These amazing coelenterates are jellyfish and corals, as well as worms. General characteristics of coelenterates, lifestyle, structure, role in nature Interesting facts about the diversity of coelenterates

home The work presents interesting facts from the life of various groups of animals. I hope that using this information will make the lesson more interesting when studying the Zoology course. This information may interest students and become an incentive when studying biology: find interesting information about animals and provide them in the form creative work

in the form of messages or presentations.

The selection of material is made on the basis of information from the Internet, as well as from popular science literature. 1. Teremov A., Rokhlov V. Entertaining zoology. AstPress, 2002. 2. Records of nature. comp. Makarova N.E. Minsk.Modern writer.2001

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THE MOST INTERESTING ANIMALS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The best of the best… The biggest

of the ever existing unicellular organisms - marine rhizomes of foraminifera. The calcareous shells of these protozoa, which lived more than 70 million years ago, reached a diameter of 22 cm. The fastest Among the protozoa, the representative of the flagellates Monas stigmatica is considered. This single cell organism

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. This is interesting…
2. In one tablespoon of sea sand there are 100 - 200 thousand shells of dead marine unicellular rhizomes - foraminifera. Empty shells of dead sea rhizomes, accumulating over millions of years, formed thick layers of calcareous (sedimentary) rocks
3. . Ordinary school chalk is an accumulation of small shells of marine unicellular animals.
4. One cubic centimeter of the contents of a cow’s stomach contains up to a million special single-celled ciliates that ensure the digestion of the hard cell membranes of plants. The total mass of ciliates inhabiting the stomach of one cow reaches 3 kg.
5. The offspring of one ciliate - the slipper - could amount to 75 10 individuals in a year (provided that all descendants survive)! A hollow ball, touching one side of the Sun and the other of the Earth (the distance from the Sun to the Earth is 170 million km), could accommodate so many ciliates.
6. IN digestive system termite insects that feed on wood are inhabited by protozoa that help termites digest the hard shells of plant cells.

COELENTERATES

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest The coelenterate is an Arctic jellyfish called Cyanaea capillata, which lives in the northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean. One of the representatives of this species, washed ashore during a storm, had a bell diameter of 2.28 m, and its tentacles were 36.5 m long.

The most dangerous coralzoantaria Palythoa, the stinging cells contain polytoxin - the most potent poison of all those studied; 0.01 mg of this poison can kill an adult mouse.

Longest tentaclesin grooved anemone, with a diameter of 1.5 m.

The most poisonous jellyfishAustralian sea wasp and chiropsalmus jellyfish. The poison secreted by chiropsalmus acts almost instantly; If a person is not given medical assistance, death occurs within 5-8 minutes.

The most dangerous The coelenterate is an Australian box jellyfish sea wasp. It is considered the most poisonous animal in the world. Its poison paralyzes and stops the human heart within 1 to 3 minutes.

The largest coral reef(a colony of tiny coelenterates that form a protective calcareous skeleton around themselves) is the Big barrier reef on the northeast coast of Australia. Its length is 2027 km, its width is 72 km, and its total area is 207 square km.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. The venom of the physalia jellyfish is similar in its effect to the venom of a cobra.
2. From 1/200 of a damaged hydra, a new organism can be grown.
3. The maximum swimming speed of jellyfish is 55 km/h.
4. Many jellyfish have an exorbitant appetite. Thus, one Black Sea aurelia with a bell diameter of 50 cm absorbs about 10 fry per hour (1 fry in 6 minutes).
5. The body of most jellyfish is formed by a gelatinous mass (mesoglea), consisting of 98% water and a small amount of collagen protein, which in humans is part of the skin.
6. In ancient and medieval times, red coral mined in the Mediterranean Sea was valued much higher than precious stones such as emerald or ruby.

WORMS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The longest Of all the worms, the representative of the marine polychaete worms is the nemertean, which lives in the seas of the North-West Atlantic. The worm, washed up in a storm in 1864 off the coast of Scotland, was about 55 meters long.with a diameter of only 1 cm.

The biggest species among earthworms, or earthworms, is an Australian earthworm, reaching a length of almost 3 m with a diameter of 2.5 cm.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

SHELLFISH

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

Most least commonmollusks are considered to be from the group of brachiopods, or armopods. Only 280 species are known to science and all of them are extremely rare.

The largest marine gastropoda whelk found off the coast of Australia in 1979 had a shell 77.2 cm long and a girth of 1.01 m. Its live weight reached almost 18 kg.

The most poisonous gastropodfrom the family of cones, cone-geographer. The mollusk's poison can kill a person.

The largest bivalve mollusktridactic. In 1956, a specimen measuring 1.15 m and weighing 333 kg was found off the coast of Japan. When alive, it probably weighed just over 340 kg.

Largest eyehas a giant Atlantic octopus. The record specimen was discovered off the coast of Canada in 1878. The diameter of his eye was 50 cm.

CRUSTACEANS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest Among all crustaceans, the giant Japanese macrocheira crab, which is also called the crab on stilts, is considered. Adult representatives of this species have claws with a span of 3.5 m. Such specimens weigh about 18 kg.

Lowest pressurein lobster, which reaches 8 mmHg.

The largest crustaceantaka-ashi-gani, or giant spider crab, claw sizes reach up to 3.7 m and weight up to 19 kg.

The heaviest sea crustaceanA North American lobster weighing up to 20 kg and more than 1 m long was caught in 1977 off the coast of Canada.

The hardest The crustacean is the American, or North Atlantic, lobster. In 1977, a lobster weighing 20.15 kg and more than 1 m in length was caught in Canada.

The smallest crustacean – water flea. Its body length is less than 0.25 mm. Lives in water bodies of Great Britain.

The longest livingamong crustaceans are American lobsters; especially large specimens live up to 50 years.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. The blood (hemolymph) of crustaceans is in many cases colorless. But some, for example, decapod crayfish, which include crayfish, have blue blood. This is due to the presence of hemocyanin pigment containing copper. In other crustaceans, the blood, just like in humans and other mammals, is colored red by the pigment hemoglobin, which contains iron.
2. Male barnacle crustaceans have sperm up to 6 mm long. This exceeds the length of the animal itself by 10 times and is absolute record in the animal world.
3. The chitinous shell of crustaceans is impregnated with calcium carbonate (lime). Such a rigid exoskeleton prevents the growth of the animal, so periodically the cancer sheds its old cover (molts). During molting, while the new chitinous cover has not yet hardened, the animal actively grows. A crayfish that has just molted usually eats the discarded old close cover in order to make up for the lack of lime and make the new cover more durable.

Arachnids

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The biggest A representative of arachnids is the tropical tarantula spider, which lives in the northeast of South America. A male of this species caught in 1965 had a limb span of 28 cm. A female caught in 1985 in Suriname weighed 122.2 g.

The fastest spiderslong-legged sun spiders that reach speeds of over 16 km/h.

The noisiest spiderThe European buzzing spider produces a buzzing sound audible to the human ear, and the purring spider produces sounds reminiscent of a cat's purr.

The largest among scorpionsconsidered to be the imperial scorpion, which lives in Equatorial Guinea. Adult specimens of this species, which are black in color, weigh up to 60 kg.

underground scorpionThe species Alacran tartarus was found in caves more than 800m deep.

The smallest representative of spidersis a spider native to Western Samoa. Its body size is only 0.43 mm, which corresponds to the size of a typographic point.

The fastest Among the arachnids there are long-legged salpugs that live in Africa. Some salpugs can reach speeds of up to 16 km/h over short distances.

The largest fishing netWeaver spiders build from webs: the circumference of their web is about 6 m.

The simplest webthe American spider has a bolas using a single thread

The strongest threadin Achaearenea tepidariorum, capable of catching a small mouse, which will then hover above the ground.

The most poisonousBrazilian “stray” spiders are considered; they secrete poison with a strong nerve-paralytic effect. These large, aggressive spiders often enter homes and hide in clothing and shoes. When disturbed, they bite several times in a row. The Central Asian karakurt spider, called the black death, has also gained a very bad reputation; it is also very poisonous.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. The arachnoid glands of spiders open on the abdomen with arachnoid warts and secrete several types of web - dry, wet, sticky, corrugated, etc. Different varieties of web serve different purposes - making a hunting net, a living house, an egg cocoon.
2. The thread produced by spiders is very strong: the breaking load for a web ranges from 40 to 261 kg per 1 square millimeter of cross-section. Steel wire of the same diameter is less strong than spider web.
3. Accurate studies of American scorpion venom have shown that 0.0003 mg of this poison per 1 g of mouse weight is a lethal dose. When stinging, a scorpion injects significantly more venom into the victim - more than 3 mg. This amount of poison can kill mice weighing a total of 10 kg.
4. A dog tick that has sucked blood weighs 223 times more than a hungry tick. During the 3 weeks it takes a bull tick to develop from a larva into an adult arachnid, it sucks so much blood that it increases its weight by 10,000 times.
5. One scientist, observing the activity of a weaver spider, recorded the speed of web thread production - 180 cm per minute - and extracted about 140 m of web.
6. The proboscis of blood-sucking ticks has a special apparatus of hooks directed backwards. These hooks act as a holding anchor device, allowing the tick to firmly attach to the host's skin. Simultaneously with the introduction of the proboscis into the skin, the tick injects saliva into the wound containing ixodine, a substance that prevents blood clotting. In the same way, various infections are transmitted into the circulatory system of the host body.
7. Scientists have found that the web thread released by spiders carries a small negative electrical discharge. Spiders need webs not only for hunting. Thus, young spiders disperse in nature, gliding on spider threads and flying vast distances. At the same time, air travelers never collide with each other in flight, and their webs do not touch upon landing. This occurs due to the electrostatic repulsive forces of like (negatively) charged webs.

INSECTS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The most prolificOf the multicellular animals on the planet, insects are considered. Thus, it is estimated that under favorable conditions, the mass of the offspring of just one female cabbage white butterfly per year can be 822 million tons, which is 3 times the weight of the entire population of our planet.

The largest termitesMacrotermes goliaph reaches a length of 2.2 cm with a wingspan of 8.8 cm.

The largest grasshopper in the CIS countriessteppe rack 7.5 cm long.

The most gluttonousOn the planet, insects are also considered animals. So the caterpillar of one of the butterflies North America in the first 48 hours of life, it absorbs an amount of food that is 86 thousand times its own weight.

The most greedy insectIn the first 56 days of life, the caterpillar of the polyphemus butterfly absorbs food, the volume of which exceeds the weight of the caterpillar by 86 thousand times.

The strongest among the animals are insects: tests have shown that the rhinoceros beetle can support on its back a weight that is 850 times its own. The forest dung beetle is capable of moving a load 400 times its own weight.

The largest clustersinsects form in one place. According to the calculations of one American scientist who observed a swarm of locusts, the area occupied by it was 514,374 square kilometers. Presumably there were up to 12.5 trillion locusts in it, and its total weight was at least 25 million tons.

The most dangerous The animals on our planet are considered to be malarial mosquitoes that carry the causative agents of malaria - the single-celled protozoan malarial plasmodia. Over the entire history of mankind since the Stone Age, malaria has killed half of the entire population of the Earth. Even today, malaria affects more than 200 million people a year.

The largest and heaviestAmong insects, goliath beetles are considered, living in Equatorial Africa. The weight of adult males of the royal goliath reaches 100 g, and the length is 11 cm.

The longest The world's largest insects are giant stick insects from Indonesia. Females of this species reach a length of 33 cm. The longest beetle (excluding the length of the antennae) is considered to be the Hercules beetle, which lives in Central and Southern Africa. Its body length is 19 cm.

The biggest In the world, the diurnal butterfly is the Alexander birdwing, found in New Guinea. Females of this species have a wingspan of more than 28 cm. The largest nocturnal butterfly is considered to be the rare moth Agrippina from Brazil, whose wingspan reaches more than 30 cm.

The smallest The moth that lives in the Canary Islands is considered the world's butterfly: its wingspan is about 2 mm.

The highest speedflight among insects is developed by dragonflies. Thus, the Australian dragonfly can reach speeds of up to 60 km/h for a short time. Tropical cockroaches run faster than all other insects. A cockroach about 3 cm long moves at a speed of 120-130 cm/s (that is, in a second it covers a distance more than 40 times the length of its body).

The most acute sense of smellMale emperor moths have the ability to smell a female 11 km upwind. It was found that the smell comes from a special substance secreted by the female in a negligible amount - 0.0001 mg.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. Dragonfly wings have special thickenings at the ends. These thickenings eliminate the harmful vibration of the wings that occurs during flight - flutter. The elimination of flutter in modern high-speed aircraft was achieved in a similar way - by thickening the leading edge of the wing.
2. Extinct ancient dragonflies that lived more than 200 million years ago were enormous in size: their wingspan reached 90 cm.
3. The songs of crickets, locusts and grasshoppers are chirping sounds produced by the friction of one part of the body against another. Some species of these insects have a series of tubercles on the inside of the thighs of the hind legs. The sound occurs when the raised leg rubs the tubercles against the forewings.
4. The compound eyes of insects consist of many individual simple eyes called ommatidia, or facets. The number of simple eyes depends on the activity of the insect and its lifestyle: for example, in a dragonfly, which is a predator, each eye contains 20-30 thousand facets, in a fly - 4000, in a butterfly - 1700, in an ant - 1200. Any moving object consistently falls into the field vision of each simple eye, so the insect can accurately determine the speed of a moving object. Based on these features of ommatidia, a device was designed that could instantly measure the speed of aircraft. Traffic police officers have the same devices - radars that measure the speed of a car.
5. These blood-sucking flies appear only with the onset of autumn. They bite painfully. Some believe that these are ordinary house flies that become so angry in the fall. In fact, these are completely different flies and they are called zhigalki.
6. At the slightest danger, the bombardier beetle releases a caustic hot substance, the temperature of which reaches + 100 degrees, from the holes located on its abdomen. At the same time, a loud bang is heard. The beetle's abdomen is very mobile and it can “shoot in bursts.”

FISH

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest sea ​​fish is considered a plankton-eating whale shark that lives in the warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The exact dimensions of one of the captured whale sharks were: 12.65 m in length and 7 m in girth at the thickest part of the body. The weight of this fish reached 15 tons.

The thickest skinCalifornian and Mediterranean moray eels possess, which cannot be cut with a knife or pierced with a hammer, and cannot be penetrated by a bullet.

The largest marine predatory fishis the white shark Carcharadon, often called the man-eater shark or the white death. Adult fish of this species reach an average length of 4.5 m and weigh 520–770 kg. However, there were cases when larger specimens were encountered. Thus, a female white shark measuring almost 6.5 m long and weighing 3310 kg was caught off the coast of Cuba. This shark's liver alone weighed 456 kg.

The largest bony fishconsidered to be an ordinary herring king, distributed in almost all seas and oceans. In 1963, American scientists from the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory saw a fish whose length was more than 15 m. Presumably, it could weigh about 500 kg.

The most cruel fishsharp-toothed piranhas that attack any creature that is wounded or struggling in the water.

The most powerful bitebelongs to a dark shark that developed a force of 60 kg, which is equivalent to a pressure at the tips of the teeth of 3 t/cm2.

The heaviest among bony fishis a fish widespread in all oceans, often swimming on its side. A fish measuring 4.3 m long and weighing 2235 kg was caught off the coast of Australia.

The most prolificAmong fish, the moon is also considered a fish. During one spawning, females spawn up to 300 million eggs. However, over the next year, less than 1% of the juveniles survive from this number of eggs. The rest die, eaten by a variety of aquatic predators.

The most acute sense of smellin sharks, capable of detecting the presence of one part of mammalian blood in 100 million parts of water.

The largest freshwaterThe fish is considered to be the European catfish. So, in the 19th century, catfish were caught in Russian rivers; their length was 4.6 m and their weight reached 340 kg.

The fastest Among the fish, the Pacific sailfish is considered. At short distances, this fish with a sword-shaped outgrowth on its head and a high dorsal fin can reach speeds of up to 109 km/h. Bluefin tuna is slightly inferior to the sailfish, capable of reaching speeds of up to 104 km/h.

The longest livingThe fish is the Japanese koi fish, a type of mirror carp. It is known that the age of a fish can be determined by the number of age rings on its scales (just like the age of a tree - by the number tree rings). So, in a koi that lived in one of the ponds in Japan, the number of age rings on its scales corresponded to 228 years.

The most poisonous fish in the worldis considered a wart that lives in the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. It has the largest venom glands among fish, opening into ducts on the needles of its fins. The poison contains a substance called tetrodotoxin, which has a neuroparalytic effect. Touching the fins of this fish is fatal to humans. Death occurs within a few minutes from cessation of breathing and cardiac activity. It is interesting that a fish closely related to the wart - fugu - is eaten in Japan. True, every cook who wants to prepare dishes from this fish is required to obtain a diploma from a special school and pass an exam in which he himself must eat the fish he has prepared.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. It is known that buoyancy, that is, the ability to effortlessly stay in the water column, is the most important feature of most fish. But it is achieved in different ways: bony fish have a swim bladder, cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) accumulate fat reserves in the liver and other organs and tissues of the body, which reduces the body density of the fish relative to the density of water.
2. The Nile pike is capable of creating electrical discharges with a frequency of up to 300 pulses/s.
3. There are more than 40 species of flying fish. Among them, the most common are longfins and bats - small fish with a body length from 20 to 50 cm.
4. Muscular system electric fish– torpedo rays, electric eels, Nile pike, etc. – produces biological electricity. Each such “electric battery” consists of 400,000 – 1,000,000 “elements”. Fish have an electrical charge of fairly high power and strength. Thus, the average electric eel can produce an electrical charge of 400 volt-amperes. There have been cases when particularly large specimens of eels produced a current of 650 volt-amps.
5. In 1961, the English ship Leopold was rammed by a swordfish. The ship's steel plating was punctured and leaked heavily. The sailors had to call a rescue plane with an emergency crew. In the past, in England, ships were even insured against attacks by living swords.
6. The expression “dumb as a fish” is far from the truth. Fish squeak, wheeze, click, squeal – a whole cacophony of sounds can be heard using special devices. The most chatty fish is the trigla, or gurnard. With the help of her swim bladder, she makes sharp sounds similar to grunting or snoring.
7. The extinct ancestors of the white shark, or man-eating shark, which lived in the ancient seas more than 70 million years ago, reached a length of 30 m. The teeth of these fossil sharks were up to 13 cm long, and a passenger car could easily fit in their open jaws.
8. It is estimated that one tiger shark can grow, use and shed up to 24 thousand teeth in 10 years.
9. A shark smells blood, even if 1 g of blood is dissolved in 1000 liters of water.

Amphibians, or AMPHIBIANS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest amphibian- gigantic salamander. This is a very rare animal that lives in mountain rivers and streams of Southern China. It reaches a length of 1.6 m and can weigh over 30 kg. For example, a salamander caught in Huan Province was 1.8 m long and weighed 65 kg.

Longest frog jumpbelongs to African sharp-faced frog. In the frog competition in 1977, she made a jump of 10.3 m.

The largest toad- yeah, living in Central and South America. It reaches a length of 25 cm and a width of 12 cm and can weigh more than 1 kg.

The smallest toadOn Earth, the Brazilian two-toed toad is considered - its length is only 1 cm.

The largest of the green frogslake frog, reaching more than 15 cm, living in Germany and France. This is the same frog that the French eat.

The largest of all frog species- African goliath, which can be up to 40 cm long and can weigh up to 3 kg.

The smallest frog in the world- a dwarf frog that lives in Cuba; it barely reaches 12 mm in length.

The most powerful poisonsecreted by the skin glands - batrachotoxin - is possessed by the terrible leaf-climbing frog (cocoi), its length is only 2-3 cm, and it weighs no more than 1 g. It lives in the western part of Colombia. Local Indians smear arrowheads with the poison of this frog. An animal wounded by such an arrow becomes paralyzed and dies. The secretions of the skin glands of the cocoa frog are 20 times stronger than the poison of other poisonous frogs and can freely penetrate the pores of human skin. This is the most powerful non-protein poison known today. On average, one frog contains enough poison to kill 1,500 people, and 30 mg of poison from this frog is enough to kill 30,000 mice. The dried poison remainsdeadly for 15 years, it is 10 times stronger than the poison of puffer fish.

The most poisonous amphibians in our countryare considered different kinds toads: gray, green, reed. The skin of toads contains many poisonous glands, among which two large parotid glands stand out. When squeezed, the poison of these glands can be thrown out at a distance of up to 1 m. When it comes into contact with human skin, it causes burning and redness of the skin, but not the appearance of warts.

REPTILES, or REPTILES

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest reptileconsidered to be a saltwater crocodile that lives in Indonesia and Australia. Adult crocodiles of this species have an average length of 4.5 m and weigh about 500 kg. Once, a crocodile 8.6 m long and weighing more than 1 ton was killed.

The most ferocious dinosaurVelociraptor, sharp teeth and claws easily tore apart any prey.

The largest flying dinosaurswere Quetzalcoatlia, the wingspan was 12 m.

The dumbest dinosaurstegosaurus, the brain was with Walnut and weighed 70 g, with a length of 9 m.

The largest dinosaur clawswere found in therizinosaurus; the length of the outer curve of the therizinosaur's claw reached 91 cm.

The largest lizardis the Kabaragoya monitor lizard living in New Guinea: its length is 4.8 m including the tail. It is rivaled by the Komodo dragon from the Indonesian Komoda Islands. The largest specimen of this monitor lizard reached a length of 3 m and weighed 166 kg.

Longest lizardSalvadoran or Papuan monitor lizard, reaching a length of 4.75, the length of the tail is 70% of its total length.

The most dangerous lizardsgila monster and escorpion found in Mexico.

The largest sea ​​turtle considered to be a leatherback turtle that lives in the waters Pacific Ocean. The length of adult turtles from head to tip of tail is about 2 m, weight reaches more than 450 kg. Record weight – 865 kg, length – 2.5 m.

The largest land turtleis a gigantic, or elephant, turtle from the Seychelles - its weight reaches 300 kg.

The smallest turtleThe motley land turtle has a shell only 6-9 cm long, and the sea turtle is the Atlantic ridley, 50-70 cm long.

Deepest turtle divemade in 1987 by a leatherback turtle equipped with sensors, diving to a depth of 1,200 m in the waters off the Virgin Islands.

The largest of all snake species– anaconda, or water boa: average length an adult anaconda is 5.5-6 m. The record is length 8.5 m, weight – 230 kg, the girth of this snake’s body was 110 cm.

The largest poisonous snake– King Cobra, reaching a length of 5-6 m. Its poison can kill an elephant. Baby cobras can kill as soon as they hatch from the egg.

Fastest snakemamba. Its speed reaches more than 11 km/h

The longest snake fangshas a poisonous Gaboon viper from tropical Africa, reaches a length of 5 cm.

The most poisonous land snakeis a smooth-headed snake native to Australia. 110 mg of this snake's venom is enough to kill 125,000 mice.

The most dangerous species of crocodiles for humans- a large Indo-Pacific, or saltwater crocodile. Every year, crocodiles of this species kill up to a thousand people.

Longest living reptile, apparently, is a land-dwelling Seychelles giant tortoise. There are cases where turtles of this species lived in captivity for more than 150 years.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. A small amount of cobra venom has an analgesic effect and can be used as a morphine substitute for people suffering from cancer. Moreover, unlike morphine, snake venom acts longer and does not cause side effects or addiction to the body. Viper venom is successfully used as a hemostatic agent and is used in the treatment of hemophilia (hereditary incoagulability).
2. Gecko lizards can walk freely on almost vertical walls and ceilings, which is why they are sometimes called anti-gravity lizards. It turns out that on the soles of geckos' feet there are 18-25 rows of tiny sucker sticks. When the lizard places its foot on a support, air is squeezed out of the suction cups under the weight of the animal and a vacuum is formed. There are more than 1,000 of these sticks on each gecko leg.
3. There is an interesting pattern: the hungrier a poisonous snake is, the faster its victim dies when bitten, since a hungry snake releases more poison. After all, poison is altered saliva, and the poisonous glands are nothing more than the parotid salivary glands.
4. Recently, scientists have found out the reason for the famous “crocodile tears”, which serve to remove excess salts that enter the body along with food and water.
5. Animals have different sensitivities to snake venom. The least susceptible to it is the hedgehog - it can withstand a dose of poison 40 times greater than guinea pig. Same dose of poison rattlesnake can kill 10 snakes, 24 dogs, 25 bulls, 60 horses, 6,000 rabbits, 8,000 rats, 20,000 mice and 300,000 pigeons.
6. The collared cobra, sometimes called the spitting cobra, has a venom so strong that if it gets into the eyes of mammals and humans, it causes blindness for several days.
7. Snake venom is a truly strong cocktail of various proteins and enzymes. It has a destructive effect on living tissue, but does not play any role in digestion. The formula of the venom is different for different snakes, but the most common venoms, as a rule, contain: a component for paralyzing the nervous system, a component for stopping the heart, disrupting the movement of blood, as well as other components, some of which destroy proteins in the victim’s tissues, others cause the formation of blood clots (blood clots) that block blood vessels and stopping the movement of blood, others cause extensive internal hemorrhages.
8. Since snakes cannot bite off pieces and chew their food, they swallow it whole. In snakes, the jaws are connected by movable elastic ligaments; thanks to this movable connection, the snake can move its jaws and open its mouth so wide that it swallows prey several times its size. The teeth of snakes are directed inward and this ensures that the prey slides in the right direction. In addition, snakes produce huge amounts of saliva to wet their prey and facilitate its sliding down the esophagus.
9. When studying the development of alligators, scientists found that at a temperature of +32 degrees, mainly females hatched from eggs, and at temperatures above +33.5 degrees, more males appeared. The same pattern is observed in the development of some turtles.
10. Some species of snakes, including rattlesnakes and pit vipers, detect prey by infrared radiation from its body. Under their eyes they have sensitive cells that detect the slightest changes in temperature, down to fractions of a degree, and thus orient the snakes to the location of the prey. This highly sensitive device allows the snake to find prey in complete darkness.
11. The senses of taste and smell are very important for snakes. The quivering forked tongue, which some people consider a “snake sting,” actually collects traces of various substances that quickly disappear in the air and carries them to sensitive depressions on the inner surface of the mouth, where a special device connected to the olfactory nerves is located.

BIRDS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest flightless bird– the common ostrich, which is found in Central Ethiopia and Niger. Some males of this species reach 2.74 cm in height and weigh 156.5 kg.

The largest flying bird- African Bustard. Hunters shot birds that weighed about 20 kg. The mute swan can also reach a significant weight - up to 22.5 kg.

Largest wingspanhas the wandering albatross, found in the Southern Hemisphere. The wingspan of these birds reaches 3.6 m. Another bird with an average wingspan of 3.3 m is the African marabou. So, in Central Africa a male of this species with a wingspan of 4 m was shot.

The smallest bird in the worldis a bee hummingbird that lives in Cuba: adult males reach a length of 5.7 cm, with half of this length accounting for the beak and tail. These little ones weigh about 1.5 g.

Highest flight speeddeveloped by the peregrine falcon: its speed in a dive towards prey can be 350 km/h. In horizontal flight, ducks and geese have the highest speed: it approaches 100 km/h.

Longest and deepest dive everdemonstrate emperor penguins. According to scientists, they can dive to a depth of 265 m and stay under water for about 20 minutes.

The sharpest visionin birds of prey. A golden eagle sees a hare in good light at a distance of 4.2 km. A peregrine falcon spots a pigeon 8 km away. However, the vision of birds of prey is black and white; they do not perceive color.

The largest nestsbuilt by bald eagles that live in the United States. Once a nest was discovered almost 3 m wide and 6 m high. The weight of the nest apparently exceeded 2 tons. It is possible that several generations of birds took part in the construction of such a nest over several years. Hatchery mounds erected by egg-laying weed chickens in Australia reach 4.6m in height and 10.5m in width. The weight of such a nest is more than 300 tons.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. Weed chickens living in Australia, unlike other birds, do not warm their eggs with the heat of their bodies, but hatch their chicks in “incubators” - they bury their eggs in mounds of sun-heated soil and rotting plants. These mounds, and sometimes they can reach quite impressive sizes, are raked by chickens with their paws. Birds manage to maintain a temperature of +33 degrees inside such structures, despite the vagaries of the weather. The hatched chicks dig their own way to the surface.
2. Egg white albumin is used for poisoning with salts of heavy metals, especially mercury and copper. It forms insoluble compounds with these metals, which delays their absorption into the body and, in combination with emetics, allows the body to quickly rid the body of poison.
3. The flight of birds, in comparison with other methods of animal movement, turns out to be more economical than walking or running. Large birds expend even less energy for the same flight distance than a jet airliner.

MAMMALS, or BEASTS

PROTOZOA (SINGLE CELL)

The largest and heaviest mammal in the worldis the blue whale, the longest recorded length blue whale– 33.6 m. Another whale caught in Antarctica was 27.6 m long and weighed 190 tons. The weight of the animal’s tongue was 4.3 tons, and the heart was about 700 kg.

Fastest sea mammal– killer whale, capable of reaching speeds of up to 55 km/h.

The slowest of mammalsis a three-toed sloth native to South America. On the ground it moves at a speed of 1.5 - 2.5 m/min. In the trees it is somewhat faster - in a minute it covers a distance of about 5 m.

Deepest divehas been recorded in the sperm whale. The depth to which this type of whale can dive is over 2500 m. Once off the coast of Australia, a sperm whale was killed, which surfaced after a dive that lasted about two hours. Two small bottom-dwelling sharks were found in his stomach. And the depth of the ocean in this place reached 3200 m.

Longest sleepmarked at ground squirrel, living in Alaska. She sleeps 9 months of the year. For the remaining 3 months, this rodent eats, bears offspring and stores food in its hollow.

Longest gestation periodfor the Asian elephant - from 610 to 760 days (more than 2 years).

The fattest milkAmong mammals, female sperm whales have up to 54% fat. For one feeding, the baby whale receives 15-20 buckets of milk, thick as sour cream. Breastfeeding lasts 13 months from the moment of birth.

The largest representative of the order of carnivoresconsidered a polar bear. The average weight of males of this species is 380-410 kg with a body length of 2.5 m. Once in Alaska, a bear was killed that weighed more than a ton (1000 kg), its length from the tip of the fashion to the tail was 3.4 m.

The smallest representative of the order of carnivores- weasel. With a body length of 13-25 cm, this animal weighs 40-70 g.

The largest representative of the rodent orderis considered to be a capybara, or capybara, that lives in the swampy forests of South America. Animals reach a length of 1.4 m and weigh up to 110 kg. The largest rodent of our fauna, the beaver, reaches a length of 1 m and weighs over 30 kg.

The biggest hornsOf the currently existing animals, the Asiatic buffalo, which lives in India, has. The length of the horns, measured from the tip of one horn across the forehead to the tip of the other, was 4.3 m in one of the male buffaloes.

can cover a distance 40 times the length of his body in 1 second (if a person moved at such a speed, then in a second he would cover an average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

1. The shape of the pupil in animals can be different. So, a goat has a square pupil, some antelopes have a stylized image of a heart, and domestic cats have a slit-shaped or fusiform pupil.
2. The mystery of how animals' eyes glow in the dark is not that complicated. The fact is that the inner surface of the eyes of cats, dogs and wolves has a reflective mirror layer - tapetum. It is not solid, but consists of small silvery crystals that collect weak rays from stars, the moon and other distant light sources. The reflected light varies in strength and color. It all depends on the shape, size and angle of rotation of the crystals.
3. Rodents' teeth are amazingly strong. Rats and mice chew through lead insulation and concrete, and one porcupine chewed a hole in a glass bottle.
4. The strong-skeletal shrew lives in Africa. The axial part of her skeleton is an interweaving of bone “reinforcement”, reminiscent of openwork metal structures. These animals are not in danger of being crushed, even if an elephant steps on their hole. The shrew itself, measuring no more than 10-12 cm, can withstand a load equal to the average weight of an adult.
5. Common vampire bats, or desmodes, found in South America, feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals. The vampire sits on a sleeping cow, horse or person so that the victim does not even feel it. With razor-sharp teeth, the vampire cuts off small pieces of skin until blood flows (a substance contained in the vampire's saliva prevents blood from clotting), folds his tongue into a groove and laps it up at high speed. In a year, one desmodus can drink up to 12 liters of blood.

• Type: Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Hatschek, 1888 = Coelenterates, cnidarians
• Subphylum: Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834 = Corals, coral polyps, non-jellyfish
• Class: Hexacorallia = Six-rayed corals
• Class: Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866 = Eight-rayed corals
• Subphylum: Medusozoa = Jellyfish-producing
• Class: Cubozoa = Box jellyfish
• Class: Siphonophora = Siphonophora
• Class: Scyphozoa Götte, 1887 = Scyphozoa
• Class: Hydrozoa Owen, 1843 = Hydrozoa, hydroids (Hydra)

Type: Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Hatschek, 1888 = Coelenterates, cnidarians

The world of coelenterates are amazing living creatures with a complex body structure and well-controlled behavior. life forms, but in fact it is capable of exhibiting complex nutritional, protective and many other reactions.

Coelenterates have organs of vision and balance, and are able to respond to environmental factors such as light, heat, mechanical, chemical and other influences. In this case, for example, in sea anemones, each part of the body is characterized by a reaction to a certain type of external influence. With her mouth she perceives chemical irritation without feeling mechanical impact, to which, however, the sole is sensitive. And the body walls and tentacles of the sea anemone respond to mechanical, chemical, and electrical influences. Thanks to a variety of devices and living “instruments”, these living beings are able to respond to these external signals with an adequate response and carry out purposeful movements. Let's look at some examples.

"Device" for predicting storms

The jellyfish is known for its ability to sense the approach of a storm in advance using a device to detect infrasounds. These acoustic shocks with a frequency of 8-13 hertz are created by the pre-storm wind when the water slams on the crest of a wave. In humans, such infrasounds cause nervous tension. And they signal to the jellyfish’s body twenty hours before the storm begins that it is approaching. Thanks not only to the so-called “infraear”, but also to the signal recognition system, the jellyfish leaves the danger zone in time. Otherwise, its gelatinous body may be broken by storm waves on rocks or washed ashore.

The structure of the living “device” of the jellyfish interested bionics. Its bell-shaped body is equipped with eyes, balance organs, as well as auditory cones the size of a pinhead - the “ear” of the jellyfish. Its bell, like a megaphone, amplifies the infrasound that occurs before bad weather. Then it is transmitted to the auditory cones of the jellyfish, and she hears the echoes of a storm located hundreds of kilometers away. Based on the principle of operation of such a magnificent device as the “infraear” of a jellyfish, bionics have created an automatic device - a storm predictor. It avoids many dire consequences storms, because warns about it 15 hours in advance, and a traditional barometer only two hours in advance.

The biological clock"

The life activity of many living beings is cyclical and is triggered by certain key stimuli. One of the most important cycles is the alternation of day and night. Other cycles are associated with the changing seasons, ebbs and flows. Moreover, this is not only a direct reaction to changes in external conditions. Such biological rhythms are also realized in artificial conditions due to the presence of internal “ biological clock" They involve the most complex multifunctional structures and mechanisms: systems for analyzing the situation in the external and internal environment of the body; mechanisms of inclusion of certain nervous and other components; regulators of periodically manifested behavioral acts and much more.

Scientists still do not know where such “clocks” are located, with which organs, elements of the cell and organism they are connected, what is the nature of the processes occurring in them, what underlies their “course” - physical or chemical changes. And, despite the complexity of such systems, the “primitive” organism of the coelenterates has a very accurate biological “clock”. Thus, sea anemone equina is able to determine the time of high and low tide with an accuracy of several minutes. Experiments in the aquarium made it possible to establish that the sea anemone blooms during high tide, opening its tentacles, and contracts them at low tide not only natural conditions. She retains this ability in a special aquarium. This rhythm in an artificial environment is very stable and persists for several days after the start of the experiment.

Ability to carry out coordinated movements

Some representatives of the coelenterates are sedentary attached animals. Others can change body shape and move thanks to coordination systems that allow targeted contractions and relaxations of specific muscle cells.

Coelenterates, like sponges, first appeared on earth more than 500 million years ago. They have multicellular organisms and a wide variety of forms. Coelenterates include sea anemones, jellyfish and corals.

general characteristics

The body of coelenterates has the shape of a sac with a hole, which is surrounded by tentacles. They can face up like polyps or down like jellyfish. Coelenterates and sponges have a radially symmetrical body, that is, body parts are located around a central axis.

Nutrition

The internal cavity in the body of coelenterates communicates with the surface through a single opening, which serves for the intake of food and the release of undigested residues. Around the hole there are tentacles that capture, paralyze and pull prey inside.

Habitat

Coelenterates live in warm tropical seas; Some of them lead a sedentary lifestyle, others are free-swimming. Thus, hydroids can be both stationary (polyps) and floating (jellyfish); The scyphoid class consists only of jellyfish, and the class of coral polyps includes only motionless forms - polyps living separately or in colonies. Coelenterates are multicellular organisms characterized by a simple structure and radial symmetry. This structure is very convenient for animals that are not able to move freely: both food and enemies can appear from anywhere, so it is important to be prepared for attack or defense from any side.

The body of all coelenterates consists of one internal cavity, communicating with the surface through an opening - the mouth, the walls of which perform respiratory functions, serve for the intake of food and the removal of processed products.

The mouth is surrounded by tentacles containing nettle, or stinging, cells. When a small animal touches one of them, a tubular fiber containing a poisonous liquid is thrown out. Hundreds of such threads dig into the victim, and the tentacles pull it, paralyzed, into the oral cavity. Thus, coelenterates are predators; their prey is small fish and crustaceans. Due to the specificity of their body structure, coelenterates are well camouflaged at the bottom and become a sudden trap for their victims.

The type of structure of coelenterates (there are two main types - polyps and jellyfish) can change during the development of the animal: the larva can be motionless, in the form of a polyp, and the adult can be mobile, like a jellyfish; and vice versa, the larva is mobile, and the adult animal is a stationary polyp, like corals.

The body walls of coelenterates consist of two rows of cells: one external, called ectoderm, and the other internal, called endoderm. Between two rows of cells there is a jelly-like layer with big amount water.

The ectoderm consists of elongated muscle cells, and the endoderm is round. The shooting motion characteristic of jellyfish is achieved by the activity of these two rows of cells, which stretch and contract. Such movements allow the jellyfish to move forward: compression pushes the water out from under the umbrella, and the jellyfish receives a jet push, like a rocket.

The remaining cells have transformed into nerve cells and envelop the surface of the body with a mesh, giving the jellyfish sensory organs.

Coelenterates are divided into three large classes: hydroid, scyphoid and coral polyps.

There are 2,700 hydroid species; They are small in size, reproduce only by budding and come in two forms - polyps and jellyfish. They live isolated, like hydras, or in colonies, like hydrants.

The scyphoid class includes jellyfish of bright colors with large umbrellas; they live only in isolation. There are about 250 species of scyphoids: the largest representative of this class is the Arctic cyanea, whose umbrella is more than 2 m in diameter.

Coral polyps are the class of coelenterates with the largest number of species - 6500 species. They are found only in the form of polyps, can be solitary, like sea anemones or sea anemones, but more often live in colonies, like corals and madrepores.

The most popular of the coral polyps, red coral, has been known since ancient times in China and Japan; in Europe it began to be widely used for making jewelry even before our era. For the inhabitants of Tibet in the 13th century BC, red coral was a bargaining chip. In addition, back in late XIX centuries, various healing properties were attributed to corals: coral powder was considered a panacea for many diseases.

Kinds

Noble, or red, coral is found mainly in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth of 20 to 200 m in colonies 10-14 cm high. Other representatives of this species, living in the Sea of ​​Japan, reach 1 m in height and weigh about 40 kg.

For thousands of years, noble coral has been used to make small decorative items and jewelry. It is even found in burials of the 4th century BC.

The part of the coral visible to us is an external skeleton, very hard and fragile, formed by small polyps. They form branched colonies that resemble small trees, especially when they move their tentacles, similar to the corollas of flowers.

Hydra lives in fresh water. Due to its six thin tentacles, which are six times longer than the size of the hydra itself, it closely resembles algae. Looking at her, it is difficult to imagine that this innocent animal was identified in Greek mythology with a monstrous snake with nine heads that grew back every time they were cut off.

The structure of the jellyfish is interesting because this animal is 95% composed of water, and organic matter makes up only 5% of the total mass. If you throw a large jellyfish onto land, it will completely “melt”, and after a few hours there will be nothing left on the sand except a small wet spot.

Xenia is a very beautiful coral, like a tree, sparkling with its feathered tentacles.

The sea pen, unlike its coral relatives, has a soft and flexible external skeleton, which makes it look elegant goose feather. It emits a bright blue-green color, which is why it got Latin nameРennatula phosphorea, translated into Russian meaning “phosphorus”.

The verrucoso anemone is a medium-sized anemone (about 3 cm) with a characteristic knobby leg. In case of danger, she hides her tentacles in her mouth and becomes like a hard ball.

Gorgonaria unicella cavolinii is a very rare coral found in the Mediterranean Sea. It lives in large colonies, and its branched “crown” reaches 70 cm in length. Unfortunately, the beauty of this coral attracts the attention of poachers.

In the Mediterranean Sea you can find Caryophylla clava, an isolated madrepora with a thin transparent body.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Amazing coelenterate animals Performed by Olga Vasilievna Smolkovskaya, teacher of gymnasium No. 73 “Lomonosov Gymnasium”

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a brief description of coelenterate animals Live in the aquatic environment (mainly in the seas and oceans) The body is sac-like, formed by two layers of cells: the outer - ectoderm, and the inner - endoderm, between which there is a structureless substance - mesoglea. Inside there is a cavity with a mouth. The symmetry of the body is radial. Two life forms are characteristic: sessile polyp, and floating - jellyfish, they can alternate in the life cycle of the same species, but some groups do not have a medusoid generation or have lost the life form of a polyp Most species are solitary, but there are also colonial forms, all predators Characterized by the presence of stinging cells, which contain a capsule with a toxic liquid; Inside the capsule, in the form of a spiral, there is a stinging thread, and on the surface there is a sensitive hair. When irritated, the stinging thread is thrown out. The function of these cells is defense and attack. Very ancient animals

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Systematics About 9 thousand species are known, classes are divided into Class Hydroids 2800 species Class Scyphoid jellyfish 200 species Class Coral polyps 6000 species

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The largest coelenterate animal, the Arctic giant cyanea jellyfish, lives in the northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean; one such jellyfish, which was washed ashore in Massachusetts Bay, had a bell diameter of 2.28 m and tentacles 36.5 m long. This is the longest animal on Earth; during its life, such a jellyfish eats approximately 15 thousand fish. This jellyfish is not dangerous to humans, but the rash and allergic reactions unpleasant. Arctic cyanea

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The largest coral reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world, and can be seen from space. Stretches along the northeast coast of Australia for 2500 km. The range contains more than 2,500 individual coral reefs and 900 islands in the Coral Sea. The structure of the reef is built from billions of tiny organisms - coral polyps, usually during the day the corals shrink, and at night they spread out their tentacles, with the help of which they catch small animals. There is no jellyfish stage; individual polyps resemble a hydra, but are more complex. Reproduction: sexual and asexual ways (budding) After death, the polyp leaves its calcareous skeleton, many skeletons form a coral reef. Reef inhabitants - 400 species of corals (various colors), 1500 species tropical fish, a huge number of other organisms.

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Corals Coral is the skeletal material of a colony of coral polyps. Over 3,500 species of corals are known, with up to 350 shades. The “growth” of corals in favorable conditions is no more than 1 cm per year, the average reef takes centuries to form, and an island takes millennia. Composition of corals: calcium carbonate, admixtures of magnesium carbonate and a small amount of iron oxide, about one percent organic matter. Indian black coral is composed almost entirely of organic matter. Corals are used to produce lime, some for making jewelry. Black (“Akkabar”), white and silver-pearl (“angel skin”) are prized. The most popular red noble coral, iron oxide, gives it different shades of red, it lives in the Mediterranean Sea, near the Canary Islands at a depth of more than 20 meters. Black coral is mined in China and India. The cost of natural corals is high, so there are many fakes. In Egypt and Thailand, the export of corals is prohibited by law; in Egypt, a fine of $1,000 is imposed for this. Red and black corals and jewelry of them

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The smallest coelenterates Some of the smallest coelenterates are polyps on colonies of hydroids; their size barely reaches 1 mm. This is a complex of individuals sitting, as it were, on a common trunk and its side branches, they look like a tree, a bush, on the branches there are individual individuals of the colony - hydroids, each individual resembles a hydra. They attach to the rocky bottom or to various underwater objects, usually grow quickly; a bush 5-7 cm high can grow in a month.

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The smallest jellyfish are Jellyfish of the Irukandji group (named after the Australian Irukandji tribe), their size is 1.2 - 2.5 cm in diameter. Milky white in color, they have four thin tentacles ranging from a few millimeters to 1 meter in length. Very poisonous, their venom has multiple paralytic effects - Irukandji syndrome, which can be fatal to humans. Most often found off the coast of Australia. Jellyfish are more accurate than a barometer. A strong wind over the sea tears not only spray and foam from the crests, but also infrasounds. They quickly run in all directions and warn all the inhabitants of the sea who hear them about the approaching storm. And the jellyfish hears it: sound infrawaves with a frequency of 8 - 13 hertz hit tiny pebbles that float in the “ear” of the jellyfish - a tiny ball on a thin stalk. The pebbles rub against the nerve receptors in the walls of the “ball”, and the jellyfish hears the roar of the approaching storm, sinks to the bottom so as not to die. The “jellyfish ear” device has already been designed. The device works with great accuracy: it warns about the approach of a storm 15 hours in advance (1965) Irukandji jellyfish - Carukia barnesi

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Edible jellyfish There are approximately 12 species of edible jellyfish in the world. The most expensive and delicious ropilema is edible, the diameter of the umbrella is 50-60 cm, and it is not dangerous for humans (it burns like a nettle). Lives in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The aurelia jellyfish is also edible, the most delicious is the eared aurelia (it was so named because of the 4 blades that hang from under the dome like hare ears), lives in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, the diameter of the umbrella is 5-40 cm. It is not dangerous for humans after contact with it, a slight burning sensation is felt. Only females are used since there are few males. The Chinese call jellyfish food “crystal meat”, its main quality is crunchiness, and the head crunches the most; in China only wealthy people eat it. Jellyfish is a delicacy among the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. Ropilema edible Aurelia eared

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A jellyfish that throws off tentacles. Colobonema (Colobonema sericeum) - this jellyfish throws off tentacles, and it has 32 of them, the same thing happens to a lizard when it is grabbed by the tail. These jellyfish live at a depth of 500–1500 meters and rarely have a full set of tentacles. Kolobonema in in full force can only be seen on the surface of the ocean. This is a small jellyfish, the diameter of its dome is approximately 5 cm. Sessile jellyfish. Staurojellyfish, a group of sessile jellyfish, are radically different in structure from free-swimming species. About 30 species are known, 12 species live in Russian seas. The body is like a bowl on a long leg (the leg is attached to the ground or algae). At the end of each “arm” there is a bunch of short tentacles similar to a dandelion. The sizes are usually 1-3cm, and lucenaria up to 15cm. If necessary, they can move as if turning over, taking several steps per day. Their behavior and movement are reminiscent of hydra, predators. Benthic sessile jellyfish Cassiopeia Sessile jellyfish Lucenaria Colobonema

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The most dangerous coelenterate animal The most poisonous jellyfish in the world is the Australian sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri). The dome is about 12 cm long, almost invisible in the water. It lives off the coast of Australia, the Pacific and Indian Oceans. After touching her tentacles, a person dies in 1-3 minutes, if there is no medical help, the poison paralyzes the heart muscle, just touching her tentacles, the supply of poison in her stinging cells is enough to kill 250 people. The protective equipment is women's tights, which were used by lifeguards at surfing competitions in Queensland, Australia.

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Poisonous coelenterates Far Eastern cross jellyfish (Gonionemus vertens) Named for the pattern on the dome in the form of a cross. The diameter of its dome is 2-3 cm, rarely 4 cm, has 50 - 80 tentacles, feeds on small crustaceans near the shore overgrown with vegetation. After 10 min. after its “burn,” a person experiences general weakness, pain in the lower back and joints, breathing becomes difficult, arms and legs go numb, and there is a danger of drowning. The acute period lasts 4-5 days, then these phenomena decline and disappear without consequences.

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Poisonous coelenterates False fire corals (Millepora) - are not classified as corals - they are hydroid polyps, live in the Red and Caribbean Seas, settle among real corals, up to 5 meters long. There are two types of polyps living in a colony. Inside they are responsible for reproduction and digestion of food, and outside they are the most dangerous in this family, they catch prey, protect the coral, and sting anyone who touches them. They can seriously injure the skin if touched. Often after burns, long-lasting ulcers form. They look like branchy trees, but don't break off a piece as a souvenir; around the world, about 1,500 people suffer from their burns.

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Unusual coelenterates Portuguese man of war(Portuguese man-of-war), or physalia (Order Siphonophora) This is a type of colonial hydroid of complex structure, a huge floating colony of polyps and jellyfish, numbering several hundred individuals, each performs some function, some obtain food, others digest it, others protect the colony from enemies , but outwardly it looks like one organism. The body is 9 - 35 cm long, rises about 15 cm above the water, drifts into the sea, lives for several months. Tentacles up to 30 meters long blend in color with the water, are almost invisible and very dangerous. The venom of physalia is dangerous for humans, similar to the venom of a cobra; physalia washed ashore retain the ability to sting; tentacles that have been in the refrigerator for six years have retained their toxic properties. The most poisonous varieties of physalia live in the Indian and Pacific Oceans; their poison is deadly to humans. The ship got its name back in the 15th century in honor of the flotilla of Henry the Navigator.

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Unusual coelenterates Porpita and Velell - these animals, like the physalia, are called swallowtails, but belong to the order Chondrophora - these are floating colonies found in warm seas. Porpita ("blue button") consists of a float and a hydroid colony and is often mistaken for jellyfish, but is a hydroid colony. The goads of the porpyra are not as powerful as those of the physalia; the mouth is located under the float, used for eating (zooplankton, organic remains) and for removing food waste. Velella lives in the open sea and is up to 12cm long. along the long axis of the disk. Velella has a high triangular outgrowth - a sail, with its help it moves, 8 or more tentacles. Velellas often gather in huge flocks. The planus crab “travels” on it and takes food and finds protection from enemies. Predatory gastropod Yantina attaches to the lower part of the velella and eats away at its tissue until it dies. Many organisms use velella as a "raft" and food. Porpita Velella

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Unusual coelenterates. Is this a plant or an animal? Order Anemones or Sea Flowers - Anemones (Actiniaria) - class Coral Polyps. About 1000 species of sea anemones are known. Until the end of the 19th century, sea anemones were classified as plants; they look like beautiful flowers of the sea. The body ranges in diameter from a few millimeters to 1.5 meters; unlike corals, they lack a mineral skeleton; they often live alone rather than in colonies. At the top of the sea anemone is a mouth, the lower end is a “sole” - for attaching to underwater objects, tentacles for catching prey, if disturbed, the tentacles retract into themselves. Coloration is very variable depending on distribution. Capable of moving very slowly along the bottom short distances. They are more common in warm waters, although they are found everywhere. The magnificent carpet anemone differs from other species in its size, its diameter is up to 1 meter (a type of grass barrel) It lives in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. It is a predator, like all sea anemones, and can cause serious burns to humans. Magnificent carpet anemone (Heteractis magnifica) Beautiful anemones - flowers of the sea

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Symbiosis of sea anemones with other organisms Sea anemones can enter into relationships with hermit crabs, fish (for example, clown fish), crabs, mollusks and other animals. Clown fish are covered with a mucous membrane that protects them from the poison of the anemone tentacles. For them, sea anemone is a reliable shelter from large predatory fish, in turn, the fish eat among the tentacles and pieces of food fall into the sea anemone, and the fish drive air between the tentacles with their fins, improving the gas exchange of the sea anemone, thus there is a benefit for both organisms. The hermit crab, discovering an anemone, transfers it to its shell, the crab provides the anemone with leftover food and transports it from place to place, and the sea anemone’s burning tentacles repel the attack of predators. Anemone and fish - clown Anemone and crab - hermit

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Interesting things about hydra. Why is hydra called hydra? Hydra symbionts. The Hydra has an amazing regenerative ability, which is how it got its name, by analogy with the mythical Lernaean Hydra, which restored its head every time it was cut off. You can decapitate the hydra and the mouth cone with tentacles will form anew. If you cut a hydra lengthwise into two halves, the whole hydra will be restored, etc. It is interesting that pieces of the hydra’s body, rubbed through muslin and then merged into a single mass, turn out to be capable of regeneration. In the reservoirs of Russia there are 4 species of hydra, similar to each other, the body length is usually 1-20 mm. In the so-called green hydra Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima, symbiotic algae of the genus Chlorella - zoochlorella - live in the cells of the endoderm. In the light, such hydras can live for more than four months without food.

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LUMINOUS CELENTARITIES Luminous coelenterates are very diverse. The Crossota and Pantachogon jellyfish have many long tentacles on the edge of the umbrella and swim in short, quick bursts. The Meator jellyfish has lost its medusoid shape and looks like a transparent ball with a dark core. Lives at a depth of 1 to 6 km, in darkness and cold. The luminous phosphoric jellyfish Olindias phosphorica is very beautiful. It belongs to the Hydroid class; it is a rare animal, like a shining umbrella. It lives off the coast of Japan, Argentina, and Brazil. The length of the umbrella is 15 cm in diameter, it feeds on small fish and plankton. In humans, contact with it causes mild skin irritation. Most deep-sea jellyfish are red or brown in color, thanks to the special pigment luciferin; the oxidation of this fat-like substance by the enzyme luciferase is accompanied by luminescence. Phosphoric olindias - a miracle of nature Pantahogon

And coral polyps belong to type of coelenterates. They are also called stinging- for stinging cells located in the tentacles and other parts of the body. Animals use stinging cells to catch, immobilize and kill victims; the burns of some are very painful for people, and several species of coelenterates are even capable of fishing for humans. The name coelenterates reflects the threefold structure of their body - they resemble an empty bag, inner part which is occupied by the digestive cavity. Most of these creatures live in the sea and only a few species have adapted to life in fresh water. There are no land coelenterates.

The digestive cavity of jellyfish and other coelenterates has a single opening - this is both the mouth and the outlet for undigested residues. It is usually surrounded by long and thin tentacles, the number of which can exceed a hundred. On the outside, their surface is strewn with stinging cells.
If we look at a jellyfish from below, we will see swaying tentacles, or oral lobes, that immobilize the prey and pull it towards the mouth.
Purple-striped jellyfish are quite difficult to spot in the murky sea waters where they drift like ghosts.

Most coelenterates have a soft, transparent, quivering body containing a large sac-like digestive cavity. The body of an animal is formed by two layers of cells and a jelly-like substance between them. Some species, such as corals, build strong cup-shaped protective shells around themselves. Jellyfish have a particularly thick layer of jelly-like substance.
BODY SHAPE. In the group of coelenterates, there are two main life forms: jellyfish and polyp. Some coelenterates spend their entire lives in one form. For example, hydra and sea anemones always live in the form of polyps. But many coelenterates begin life as a polyp and then turn into jellyfish - or vice versa.

POLYP. A typical polyp has a soft, cylindrical shape. The elongated lower part of the body serves to attach the animal to stones, algae and other objects. At the top of the polyp there is a mouth surrounded by a ring of hunting stinging tentacles directed upward. Sea anemones and corals spend their entire lives in the form of polyps; they do not have the jellyfish stage.

JELLYFISH. The typical one resembles a polyp turned upside down. Her body looks like an umbrella or a bell, from behind the edge of which tentacles pointing downwards peek out. The mouth is located in the center on the underside of the body. Usually the jellyfish swims in the water column, and the polyp sits and slowly crawls at the bottom. Jellyfish spend all or most of their lives drifting in the oceans.

PALE OR BRIGHT. Some jellyfish, sea anemones and corals are pale or milky in color, especially in cold waters. At the same time, tropical species are often painted in bright shades of pink, red, yellow and orange color.
At low tide, sea anemones appear as dull patches of jelly on the exposed rocky seabed. But with the onset of tide, they spread their soft tentacles, similar to the corollas of flowers. For this they are called “sea anemones”. But of course sea anemones are animals. Like all coelenterates, sea anemones look harmless, but in fact they are merciless predators.

Coelenterates:
- about 10,000 species
- mainly marine inhabitants, there are a few freshwater species
- have a round body shape
- mouth surrounded by tentacles
- most are soft-bodied, but some (corals) form strong, hard protective shells or skeletons
- the stinging cells of some representatives contain poison dangerous to humans

The type is divided into three classes:
1. Hydroid
– about 3500 species
– marine and freshwater (hydra)
– in the life cycle the stages of polyp and jellyfish usually alternate; there are colonial forms.

2. Coral polyps (including sea anemones)
– about 6000 species
– only sea
– live only in the form of polyps

3. Scyphoid (jellyfish)