Water hardness calculator. Parts Per Million Ppm to Percentage Calculator

• PPMv(parts per million by volume) is a unit of concentration in ppm by volume. Those. the ratio of the volume fraction to everything (including this fraction). Naturally, for small values ​​of concentration this value is equal to the ratio of the volume fraction to everything else without taking this fraction into account.
• ! This is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in a gas mixture to the pressure of the dry mixture. For measuring small values ​​of humidity in gases, this is the most common unit and in 99% of cases it is meant by a mysterious abbreviation PPM(=ppm).

• PPMw(parts per million by weight) is a unit of concentration in ppm by weight(sometimes they say “by weight”). Those. the ratio of the mass fraction to everything (including this fraction). Naturally, for small values ​​of concentration this value is equal to the ratio of the weight fraction to everything else without taking into account this fraction.
  • lim x→0 (x/(1-x):1/x)=1, i.e. for x→0 the ratio x/(1-x) → x;
• ! In relation to humidity, this is the ratio of the mass of water vapor in the gas mixture to the mass of the dry gas mixture.

• Likewise: PPB (parts per billion) is the unit of concentration in ppb = parts per billion. Figure it out there :)

How to convert ppm to mg/l?

• For solutions of something in water at 1 ppm w = 1 mg/l
• For all other cases, keep in mind that mg- this is, and l- . Be careful when crossing a hedgehog and a grass snake!
• Above is all the necessary data for translation :)

Note that in most cases, the undefined unit “PPM” is PPMv for gas mixtures, and PPMw for solutions and dry mixtures, although there is often a desire to give a black eye to the author of the text who used such a unit for fractional estimates without reservation. Be careful, because if you make a determination error, you may not even get within the order of the reliable value.

One of the most frequently asked questions by Moscow residents is the question of the hardness of drinking water. This is due to the widespread use of dishwashers and washing machines in everyday life, for which the detergent load is calculated based on the actual hardness of the water used.

You can find out the water hardness value at your address using our electronic service

In Russia, hardness is measured in “degrees of hardness,” while global manufacturers use units of measurement accepted in their countries. Therefore, for the convenience of residents, a “Hardness Calculator” has been created, with which you can convert hardness values ​​from one measurement system to another in order to correctly configure your household appliances.

Hardness is a set of properties of water associated with the content of dissolved salts in it, mainly calcium and magnesium ("hardness salts"). The total stiffness consists of temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness can be eliminated by boiling water, which is due to the property of some salts to precipitate, forming so-called scale.

The main factor influencing the value of hardness is the dissolution of rocks containing calcium and magnesium (limestones, dolomites) when natural water passes through them. Surface waters are generally softer than groundwater. The hardness of surface waters is subject to noticeable seasonal fluctuations, reaching a maximum in winter. Minimum values ​​of hardness are typical for periods of high water or flood, when there is an intensive influx of soft melt or rainwater into water supply sources.

Hardness units

In Russia, hardness is measured in “degrees of hardness” (1°F = 1 mEq/l = 1/2 mol/m3). Other units of measurement of water hardness are accepted abroad.

Hardness units

1°F = 20.04 mg Ca 2 + or 12.15 Mg 2 + in 1 dm 3 of water;
1°DH = 10 mg CaO in 1 dm 3 water;
1°Clark = 10 mg CaCO 3 in 0.7 dm 3 water;
1°F = 10 mg CaCO 3 in 1 dm 3 water;
1 ppm = 1 mg CaCO 3 in 1 dm 3 water.

Water hardness in some cities around the world

World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for drinking water:
calcium – 20-80 mg/l; magnesium – 10-30 mg/l. There is no recommended value for stiffness. According to these indicators, Moscow drinking water complies with WHO recommendations.

Russian regulatory documents (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 and GN 2.1.5.1315-03) for drinking water regulate:
calcium – the standard has not been established; magnesium – no more than 50 mg/l; hardness - no more than 7°F.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS, MAC harmful substances in the air of the working area - concentrations that, during daily (except weekends) work of any productivity, but not more than 41 hours per week, during the entire working period, cannot cause diseases or deviations in health, detected by modern research methods in the process work or in the long term of life of present and subsequent generations See Appendix 3. GOST 12.1.005-76.

Maximum permissible concentrations of certain substances

1. 1. Unity of measurements and control: units of measurement ppm, mg/m3 and maximum permissible concentration.

Current systems of units for measuring air quality parameters.

1.1. General definition of PPM.

To determine air quality parameters, the main units of measurement are the volume or mass fraction of the main components of air, the volume fraction of gaseous pollutants, the molar fraction of gaseous pollutants, expressed respectively in percent, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), as well as the mass concentration of gaseous pollutants , expressed in mg/m3 or μg/m3. According to the standards, the use of relative units (ppm and ppb) and absolute units (mg/m 3 and μg/m 3) is allowed when presenting measurement results in the field of air quality control. Here are some definitions:

PPM, as well as percentage, ppm - a dimensionless ratio of a physical quantity to a quantity of the same name, taken as the original (for example, mass fraction of a component, molar fraction of a component, volume fraction of a component).

PPM is a value determined by the ratio of the measured entity (substance) to one millionth of the total that includes the measured substance.

PPM has no dimension, since it is a relative value, and is convenient for estimating small shares, since it is 10,000 times less than a percentage (%).

"PPMv(parts per million by volume) is a unit of concentration in parts per million by volume, i.e. the ratio of the volume fraction to everything (including this fraction). PPMw(parts per million by weight) is a unit of concentration in parts per million by weight (sometimes called “by weight”). Those. the ratio of the mass fraction to everything (including this fraction). Note that in most cases, the undefined unit "PPM" is PPMv for gas mixtures, and PPMw for solutions and dry mixtures. Be careful, because if there is a determination error, you may not even get within the order of the reliable value.” This link is to the ENGINEERING Handbook. . http://www.dpva.info/Guide/

1.2. PRM in gas analysis.

Let us return once again to the general definition of PRM as the ratio of the number of some units of measurement of a part (share) to one millionth of the total number of the same units as a whole. In gas analysis, this unit is often the number of moles of a substance

where m is the mass of a polluting chemical substance (PCS) in the air when measuring concentration, and M is the molar mass of this substance. The number of moles is a dimensionless quantity; it is an important parameter of Mendeleev’s law for ideal gases. With this definition, the mole is a universal unit of quantity of a substance, more convenient than the kilogram.

1.3. How are the units of concentration in ppm and mg/m3 related?

We quote from the text:

“Note that concentration units, designated ppm (parts per million), are quite widespread; in relation to the concentration of any substance in the air; ppm should be understood as the number of kilomoles of this substance per 1 million kilomoles of air.” (There is a translation error here: it should read 1 millionth of a kilomole). Further:

“To convert ppm to mg/m 3, one should take into account the molar mass of the pollutant M star (kg), the molar mass of air M air (under normal conditions 29 kg) and its density

ρ air (under normal conditions 1.2 kg/m3). Then

C[mg/m 3 ] = C * M zxv / (M air / ρ air) = C * M zxv / 24.2 "(1)

Let us explain the given formula for converting concentrations.

Here C [mg/m 3 ] is the concentration of pollutants at the measurement point with meteorological parameters: temperature T and pressure P, and M air / ρ air = 24.2 is a standard parameter.

The question arises: when calculating the standard parameter (M air / ρ air) = 24.2 and air density ρ (1.2 kg/m 3), what values ​​of the parameters T 0 and P 0 were used, taken as “normal conditions”? Since for true normal conditions

T= 0 0 C, and 1 atm. ρ 0 air = 1.293 and M air = 28.98, (M air / ρ 0 air) = 28.98: 1.293 = 22.41 = V 0 (molar volume of an ideal gas), calculate the value of the “normal temperature” in (1) using the formula for reducing the density parameter [ 3]:

ρ air = ρ 0 air * f, = ρ 0 air * f = Р 1 Т 0 / Р 0 Т 1 , (2)

where f is the standard conversion factor for normal conditions. ρ air = M air: 24.2 = 1.2,

f = ρ air: ρ 0 air = 1.2: 1.293 = 0.928, which corresponds to the measurement conditions

t = 20 0 C, P 0 =760 mm Hg. Art. Consequently, in the report and recalculation formula (1), T 0 = 20 0 C, P 0 = 760 mm Hg are considered normal conditions. Art.

1.4. What definition of concentration in ppm units is used in the report on the EU-Russia program.

The question that requires clarification is the following: what is the definition of ppm taken as a basis in: ratio by volume, by mass or by moles? We will further show that the third option occurs. This is important to understand because we are talking about a report

According to the international program “EU-Russia. Harmonization of environmental standards” and the preamble to the report states the need to discuss the presented materials.

We rewrite formula (1) for reverse recalculation:

C = (C[mg/m 3 ]* M air)/(ρ air * M air) =

(C [mg/m 3 ]/ M zxv)/ (ρ air / M air) = k * C [mg/m 3 ] */ M zkhv,

where k = M air / ρ air = 29. / 1.2 = 24.2 (2’)

In formula (2’), the relative concentration C is the ratio of the number of moles of impurities (MCI) and air under normal conditions. Let us explain this statement based on the definition of the PPMw value:

Cw = n / (n 0 / 10 6) =10 6 n / n 0 (3)

n is the number of kilomoles of chemical substances in a certain volume under measurement conditions,

n 0 - the number of kilomoles of air under normal conditions in the same volume.

Since n= m / M * zkhv and n 0 = m 0 / M * 0, where M * zkhv and M * 0

molar masses of the pollutant and air, we obtain the expression for Cw:

Cw =10 6 (m/M * zxw) / (m 0 /M * 0) =

10 6 ((m/V 0) / M * zkhv)/((m 0 / V 0)/M * 0)=10 6 (C zkhv /M * zkhv) / (C 0 /M * 0), ( 4),

where V 0 is the molar volume of air.

Expression (4) coincides with the reduction formula (2),

since (m / V 0) = C zxv = 10 6 C [mg/m 3 ] and (m 0 / V 0) = C 0 = ρ air

(under normal conditions 1.2 kg/m 3), V 0 = 22.4 [l] and M 0 = M air = 29 [kg], which proves our statement about the definition of Cw.

1.5 Let's consider another definition of PRM for the analysis of air pollutants in accordance with the general definition, namely: ppm meas = Cw meas:

Cw meas = 10 6 n air / n air, where (5)

n measured - the number of kilomoles of chemical substances in a certain volume under measurement conditions,

n air = - number of kilomoles of air under measurement conditions in the same volume.

Formula (4) for measuring ppm in this case takes the form:

Cw meas = 10 6 (C air / M * air) / (C air / M * 0) (5’)

The air concentration at the measurement point C air = m air / V 0 is related to its density (concentration) by expression (2): WITH air = C 0 *f, C air = ρ air . (2’)

Substituting (2’) into (5’), we obtain (since (С зхв / f) = С 0 зхв):

Cw meas = 10 6 (C zkhv / M * zkhv)/(C 0 * f / M * 0) = 10 6 ((C zkhv / f) / M * zkhv)/ (C 0 / M * 0) = C 0 w,

which is the standard value of ppm reduced to normal conditions.

Consequently, the measurement introduced by definition 1.5 Cw coincides with C 0 w and it does not require any correction to bring it to normal conditions, since it is identically equal to it. The conclusion is quite obvious, since the ratio of the measured CPW and air was used under the same measurement conditions.

It is important to note that the standard concerning the verification scheme for measuring instruments of components in gaseous environments shows that from working standards of various digits a unit of mole fraction or mass concentration of components is transferred to measuring instruments of all types intended to assess the quality of atmospheric air and air of the working area.

(ppm). To convert units of measurement mS/cm to ppm and vice versa, it is necessary to determine which conversion factor should be used. Typically, TDS meters use coefficients of 0.5, 0.64 or 0.7. Less commonly used is 1.0. Sometimes the device has a function for manually entering this coefficient.

*Note: 1 mS/cm = 1000 μS/cm

Coefficient of various devices

Manufacturer or device	Coefficient
,	0.5
	0.64
	0.70
	1.00

How to convert TDS (ppm) to EC (mS/cm) units yourself

To convert the unit of measure EC ( µS/cm) in TDS (ppm) a value in µS/cm multiply by the TDS meter coefficient (0.5, 0.7 or other).

To convert TDS (ppm) to EC ( µS/cm) it is necessary to divide the measured value by the coefficient of the TDS meter (0.5, 0.7 or other).

How to determine the conversion factor of a TDS meter

The conversion coefficient of a TDS meter can be determined if the device is also an EC meter. In such cases, for the same solution, it is necessary to measure mineralization (ppm) and electrical conductivity (µS/cm). Next, we divide the mineralization value (ppm) by the electrical conductivity value (μS/cm). The resulting number is the conversion factor of that TDS meter.

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1 milligram per liter [mg/l] = 1.000000002 parts per million

Initial value

Converted value

kilograms per liter grams per liter milligrams per liter parts per million grains per gallon (US) grains per gallon (UK) pound per gallon (US) pound per gallon (UK) millionths of pounds per gallon (US) pound per million gallons ( British) pound per cubic foot kilogram per cubic. meter grams per 100 ml

More information about mass concentration in solution

General information

In everyday life and in industry, substances in their pure form are rarely used. Even water, if not distilled, is usually mixed with other substances. Most often we use solutions, which are a mixture of several substances at the same time. Not every mixture can be called a solution, but only one in which the mixed substances cannot be separated mechanically. Solutions are also stable, that is, all the components in them are in the same state of aggregation, for example, in the form of a liquid. Solutions are widely used in medicine, cosmetics, cooking, dyes and paints, and cleaning products. Homemade cleaning products often contain solutions. Often the solvent itself forms a solution with contaminants. Many drinks are also solutions. It is important to be able to adjust the concentration of substances in solutions, since the concentration affects the properties of the solution. In this converter, we'll talk about concentration by mass, although you can also measure concentration by volume or percentage. To determine the concentration by mass, it is necessary to divide the total mass of the solute by the volume of the entire solution. This value can be easily converted into a percentage concentration by multiplying it by 100%.

Solutions

If you mix two or more substances, you can get three types of mixture. Mortar is just one of these types. In addition, you can get colloidal system, similar to a solution, but translucent, or an opaque mixture in which there are particles larger than the particles in the solution - suspension. The particles in it are even larger, and they separate from the rest of the mixture, that is, they settle if the suspension is left at rest for a certain time. Milk and blood are examples of colloidal systems, while air with dust particles or seawater after a storm with silt and sand particles are examples of suspensions.

A substance that dissolves in a solution is called solute. The component of a solution in which the solute is found is called solvent. Typically, each solution has a maximum solute concentration for a certain temperature and pressure. If you try to dissolve a larger amount of this substance in such a solution, it simply will not dissolve. With a change in pressure or temperature, the maximum concentration of a substance usually also changes. Most often, as the temperature increases, the possible concentration of the solute also increases, although for some substances this relationship is the opposite. Solutions with high concentrations of solute are called concentrated solutions, and substances with low concentrations are called weak solutions. After the solute dissolves in the solvent, the properties of the solvent and the solute change, and the solution itself assumes a homogeneous state of aggregation. Below are examples of solvents and solutions that we often use in everyday life.

Household and industrial cleaning products

Cleaning is a chemical process during which a cleaning agent dissolves stains and dirt. Often during cleaning, dirt and cleaning agent form a solution. The cleaning agent acts as a solvent, and the dirt becomes the soluble substance. There are other types of cleaning products. Emulsifiers remove stains, and biological enzyme cleaners process the stain, as if eating it. In this article we will only consider solvents.

Before the development of the chemical industry, ammonium salts dissolved in water were used to clean clothes, fabrics and wool products, as well as to prepare wool for further processing and felting. Ammonia was usually extracted from animal and human urine, and in ancient Rome it was so in demand that there was a tax on its sale. In ancient Rome, during the processing of wool, it was usually immersed in fermented urine and trampled under foot. Since this is quite unpleasant work, it was usually performed by slaves. In addition to or together with urine, clays were used that absorb fats and other biomaterials well, known as bleaching clays. Later such clays were used on their own, and they are sometimes still used today.

Substances used for cleaning at home also often contain ammonia. In dry cleaning clothes, solvents are used instead, which dissolve fat and other substances adhering to the material. Usually these solvents are liquids, just like in regular washing, but dry cleaning is different in that it is a more gentle process. Solvents are usually so strong that they can dissolve buttons and plastic decorative items such as sequins. In order not to spoil them, they are either covered with protective material or ripped off and then sewn on after cleaning. The clothes are washed with distilled solvent, which is then removed by centrifugation and evaporation. The cleaning cycle occurs at low temperatures, up to 30°C. During the drying cycle, clothes are dried with hot air at 60-63°C to evaporate the solvent remaining after spinning.

Almost all solvent used during cleaning is recovered after drying, distilled and reused. One of the most common solvents is tetrachlorethylene. Compared to other cleaning products, it is cheap, but is not considered safe enough. In a number of countries, tetrachlorethylene is gradually being replaced by safer substances, such as liquid CO₂, hydrocarbon solvents, silicone liquids and others.

Manicure

The composition of nail polish includes dyes and pigments, as well as stabilizing substances that protect the polish from fading in the sun. In addition, it contains polymers that make the polish thicker and prevent the glitter from sinking to the bottom, and also help the polish stick better to the nails. In some countries, nail polish is classified as a hazardous substance because it is toxic.

Nail polish remover is also a solvent that removes nail polish on the same principle as other solvents. That is, it forms a solution with the varnish, turning it from a solid into a liquid. There are several types of nail polish removers: the stronger ones contain acetone, and the weaker ones do not contain acetone. Acetone dissolves polish better and faster, but it dries out the skin and damages nails more than solvents without acetone. When removing false nails, you cannot do without acetone - it dissolves them in the same way as nail polish.

Paints and solvents

Paint thinners are similar to nail polish removers. They reduce the concentration of oil paints. Examples of paint thinners include white spirit, acetone, turpentine and methyl ethyl ketone. These substances remove paint, for example, from brushes during cleaning, or from surfaces stained during painting. They are also used to dilute paint, for example, in order to pour it into a sprayer. Paint thinners emit toxic fumes, so they must be handled with gloves, safety glasses and a respirator.

Safety rules when working with solvents

Most solvents are toxic. They are usually treated as hazardous substances and disposed of according to hazardous waste regulations. Solvents must be handled with care and safety instructions regarding their use, storage, and recycling must be followed. For example, in most cases of working with solvents, it is necessary to protect the eyes, skin and mucous membranes with gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator. In addition, solvents are very flammable and it is dangerous to leave them in cans and containers, even in very small quantities. That is why empty cans, cylinders and solvent containers are stored bottom up. When recycling and disposing of solvents, you must first become familiar with your local or country's disposal regulations to avoid environmental contamination.

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