual aristocracy;
  6. special training requirement for understanding.

Find two characteristics that "fall out" from the general row, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When performing task number 3, we draw attention to the concept in question. In this case, it is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is considered in the topic "The spiritual sphere of the life of society." The generic term is "Culture". In our case, the question is in the plane of the varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement for special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready for the perception of Schnittke's musical works, the analysis of Kafka's highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared for the perception of complex works. Elite culture is not looking for commercial benefits; it is important for authors to express themselves and search for new forms in art.

The two characteristics that have remained outside our attention: the entertainment character and the pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case, we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task number 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. Society is a constantly evolving dynamic system.
  2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to already obsolete structures and relations.
  3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world that is isolated from nature, but connected with it, which includes methods of interaction and forms of uniting people.
  4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
  5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 4, we must find judgments about society and social institutions. Here one cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: "society" in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; "Social institution", as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of society.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social studies.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from the lowest to the highest. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already obsolete structures and relations, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of "society" in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. There is not enough "consisting of individuals with consciousness and will."

The fourth proposition is correct. In the course of socialization, a person assimilates the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth judgment is not true. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is practically impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” to society, which does not interact with the external environment. No special proof is needed here. Suffice it to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of "a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it."

Thus, the judgments will be correct: 1, 3, 4.

Social Science Thematic Planning

Task number 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task number 5 relates to the topic "Activity". The types (forms of activity) are considered: play, study, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). Imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - towards work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Aiming at acquiring new knowledge and skills - towards learning (AT 3)... And none of the types (forms) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on the exchange of information reflect the essence of communication. (D 1, D 1). Just remember that in the process of communication, people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

With the seeming ease of tasks, it is important not to rush, to conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of the concepts.

Task number 6

The students conducted a study of the motives of the educational activity of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they applied that correspond to the level of empirical knowledge. Write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. description of observed phenomena
  2. putting forward and substantiating hypotheses
  3. explanation of existing relationships
  4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
  5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
  6. obtaining quantitative data about the object under study

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 6, they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. Immediately, mentally, we turn to the generic concept - "science", recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and distribute the methods related to each level. Remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects under study, in contrast to the theoretical level aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task number 7

Choose the correct judgments about economies and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. Private property is the basis of the command (planned) economy.
  2. In a traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are resolved by central government bodies.
  3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
  4. The incentive for the activities of enterprises in a market system is profit.
  5. The hallmarks of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.


Task number 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economies is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to obtain a high score on the exam.

So let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are also told in the judgment that the command economy. This is not true, also because the state property dominates in the command economy, and also the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also not true. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy, each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task number 8

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task number 8 is associated with the financial literacy of the graduate, namely the knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this assignment, it is important to clearly distinguish between the types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our assignment, we again apply the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, B 1, G 3, D 2.


Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A.
The textbook covers the most important topics of social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific concepts, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the foundations of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task number 9

Firm Y is a tailor shop for wedding dresses. Find examples of short-run variable costs to firm Y in the list and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. costs of repayment of interest on a previously taken loan
  2. the cost of purchasing fabrics, threads, accessories
  3. cost of payment of piecework wages to employees
  4. rent for atelier premises
  5. payment for consumed electricity
  6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completion of task number 9 requires knowledge of the topic "Firm" and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profits. The assignment should clearly indicate the variable costs of the firm in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete the task without error, it is also necessary to remember that variable costs change when the volume of production changes.

A firm's credit history will always be a fixed cost, so the first option is not correct. But the acquisition of fabrics, threads, accessories refers to consumables, which means to variable costs, as well as the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are fixed costs of the company. Rent, insurance premiums are fixed costs of any company. And here is the payment consumed electricity (depends on the volume of work of the company) - will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook.
Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S.
The textbook is included in the educational-methodical complex on social studies for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings "Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions", "Testing our knowledge", "Exploring, designing, discussing, arguing".

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the respective market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P - price; Q - number.)


Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery chairs
  2. increase in wages of workers in factories that produce chairs
  3. reducing the cost of materials for the chair frame
  4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
  5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to figure out what they ask: about a change in the amount of demand or the amount of supply? In this case, the offer of chairs in the respective market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that the supply has decreased. When completing the task, one must remember that the change in supply is influenced by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first variant of the answer is that an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will just contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in the wages of workers increases the value of such a factor of production as labor, but also reduce the supply of this product on the market at the same time. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also boost supply. The answer is not correct. Rising electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers, on the other hand, will raise variable costs and lower supply. So, the rise in the cost of consumables, electricity tariffs, wages of workers will force the company to either reduce production or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 11

Choose the correct judgments about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. Horizontal mobility presupposes a transition to a social group located at another level of the social hierarchy.
  2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
  3. Personal qualities of a person are the criterion of social stratification of modern society.
  4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
  5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 11, we proceed from the knowledge of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social mobility", the criteria of social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility presupposes a transition from one social group to another at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not true. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, in contrast to the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct because sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: "Which of the directions of the state's youth policy do you consider the most important?"

The results of the polls (in% of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.


In the list below, find the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics in country Z is less than in country Y.
  2. Equal shares of the respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
  3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of educational work.
  4. In country Y, equal shares of the respondents noted as the most important areas the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them.
  5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support to be the most important is higher in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 12, you need to carefully read the conditions of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows the data for these countries. Before reading the presented judgments, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each of the countries, the leading position was taken by the answer “provision of social support”. Further, in country Z, the second place was taken by the position “conducting educational work”, and the minimum position was taken by the judgment “providing access to decision-making ...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were taken by the judgments “providing access to decision-making ...” and “creating conditions for self-expression”. After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since these diagrams demonstrate this position. The second judgment is not true, since there are more people in country Z who consider "educational work" important than in country Y.

The third proposition is correct, and we saw it during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also true, we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth judgment is not true, it can be clearly seen in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task number 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental safety.
  2. The fundamental feature of a state of any type is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in it.
  3. The state has a monopoly on the lawful use of coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security agencies.
  4. The external functions of the state include the determination of the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
  5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for effective and high-quality activities of state bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 13, it is important to remember the concept of "state", its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right on lawmaking... Therefore, the judgment “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), constitute the basis of the environmental safety of countries ”is correct. The second judgment is not true, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third judgment “the state has a monopoly right to lawfully use coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security agencies” in fact, sends us to the most important feature of the state - the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state "determining the general direction of the state's economic policy." The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public power (we are talking about state power bodies). We read: “the state creates normative and organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 14

Establish a correspondence between the questions and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these questions relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

For the correct fulfillment of task number 14, it is necessary to know well the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the assignment. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the delineation of powers, which we are asked about, are implemented. Earlier, we saw the delineation of powers when completing a tax assignment. It is necessary to remember what is in the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence - issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources is under joint jurisdiction A 2... Those. it is a question on which the center and the subjects share the responsibility for solving problems. So, it would be correct to attribute to the same position "the implementation of measures to combat disasters" IN 2... Federal funds for regional development implement the foundations of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1... Positions D and E belong to the exclusive competence of the federal authorities, therefore D 1, D 1.

Task number 15

In Democratic State Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged in the course of this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

  1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
  2. granting the right to vote to citizens from the age of 18, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, education level, income
  3. secret ballot procedure
  4. single-member constituency voting
  5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes
  6. possibility of nominating independent non-partisan candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the issue is not so much about the types of electoral systems, their reform, but about elections in general(topic "Political participation"). We need to recall the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second proposition refers us to the principle of equality in electoral law, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct, one of the principles is also presented - secret ballot.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies sends us to the organization of the electoral process under the majoritarian system, as opposed to the proportional system, where the state acts as a single constituency. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes cast also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majority electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task number 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. holding meetings and rallies
  2. appeal to state bodies
  3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
  4. defense of the Fatherland
  5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again brings us back to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Human and civil rights and freedoms. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights that ensure citizen participation in the exercise of political power. Therefore, the holding of meetings and rallies is true, appeal to state bodies is true, participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives is true. Paying taxes and fees, protecting the Fatherland are among the constitutional obligations of a citizen, as are the observance of the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, care for the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
  2. The marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased.
  3. The marriage is concluded in the civil registry office (Civil Registry Office).
  4. The legal regime of the spouses' property is established only by the marriage contract.
  5. Parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment number 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, as it refers us to article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to the mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little, it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse must come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, termination of a contracted marriage... Our task is formulated: the marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the junction of constitutional obligations and the norms of family law: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses' property is established only prenuptial agreement. This is not true since Not only a marriage contract, but also the norms of family law, i.e. the legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and is established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 18

Establish a correspondence between examples and measures of legal responsibility in the Russian Federation: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Assignment # 18 deals with legal liability. When completing the assignment, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary action - A 2... The warning refers to the type of administrative punishment - B 3... Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, one-time gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure of the employee to perform labor duties, etc.) - IN 2... Notice - disciplinary action, G 2... Deprivation of liberty - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task number 19

Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery. Find in the above list the features of the difference between a joint-stock company and other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write down numbers under which they are indicated.

  • division of the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed with a security
  • obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
  • the duty of employees to comply with labor discipline
  • distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation
  • bearing the risk of losses within the value of the participant's securities
  • payment of dividends to owners for the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete the task number 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint stock company. We recall that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, belong to economic companies. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activities is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public law entities. Therefore, answer option 1 - "dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed by a security" will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but they bear the risk of losses on the company's activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 - “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share - security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 - “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year”. 2 and 3 judgments - "the obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees", "the obligation of employees to observe labor discipline" refer to the general provisions of Labor Law. But "the distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation" is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a "production cooperative" (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task number 20

Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“A person who actively assimilates and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________ (A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (C), cognizes and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is simultaneously the process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and to himself. It is characterized by _________ (D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries _________ (E) for his choice. "

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

  1. activity
  2. intellectual
  3. duty
  4. everyday
  5. a responsibility
  6. socialization
  7. personality
  8. pursuit
  9. communication

The following table lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

In completing task number 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and substitute words yourself that, in your opinion, are appropriate in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, you have to pick up words from those in the list. You will have a success situation when your chosen words coincide with the suggested ones from the list. So, we try to read by inserting words that are close in meaning, then we choose from those available in the task.

“A person who actively assimilates and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(Personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a person is formed - in society. What a person does - transforms the world and himself). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-strong-willed, moral, etc. (in this case, there is a listing of socially significant qualities). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people activity (B) learns and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, the input of which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is simultaneously a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and to himself. It is characterized by aspiration (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to any experience (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person's life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life) ”.

Part 2

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the same salary that he could have by doing that job (and to that extent) that could be claimed by ...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A downturn is a cyclical decline in business activity that results in people losing jobs until demand picks up again and business picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in labor demand. It affects those employed in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to the transition from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

Structural unemployed people experience difficulties in getting a job due to insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work ... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing test, most people who have experienced it say they have experienced despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, employment is the main, and often the only means of meeting material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their job still prefer to keep it, even when the opportunity to live on other incomes is provided. While working conditions can be detrimental, lack of work leads to just as many problems: increased stress, family conflicts, alcohol and drug addiction.

(K.H.Brier)

When starting to perform tasks on the text 21-24, initially you should read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen for maximum assimilation of the content. I do not recommend that my students read the question right away and chaotically, with a cursory reading, look for answers. As a rule, this practice leads to erroneous answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task number 21

How does the text describe the impact of the recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, is affected by seasonal unemployment? (List all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: "A downturn is a cyclical decline in business activity, as a result of which people lose jobs for a period until demand rises again and there is a recovery in business activity." Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task number 22

Task number 22 is also best done in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the same salary that he could have by doing that job (and in that volume) , which could apply ... "

Explain why some workers agree to part-time employment (make two assumptions). When completing this task, I recommend that students write down each suggestion on a new line.

In our case, we can simulate the answer using text. We do not provide examples, because this is not indicated in the assignment.

Answer: employees agree to part-time employment, because it is important for a person to feel significant, needed. Even part-time employment gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and makes it possible to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time employment, because in times of crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social shocks, and allows them to preserve their way of life.

Task number 23

The author notes that "even during periods of high employment rates, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed." Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author gives us the reasons for the high unemployment among the structurally unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that we know from the course of social studies that structural unemployment is associated with the impossibility of finding employment for people of certain professions and the mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: The high level of structural unemployment even during periods of high employment in the country is associated, as a rule, with changes in production technologies, scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand on the labor market (examples are not required in the assignment, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to refer to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: the labor code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

  1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for workers to advance in their work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
  2. restrictions on labor rights or obtaining benefits depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, affiliation or non-affiliation with public associations are prohibited or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the business qualities of the employee.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the world of work to apply to the court with an application for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task number 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about what the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested in.

Using social science knowledge and facts of public life, make two assumptions about what the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested in (in this case, we must give examples, because the question is “facts of public life”).

  1. The unemployed state provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and raising the level of education. Citizen N, after being registered with the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training in the profession of an electric and gas welder.
  2. The unemployed state provides an opportunity for organizing self-employment. For example, after being fired from his main job at the closure of an enterprise in the city of Moscow, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Employment Center of the City of Moscow, where he received advice on starting a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task number 25

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "art"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the arts, and one sentence that reveals the essence of the educational function of art.

Task number 25 can be successfully completed only with knowledge of the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person's personality.

Task number 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer, as enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Assignment 26 should identify and illustrate examples of any of the three main responsibilities of an employer as set out in the Labor Code:

  1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on the prevention of injuries,
  2. Pay full salary on time. For the delay in the payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was prosecuted in the form of coercion to pay employees in addition to the wages of interest.
  3. Carry out compulsory social insurance of employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer's duties.

Task number 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central government bodies and regional offices. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual. The political party won the required number of votes during the elections and won seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

  • the party is registered;
  • central government bodies and regional offices (sign indicates a mass party);
  • basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating an ideological affiliation is conservative);
  • entered parliament after the elections (participates in power - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now questions: Define the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion.

Answer: Since it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: Liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished according to their ideological orientation. Signs of a liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task number 28

You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Types of families". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any of the social science topics, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of the study of the topic. Basically, this activity tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, the writing of the plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the material of the topic, understanding of its structure. In this case, the theme of the plan is “Types of families”.

  1. The concept of a family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
  2. Family functions (in this version of the plan it is possible not to indicate)
  3. Types of families by the nature of the relationship between members:
    1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
      A) cohabitation of several generations;
      B) the supremacy of a man;
      C) the economic dependence of family members on men;
      D) strict distribution of responsibilities
    2. Partner (democratic) family:
      A) nuclearity;
      B) decision-making by all family members;
      C) the economic independence of women;
      D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
  4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
    1. Authoritarian;
    2. Democratic;
    3. Liberal (conniving)
    4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Please select one thing from the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts on the problem raised (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge obtained in the course of social studies, corresponding concepts, as well as facts public life and own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from various sources for factual reasoning.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live according to the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice. " (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. "The types of business are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets." (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. "We need schools that do not just teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate a person." (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. "The supreme power is worthy of veneration only insofar as it is a means of ensuring human rights." (A. Kyustin)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. Whoever defends his right defends the right in general ”. (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. "We need schools that do not just teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate a person." (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic belongs. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “knowledge base”, understand on which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas, on which of the topics you can give the most high-quality examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we have chosen a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school and the education system is immediately raised. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and upbringing, which is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - "schools that educate the individual." I will note that we cannot go into the concepts of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or to carry out an equally important mission - upbringing of the personality?

As you know from the course of social studies, education is a way of becoming a person by acquiring knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is the school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, principles of functioning, which include a network of educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: the study period is lengthened, the requirements for the qualification level of teachers are increased, the variability of educational programs is used, individual educational trajectories of students are built, schools are equipped with modern equipment, and new forms of final certification are introduced.

As a result, we see how school graduates demonstrate high scores on the USE, which make it possible to take budgetary places in the leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international research presented by the HSE, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy leading positions in the world in reading, mathematics and science. And also 8 classes in mathematics. According to the researchers, this result was achieved due to the introduction of new educational standards, a system of unified state certification.

But are educational results enough for society and the individual? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the upbringing of a person's personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is precisely in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate a person, develop his creative abilities - this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a rich school life: class hours, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates in Russia and other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, shows his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite from childhood the beloved film "Freak from 5 b" vividly demonstrating how the school collective, the class, forms the personality of Boris. How he learns responsibility when he is appointed as a counselor in grade 1.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of understanding by society and the school of the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual - education and upbringing. "



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