“Life of the royal family in the 17th century. Home life of Russian tsars Home life of Russian tsars xvi xvii centuries
In the 17th century, after long troubles and frequent changes of rulers, the institution of an autocratic monarchy was legally consolidated in the Russian state. The Zemsky Sobor of 1648-1649 determined the principles of protecting the life and health of the sovereign and his family, household regulations and order in the palace.
Despite the extraordinary splendor and wealth of the court, the abundance of servants and courtiers, the life of the autocrat and his household was subject to special regulations. All this was intended to emphasize the special position of the "Sovereign", standing unattainably high above the common people, the army and the boyars.
Palace device
The magnificent palaces of the rulers of Russia in the 17th century were nevertheless inferior in elegance and luxury to the residences of the kings of France, England or pompous Spain. However, the decoration of the royal choir (in those days they were called attire), was distinguished by its originality and intricacy.
In the middle of the 17th century, the traditional carving in the form of regular geometric shapes was replaced by curly "German" carving, which was additionally painted and gilded for beauty. The mansions of the Kolomna Palace and the Stone Tower were decorated in this style, the external decorations of which were restored and improved several times.
To preserve heat, the windows were sealed with thin plates of mica, and intricate carved shutters protected them from wind and bad weather. The floors were covered with thick oak planks, over which Indian and Persian carpets were laid. The walls and ceilings of the royal reception chambers were richly painted with scenes from the lives of saints and saints, the so-called "life letter".
In addition to ornate wood and stone carvings, the chambers of the royal palaces were richly decorated with expensive fabrics: broadcloth on ordinary days and gold or silk linens during holidays or for receiving foreign ambassadors.
The most common furniture in the mansions of the Russian tsar were carved benches, which were located along the walls. Under them were set up mines with locks, similar to small drawers.
An ordinary day of the Russian tsar
Despite the abundance of luxurious details in everyday objects and clothes, the life of the rulers of the 17th century was distinguished by moderation and simplicity. The day began early, in order to be in time for the morning prayer of the Cross, the king got up at 4 o'clock in the morning. The sleeping bags and bedclothes that served him gave him a dress, helped him wash and get dressed.
After matins and a modest breakfast, the king occupied himself with current affairs. Closer to evening, the Duma usually met and the process of resolving state issues continued. The tsars preferred to spend time after lunch and before evening prayer with their families.
On everyday days, ordinary dishes were served at the table, not distinguished by special sophistication. Rye bread, meat or fish dishes, a little wine or cinnamon mash were used. Considering the deep and sincere faith of the sovereign and his family members, during the fast they served only quick food and clean water. On the order of the king, many prepared dishes were sent to the close boyars and servants, this was considered a sign of the highest mercy.
In the Faceted and Amusing Chambers, even under the sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, organs were installed, the sound of which attracted both the courtiers and the household of the king. And towards the end of the 17th century, theatrical performances came into vogue. The first performances based on biblical subjects took place in 1672 in front of the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The new trend quickly caught on, and soon new ballets and dramas were staged in front of the courtyard every few months.
FGBO UVPO
PERM STATE ACADEMY OF ART AND CULTURE
Coursework on NHC
Household life of Russian tsars and people in the 16-17 centuries
Completed:
student of the group "RTK-12-1"
Alekseev P.G.
Supervisor:
Dudoladova M.M.,
teacher, graduate student.
Introduction3
1. Household life of Russian tsars 4
1.1. Tsar's yard or palace 4
1.2. Normal day 7
1.3 Day off 9
1.4 Christmas 11
2. Life of the Russian people 12
2.1 Life 16-17 century 12
2.2 Holidays 15
2.3 Progress of the Russian people 16-17 centuries 16
2.4 Influence of the Church 17
2.5 Cultural Change 19
Conclusion 20
List of used literature 21
Appendix 22
Introduction
The purpose of my term paper: To consolidate and deepen theoretical knowledge in the field of everyday life of medieval Russia. In this work, I combine the story of the kings and the people for the ratio of the upper and middle strata of society and the influence on each other.
Tasks:
Study literature on the everyday life of Medieval Russia.
Based on the material read, reveal the features of the living space
Reveal the role of the sovereign, his duties and features of everyday life.
To reveal the peculiarities of the culture of the common people
Learn about the achievements of the Russian people
To study the influence of power on the culture and life of the Russian people
Norms of behavior, family foundations, norms of morality in the XVI-XVII centuries. associated with such a concept as - "domostroy". "Domostroy" is home economics, a collection of useful advice, teachings in the spirit of Christian morality. In family relationships, the homebuilder orders the head of the family to punish the children and wife in case of disobedience.
^ Relevance of the topic: I think this topic is very relevant. Apart from parents, any person should have a native history, native land, native language, native culture. But the most important of these roots is the native history.
Why is it so important today to know and study history? Because, without knowing the past, it is impossible to comprehend and understand the present, to look into the future. Only through history can one comprehend the spiritual world of the ancestors, understand its language and culture.
^ Chapter 1. Household life of the Russian tsars
1.1 Sovereign court or palace
The grand ducal mansions, both the oldest and built in times
kings can be seen as three distinct departments. First, the mansions
bed, in fact, residential, or, as they were called in the 17th century, rest. They were not extensive: three, sometimes four rooms, served as sufficient space for the sovereign. One of these rooms, usually the farthest, served as the king's chambers. A cross or prayer room was arranged next to it. Another, which had the meaning of a modern study, was called a room. And finally, the first was called the front and served as a reception. The front in the present concept served as a vestibule. Half of the princess, the mansions of the sovereign's children and relatives were set apart from the living ones by the sovereign's chorus and, with minor changes, went to the last in everything. In them, the sovereign, following the then customs, appeared only on solemn occasions. Spiritual and rural councils were held in them, festive and wedding tsars' tables were given. As for the name, they were known as canteens, upper rooms and tumblers. To the third section belonged all the outbuildings, which were also called palaces. Known palaces equestrian, grain, fodder (it is brewed), bread, nourishing, etc. As for the grand ducal treasury, which usually consisted of gold and silver vessels, precious furs, expensive materials and similar items, the grand duke, following a very ancient custom, kept this treasury in the basements or basements of stone churches. So, for example, the cloth of Ivan the Terrible was kept in the church of St. Lazarus, and his wife, Grand Duchess Sophia Fominichna - under the Church of St. John the Forerunner at the Borovitsky Gate.
In terms of appearance, the palace at the end of the 17th century represented
an extremely variegated mass of buildings of the most varied sizes, scattered without any symmetry, so that in a specific sense the palace did not have a facade. The buildings crowded against each other, towered one above the other and further increased the total diversity with their various roofs in videotapes, ricks, barrels, with slotted gilded combs and gilded stones at the top, with patterned pipes made of tiles. In other places, towers and turrets with eagles, unicorns, lions, instead of wind vane towered.
Now let's go inside in chorus. Everything that served as an ornament inside the mansion was a necessary part of them, was called an outfit. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. The mansion was also called carpentry, that is, they cut off the walls, sheathed ceilings and walls with red planks, made benches, taxes, etc. This simple carpentry outfit gained a special beauty when the rooms were cleaned with carpentry. The marquee outfit consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings.
There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Visly - wood carving with a number of hinged parts. Mica - decoration with mica with shear ornaments made of tin. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was laid with planks, sometimes paved with oak bricks. Now let's move on to furnishing the rooms. The main rooms of the royal half were: Antechamber, Room (study), Cross, Bedchamber and Mylenka. I would like to stop my gaze on the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration at that time. So, the bedchamber. The main subject of decoration of the bed room was the bed (bed) The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of this word, i.e. it served as a carpet and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The curtains were trimmed with fringes. In addition to curtains, dungeons (a kind of drapery) were hung at the heads and legs of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, people, animals and various strange herbs and flowers were depicted on them. When in the 17th century. the fashion for German figure carving went, the beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns, crowned tents, gzimz (cornices), sprengels, apples and
bulbs (kind of ball). All carvings, as usual, were gilded, silver, painted with paint.
Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed belongs to a later time, the idea, in general, is reflected.
Prices for royal beds ranged from 200r. up to 2 rubles. Two rubles cost
a folding camp bed, trimmed with red cloth - an analogue of a folding bed. The most expensive and richest bed in Moscow in the seventeenth century cost 2800r. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Persian shah. The bed was adorned with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother-of-pearl. If the beds were so richly arranged, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. Moreover, for special occasions (weddings, christenings, childbirth, etc.) there was a bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, upstairs (a long pillow in the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, a carpet was laid under the bed. There were blocks attached to the bed; they are needed in order to climb onto the carpet. Moreover, the made beds were so high that it was difficult to climb onto the bed without these pads.
Many have the idea that the bedchambers of those times were
hung with icons. This is not the case, the cross rooms were served for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a worship cross.
^ Ordinary day
The day of the sovereign began in the room or room of the palace. A
more specifically, earlier the morning found the sovereign in Krestovaya, with rich
decorated with an iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were already lit before the appearance of the sovereign. The Tsar usually got up at four o'clock in the morning, and the bedman handed him a dress. After washing in Mylenka, the sovereign immediately went to Krestovaya, where the confessors were waiting for him. The priest blessed the sovereign with the cross, the morning prayer began. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after hearing the final spiritual word read by the clerk, the sovereign sent a particularly trusted person to the empress to inform her about her health, find out how she rested ?, then he went out to recover. After that, they listened to the morning service together. Meanwhile, in Perednyaya there were going to be roundabouts, Duma members, boyars, people close to them.
to the sovereign. " Having greeted the boyars, talk about business, the sovereign in
accompanied by the courtiers, he marched at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to the late Mass. The dinner lasted two hours. After impoverishing the Room, the tsar listened on ordinary days to reports and petitions and was busy with current affairs. After the boyars had left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table food, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the usual one. But even the dinner table could not be compared in any way with the sovereign's table during the post. One could only be surprised at the piety and asceticism in the observance of fasts by the sovereigns. For example, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times during Lent, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on the rest of the days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a salted mushroom or cucumber and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Great Fast. Even when there was no fasting, he did not eat meat on Mondays, Wednesdays.
and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the sovereign usually went to bed and rested until evening, about three o'clock. In the evening, the boyars and other ranks gathered again in the quarters, accompanied by the king for Vespers. Sometimes after Vespers, cases were also heard or the Duma gathered. But most often the time after Vespers until the evening meal was spent by the tsar with his family. The king read, listened to the Bahari (storytellers of fairy tales and songs), played. Chess was one of the favorite pastimes of the kings. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that there were special chess masters at the Armory.
In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At
In the courtyard, there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all sorts of amusements amused the royal family. Among these amusers were buffoons, guselniks, housekeepers. It is known that at the court state there were fools-jesters - the king, fools-jokers, dwarfs and dwarfs - at the queen. In winter, especially on holidays, the king loved to watch the bear field, i.e. a battle between a hunter and a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the tsar often went on a falconry. Usually this fun
lasted the whole day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The Day of the Tsar usually ended in the Baptismal
evening prayer.
^ Day off
the weather allowed, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied by
boyars and other service and courtyard ranks. The splendor and wealth of the sovereign's weekend clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the outlet was made, as well as to the state of the weather that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk forest and in a golden hat with a fur ring, in the winter - in a fur coat and a fox hat, in the fall and, in general, in inclement weather - in a uniform cloth. In his hands there was always a unicorn or Indian staff made of black wood. During great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Resurrection, Assumption and some others, the sovereign was denounced in a royal outfit, which belonged to: a royal dress, a royal caftan, a royal hat or crown, a diadem, a thimble cross and a band, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal rod. All this
shone with gold, silver, precious stones. The shoes worn by the sovereign at this time were also richly engraved with pearls and adorned with stones. The severity of this outfit was undoubtedly very significant, and therefore in such ceremonies the sovereign was always supported by the lords, and sometimes by the close boyars. Here is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an exit: “After leaving the ambassadors, the sovereign was going to mass. Passing the halls and other palace chambers, he stepped down from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich silver gilded staff. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinue in the richest clothes. He walked among four young people who were thirty years old, strong and
tall: these were the sons of the noblest boyars. Two of them walked in front of him, and two others were behind, but at some distance and at an equal distance from him. All four were dressed the same: on their heads they had high hats made of white velvet with pearls and silver, padded and furred with round rat fur. Their clothes were of silvery fabric up to their feet, lined with ermines; on my feet were linen boots with horseshoes; each one carried a large ax on his shoulder, glittering with silver and gold. "
Christmas
went in the same order to praise Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then to all the members of the royal family, if they did not gather with the queen. After releasing the patriarch, the sovereign in the Golden or in the Dining Room was clothed in
the tsar's attire, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy,
changing the tsar's attire for an ordinary day dress, the emperor walked as a lead steward, where then a festive table was prepared in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. So this ended the festive celebration. On the day of Christmas, the king did not sit down at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663 on this holiday
964 people were fed on a large prison table.
Chapter 2. Life of the Russian people
^ 2.1 Life 16-17 centuries
For a long time, the Russian peoples had a large family that united relatives along straight and lateral lines. The distinctive features of a large peasant family were collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. The families of the urban population were smaller and, as a rule, consisted of two generations of parents and children. Families of feudal lords were usually small, so the son of a feudal lord, having reached the age of 15, had to serve the sovereign's service and could receive both his own separate local salary and the granted patrimony. This contributed to early marriages and the separation of independent small families.
With the introduction of Christianity, marriages began to be formalized through a church wedding ceremony. But the traditional Christian wedding ceremony was preserved in Russia for about six to seven centuries. Church rules did not stipulate any obstacles to marriage, except for one: the "demonic possession" of the bridegroom or bride. But in real life, the restrictions were quite strict, primarily in social terms, which were regulated by customs. The law did not formally prohibit the feudal lord from marrying a peasant woman, but in fact this happened very rarely, since the class of feudal lords was a closed corporation, where marriages were encouraged not just with persons of their circle, but with an equal. A free man could marry a serf, but he had to get permission from the master and pay a certain amount by agreement. Thus, both in ancient times and in the city, marriages could take place, basically, only within one class-estate.
The dissolution of the marriage was very difficult. Already in the early Middle Ages, divorce was permitted only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. The husband could divorce his wife in case of her infidelity, and it was equal to the infidelity to communicate with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse. In the late Middle Ages (from the 16th century), divorce was permitted with the condition that one of the spouses be tonsured as a monk.
The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only at the first marriage. The fourth marriage was strictly prohibited.
The newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in the cemetery.
The next rite - "tonsure" - was held a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godparent (godparents) cut a lock of hair from the child and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the man was named (later it became known as the "day of the angel"), and then the birthday. Tsar's name days were considered an official public holiday.
In the Middle Ages, the role of the head was extremely important. He represented the family as a whole in all its external functions. Only he had the right to vote at gatherings of residents, in the city veche. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He disposed of the property and destinies of each of its members. This even applied to the personal life of children whom he could marry or marry against his will. The church only condemned him if he drove them to suicide. The orders of the head of the family had to be carried out without question. He could apply any punishment, even physical. "Domostroy" - an encyclopedia of Russian life of the 16th century - directly indicated that the owner should beat his wife and children for educational purposes. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.
Inside the estate, family life was relatively closed for a long time. However, ordinary women - peasant women, townspeople - did not at all lead a reclusive lifestyle. Evidence from foreigners about the terem seclusion of Russian women refers, as a rule, to the life of the feudal nobility and eminent merchants. They were rarely even allowed to go to church.
Little information remains about the daily routine of people in the Middle Ages. The family's working day began early. Common people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. Production activities were interrupted at noon. After lunch, according to the old Russian habit, there was a long rest, sleep, then work began again until dinner. Together with the end of daylight hours, everyone went to sleep.
Social life included games and amusements - both military and peaceful, for example, the capture of a snow city, wrestling and fistfights, towns, leapfrog, etc. maps brought from the west. The favorite pastime of kings and nobility was hunting.
2.2. Holidays
With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays were to be devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals; working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor worked on holidays as well.
The relative seclusion of domestic life was diversified by receptions of guests, as well as by festive ceremonies, which were arranged mainly during church holidays. One of the main processions of the cross was arranged for Epiphany - January 6, Art. Art. On this day, the patriarch blessed the water of the Moscow River, and the population of the city performed the Jordani rite (ablution with holy water). Street performances were also held on holidays. Wandering artists, buffoons, are known even in Ancient Russia. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, songs, performances of buffoons included acrobatic numbers, competitions with predatory animals. The buffoonery troupe usually consisted of an organ-grinder, a gaer (acrobat), and a puppeteer.
Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - brothers. However, the conventional wisdom about the unrestrained drunkenness of Russians is clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 largest church holidays were the population allowed to brew beer, and the taverns were a state monopoly. The maintenance of private taverns was strictly persecuted.
^ 2.3. The progress of the Russian people in the 16-17 centuries
Not only the historical, but also the geographical knowledge of the people of the Middle Ages expanded. In connection with the complication of administrative management of the growing territory of the Russian state, the first geographical maps ("blueprints") began to be drawn up. This was also facilitated by the development of trade and diplomatic relations of Russia. Russian seafarers made a great contribution to geographical discoveries in the North. By the beginning of the 16th century, they had explored the White, Studenoye (Barents) and Kara seas, discovered many northern lands - the Bear Islands, Novaya Zemlya, and others. Russian Pomors were the first to penetrate the Arctic Ocean, created the first handwritten maps of the surveyed northern seas and islands. They were among the first to master the Northern Sea Route around the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Certain progress was observed in the field of technical and natural - scientific knowledge. Russian craftsmen learned to make rather complex mathematical calculations in the construction of buildings, they were familiar with the properties of the main building materials. When constructing buildings, blocks and other building mechanisms were used. For the extraction of brine solutions, deep drilling and laying of pipes were used, through which the liquid was distilled using a piston pump. In the military, casting of copper cannons was mastered, battering and throwing weapons became widespread.
^ 2.4. Influence of the Church
In the 17th century, the role of the church in influencing the culture and life of the Russian people increased. At the same time, state power penetrated more and more into the affairs of the church.
The purpose of the penetration of state power into church affairs was to serve the reform of the church. The tsar wanted to get the sanction of the church for state reforms and at the same time take measures to subjugate the church and limit its privileges and lands necessary to provide for the vigorously created noble army.
An all-Russian church reform was carried out at the Stoglav Cathedral, named after the collection of its decrees, which consisted of one hundred chapters (Stoglav).
In the foreground in the works of the Stoglava Cathedral, questions were brought forward within the church order, primarily those associated with the life and life of the lower clergy, with the administration of church services to them. The glaring vices of the clergy, the careless performance of church rituals, which, moreover, lacked any uniformity - all this caused a negative attitude among the people towards the ministers of the church, gave rise to free-thinking.
The sale of church positions, bribery, false denunciations, extortion became so widespread in church circles that the Stoglava Council was forced to adopt a number of decrees, somewhat limiting the arbitrariness of both the higher hierarchs in relation to the ordinary clergy, and the latter in relation to the laity. From now on, the duty from the churches was to be collected not by the foremen who abused their position, but by the zemstvo elders and ten's priests appointed in rural areas.
By its decisions, the Stoglavy Sobor tried to impose the stamp of ecclesiasticality on the entire life of the people. On pain of the tsarist and church punishment, it was forbidden to read the so-called "renounced" and heretical books, that is, books that then constituted almost all secular literature. The Church was instructed to interfere in the everyday life of people - to turn away from barbecuing, from chess, from playing musical instruments, etc., to persecute buffoons, these carriers of folk culture alien to the church.
^ 2.5. Cultural change
Printing was one of the greatest achievements of the 16th century. The first printing house appeared in Moscow in 1553, and soon books of church content were printed here. The earliest printed books include The Lenten Triode, published around 1553, and two Gospels, printed in the 1950s. 16th century.
In 1563. the organization of the "sovereign Printing House" was entrusted to Ivan Fedorov, an outstanding figure in the field of book printing in Russia. Together with his assistant Peter Mstislavets on March 1, 1564. he published the book "The Apostle", and the next year "The Hourly". We associate the name of Ivan Fedorov with the appearance in 1574. in Lviv of the first edition of the Russian Primer.
Under the influence of the church, such a peculiar work as "Domostroy" was created, the final edition of which belonged to Archpriest Sylvester. "Domostroy" is a code of morality and everyday rules intended for the wealthy strata of the urban population. It is permeated with sermons of humility and unquestioning obedience to the authorities, and in the family - obedience to the householder.
For the increased needs of the Russian state, literate people were needed. At the meeting convened in 1551. The Stoglava Cathedral raised the question of taking measures to spread education among the population. The clergy were offered to open schools for teaching children to read and write. Children were taught, as a rule, at monasteries. In addition, homeschooling was common among wealthy people.
The intense struggle with numerous external and internal enemies contributed to the emergence in Russia of an extensive historical literature with a central theme, which was the question of the growth and development of the Russian state. The most significant monuments of historical thought of the period under consideration were the annalistic vaults.
One of the major historical works of this time is the Facial (i.e., illustrated) annalistic collection: it consisted of 20 thousand pages and 10 thousand chalk beautifully executed miniatures, giving a visual representation of various aspects of Russian life.
In 1553-54, the Church of John the Baptist was built in the village of Dyakovo (not far from the village of Kolomenskoye), exceptional in terms of the originality of the decoration and architectural design.
Conclusion
The church greatly influenced the culture and life of the Russian people, therefore the state, for its own purposes, the implementation of reforms, more and more penetrated into the affairs of the church, which prescribed interference in the everyday life of people.
In the difficult conditions of the Middle Ages, culture nevertheless achieved great success in various fields. The first geographical maps are drawn up, and trade diplomatic ties are being developed. Russian craftsmen have learned to perform complex mathematical calculations in the construction of buildings. In the 16th century, typography appeared. Schools for teaching literacy were opened.
Thus, the life of a Russian person in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from limited to the production and socio-political spheres. Despite all the household chores and hardships of family life, the Russian people also had holidays, their own customs, time for rest and fun.
At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and all-inclusive television, and broad participation of the population in the political process bears little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 17th century. However, its foundations (civil service, traditions of family relations, house arrangement, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these fundamentals significantly expands the horizons of a modern person.
Bibliography
History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the 19th century. / G.Ya. Taratonenkov / M .: 1998.
The Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions and poetry / M. Zabylin / Simferopol .: 1992.
Zabelin / I.E. Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Appendix
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
Church book 16-17 century
Feryaz - outer swing clothes
Domestic life of Russian tsars in the Xvi and Xvii centuries. Book one Zabelin Ivan Egorovich
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER III
The value and honor of the sovereign's court. Arrival to the palace. Who used free admission. The prohibition to enter the palace for lesser ranks. Prohibition to enter with weapons and diseases. Violation of the honor of the sovereign's court by an unseemly word. The significance of the royal chambers in relation to various court rituals, ceremonial receptions and meetings, and in the domestic life of the sovereign; meaning: Faceted, Middle Golden, Tsaritsina's Golden, Dining Room, Memorial, Response, Sovereign's Room, or Upper Golden, and Front. The value of the porches. The bed porch is like a square or a gathering place for the nobility and servicemen in general. Cases of violation of the honor of the sovereign's court as a characteristic of courtier customs in the 17th century.
In ancient times, the grand ducal palaces, no doubt, did not have the same significance as in the 16th and 17th centuries the palace of the Moscow sovereigns belonged to. The people honored the prince's dwelling as a place where a public court was given, a common zemstvo truth, where the head of the squad, "the guardian of the Russian land", its main leader in battles with enemies lived. In ancient times, the princely court did not yet have much significance, because initially the very significance of the grand duke, as we said, was determined more feeding, polyud, that is, the right to certain zemstvo incomes, rather than political strength and power, as the autocrat of the land.
The last meaning was already given to the Moscow princes. In Moscow, the princely palace from a simple patrimonial estate is gradually becoming a consecrated and inaccessible dwelling of the great sovereign. Especially in the 16th century, when the doctrine of the royal dignity and the height of royal dignity spread and became firmly established not only practically, but even through scholarly information and literary interpretations and explanations; at this time, the imprint of unattainable greatness and reverent consecration was laid on everything surrounding the sovereign. Rus rearranged her customs, as people said at that time who were influenced by this revolution in the actions and significance of the Moscow sovereigns.
Under the influence of Byzantine ideas and customs, of which Sophia Palaeologus and the Greeks around her were a living representative, the Moscow sovereign not only fully realized his royal significance, accepting the title of tsar of all Russia, but also clothed this meaning in the corresponding royal forms ... A new structure of the court, the establishment of new court customs and ceremonial ranks, or rituals, in the likeness of customs and rituals of the Byzantine court, forever determined the high rank of the autocrat and alienated him to an immeasurable distance from the subject. All this, however, did not come suddenly, but gradually, with a vital consistency. So, for example, if you believe the testimony of Contarini, who came to Moscow to the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich in 1473, that is, only a year after the arrival of Sophia Palaeologus, the court ceremonies still bore the character of primitive simplicity, reminiscent of the ancient princely relationship. Contarini writes about his reception as follows: “Arriving at the palace some time before lunch (he says), I was introduced into a special room where the emperor was with Mark and his other secretary. He gave me a very affectionate welcome and, in the most friendly terms, instructed to assure our most luminous Republic (Venetian) of his sincere friendship, which he wishes to preserve for the future, and added to what he willingly lets me go to the fatherland and is ready to do more my benefit is all that I need mail for myself. When the Grand Duke spoke to me, I, out of courtesy, stepped back, but every time he came up to me and listened with particular gratitude to my answers and expressions of my gratitude. Thus, I spoke with him for over an hour ..."In 1488, led. book Ivan Vasilievich, receiving the Tsar's ambassador Nikolai Poppel, “talked to him about secret matters, in The embankment room, stepping back from the boyars. " Another embassy, Yurya Delator, in 1490, also ruled without much inaccessibility, considering, however, the reception that was given by Emperor Maximilian to our ambassador. “The Grand Duke got up, and asked him (the ambassador) about the queen’s health, and gave him his hand, standing, and ordered him to sit on the bench opposite him close…" Let's say it was great honor, as indicated in the modern note; but, in any case, we must note that under the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilievich, such ceremonies and all court rites were not yet clothed in those magnificent forms that they received later; that in general the magnificent, magnificent atmosphere of the tsar's dignity entered gradually and was finally established only with his grandson, behind whom even the tsar's dignity was even officially, by a council letter, approved.
The people, who believed in the high calling of the king, reverently honored all the signs of his greatness. The very palace of the sovereigns was guarded by a special honor, which, according to established concepts, was given to the royal residence. Breaking this honor, breaking honor of the sovereign's court It was even persecuted by a positive law: in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich there is a whole chapter "On the Tsar's Court, so that at the Tsar's Court there would be no outrage and abuse from anyone."
According to the customs of the old times, it was impossible to drive close not only to the royal porch, but in general to the palace. Only the highest dignitaries, boyars, okolnichy, Duma and close people enjoyed the right to get off their horses at a distance of several fathoms from the palace. According to Kotoshikhin, arriving at the palace on horseback or in carriages and sleighs, they dismounted and left the carriages, "before reaching the courtyard and not near the porch." They did not dare to go to the very porch, and even more so to the royal court. Ranks of lower ranks - stewards of lesser families, solicitors, nobles, tenants, clerks and clerks, dismounted far from the royal palace, usually on the square, between the Ivanovskaya bell tower and the Chudov monastery, and from there they already walked to the palace, no matter what the weather. Not all of the lower officials enjoyed the right to enter the Kremlin on horseback. By the Tsar's decree, 1654, it was only allowed to enter the Kremlin old head clerk and then no more than three people from each order; the rest, even those of primary importance, did not use this permission. But those who entered the Kremlin were also assigned to stop almost at the very gates and walk from here on foot. All other clerks and, in general, service and non-service junior ranks, people entered the Kremlin on foot. Thus, the very entrance to the courtyard was commensurate with honor, or rank, of every person who came. Some, the most bureaucratic ones, could drive up "near the porch", others, not bureaucratic at all, did not dare to enter even the Kremlin.
Foreign ambassadors and noble foreigners in general, as guests of the sovereign, left the carriages, like boyars, at a distance of several fathoms from the porch, according to Barberini, thirty or forty steps, and very rarely at the vast platform, or locker, arranged in front of the stairs.
It goes without saying that this was a special etiquette that belonged to ancient customs and was preserved not only in the palace, but also among the people, especially in its highest ranks. In the same way, it was impolite for a junior official or a commoner to enter the boyar's yard, and even more so to drive directly to his porch. According to Kotoshikhin, the boyar, who entered the royal court in this way, was imprisoned and even deprived of his honor, that is, of the boyar dignity. The boyar servant who led the boyar's horse through the royal court, even though unknowingly, was punished with a whip.
Foreigners explained this ancient and almost national custom by the pride of inaccessibility with which the boyars, and in general the highest, behaved in relation to the people. Herberstein bluntly says that ordinary people have almost no access to the boyars and cannot ride into the boyars' yard on horseback.
By their own understanding, foreigners really could take this for excessive pride and arrogance. But this was hardly the case in reality. Most likely it was an honor, a special honor given to the owner of the house. Moreover, we must not forget that the guest was given the same equal honors, namely meetings, about which in the ancient monuments it is directly said that they were made "for the sake of honor, honoring." And if not every guest could drive right up to the boyar's porch, then the boyar himself went out to meet another guest, and not only on the porch, but even in the middle of the courtyard, and sometimes outside the gate. It goes without saying that such mutual honor both to the owner of the house and to the guest was always proportioned to the degree of respect that they wanted to show the person. In the tsarist life, as we will see below, the etiquette of meetings was also very definitely measured, and its provisions could in no case be violated.
So, we saw that the special honor given to the imperial majesty demanded that people approach the palace on foot, leaving the horses and carriages at a certain, distant or near, distance. Moreover, a simple and low-ranking Russian man, even from afar, seeing the tsar's dwelling, reverently took off his hat, "honoring" the sovereign's whereabouts. Without a hat, he went up to the palace and walked past it. The right to freely enter the palace was enjoyed only by the servants and courtyards, that is, the court officials; but even for those, according to the meaning of each, there were certain boundaries. Not every department of the palace could be freely entered by all those who came to the sovereign's court. Boyars, okolnichy, Duma and close people enjoyed great advantages in this respect: they could even enter directly into Top, that is, in the resting, or residential, mansion of the sovereign. Here, as usual, they gathered every day in Front and awaited the king's exit from the inner rooms. The close boyars, "having waited for the time", even entered A room or the royal office. For other officials, the sovereign Top was completely inaccessible. Stewards, solicitors, nobles, streltsy colonels and heads, clerks and other service officials usually gathered on the Bed Porch, which was the only place in the palace where they could come at any time with complete freedom. Hence, "in winter time, or at which time whoever wants to," they were allowed to enter some of the chambers adjacent to the Bed Porch, but in this case for everyone rank a special chamber was appointed. According to the decree of 1681, the stewards and solicitors were assigned to enter “into the floor, which is at the crossing wall, entered the new hallway from the Bed Porch to the left, and to be reputed to be that front floor; nobles and tenants to come to the Old Golden Polata; the steward-generals and steward-colonels come in the bed, which is near the Front; to the city noblemen in the coat, that before that there was a canopy in front of the Gold Strip ". Consequently, all these ranks were not admitted to other departments of the palace. It was especially strictly forbidden for them to walk behind the stone barrier that separated the Bed Porch from the site where there was a staircase to the sovereign's chambers or the current Terem Palace. This staircase has survived to this day in the same place, although in a different form. Above, it was locked with a gilded copper lattice, and below it was fenced off from other sections of the palace by a "stone barrier", beyond which it was they did not dare to enter the Upper without an order and waited for orders at the stairs. Clerks and clerks, coming to the palace with reports, waited for the initial people on the Bed porch or in the hallway in front of the Faceted Chamber. The other junior officials did not even dare to enter the Bed Porch. "Other ranks, says Kotoshikhin, are not ordered to go to those places, where stewards and other deliberate people are." In general, the permission to enter this or that ward and thereby approach a degree to the royal lordship was approved by a special grant, about which the petitioners beat the emperor with their foreheads. So in 1660 one tenant beat his forehead with the calculation of his service: “Perhaps me, my servant, for the great miracle worker Alexy Metropolitan. and for the long-term health of the son of his prince (Alexei Alekseevich), for my service and patience, the sovereign told me to be with his royal lordship in the Front, and my parents (kinship) were granted to the Front. "
The inner sections of the palace, that is, the Bed Mansions of the queen and the sovereign's children, were completely inaccessible to everyone, both courtyard and service ranks, with the exception of only boyars and other noble women who enjoyed the right to visit the queen. Even the close boyars did not dare to enter these divisions without a special invitation. For priests and clergymen in general who served in the upper churches, the entrance to these churches was opened at a certain time and, moreover, at certain places and passages. This even extended to the cross priests, who performed services in the very chambers of the empress. They were supposed to enter the palace only "as they were asked." Even those of the court officials and servants who, according to their positions, were supposed to appear there, for example, with a report on the food or with the food itself, did not dare to enter the very chambers of the tsarina's half. Further, they did not dare to enter the vestibule, and here they passed reports to the riding boyars and other court women; in the same way, food was brought into the canopy or into specially designated rooms, in which it was handed over to the boyars for fodder. And in general, even if the sovereign sent someone to the tsarina and to the children to ask about health or "for some other matter," then even in this case the sent ones, according to Kotoshikhin, "were sprinkled through the boyars, and they themselves did not go without sending." The same was observed from the side of the queen.
In 1684, probably on the occasion of the Streltsy troubles, which then agitated Moscow and dishonored even the tsar's dwelling by a violent search, the tsar's decree, concluding 12 articles, with a timetable, to whom exactly on which entrances and on which staircases and passages were allowed to enter the different sections of the palace. Boyars, okolniks, Duma people and room stewards were instructed to ascend to the Top with the Bed porch and palace stairs, at the command of the Grand Palace, at the Kolymazhny gates; and those who came to the Kuretnye gates, from the Trinity Kremlin gates, they had to ascend by a stone staircase, which is from the Bread Palace to the Sushila; and they were ordered to go to the Top, past the Armory Order and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, as well as the stone Christmas staircase, which is opposite the Fodder Palace. On the Svetlishnuyu stairs, - at the Kuretnye gates, which led to the princesses' mansions and to the inner Bed yard, to the royal Workshop chambers, it was forbidden even to go to boyars, okolnichs, Duma and close people, that is, to all paramount dignitaries: “... not at all to go and to have no one behind him for anything to do. "
For the barriers that are arranged on both sides of the Nativity Church, from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Armory, - to the boyars, okolnichy, Duma and close people, no one behind them, therefore, do not have anyone areal and clerks do not let people go for those obstacles, and in order to put a guard in those places from the Streletsky order and order the guards firmly. - From the Assumption Cathedral, by the Robe Deposition stairs, past the Great Martyr Church. Catherine, to the sovereign's workshop chamber in the courtyard, no one to go and close the door. Likewise, to the Church of the Deposition of the Robe, to confine the churchmen to that church, with squares Do not let anyone in, order the guards firmly about that. Pass the passages from the palace to the Trinity courtyard and lock no one in those doors and passages, without a state procession and without a personal decree, and order this with great reinforcement to the boyar children, stokers and watchmen who stand in that place and at the Svetlishnaya Staircase. Horse, or hay, cathedrals and churches for the archpriest, priests, cross and singing clerks and clergymen to go to their churches, to which the stairs are taxed to whom, during the church service and how they are asked, and when they will go by sending, and not by themselves: a it is timeless for them not to walk. The courtyard people, as they will be called to the Verkh, with dining and evening meals, to the kings, queens and princesses, should be allowed to the Svetlishnaya and the stone stairs for all the barriers, and after the food and the courtyard people idle on the Svetlishnaya stairs and beyond the barriers. And who the courtyard people will go to the Mansion in the Upper in the morning to report on the food, or which of them will be asked, and they will go to those places upon sending for what state business: to let those courtyard people in those places and in those times, asking them authentically so that people, calling themselves courtyard people, do not go to those places of other ranks.
To the Upper Upper Sovereign Courtyard, which is near the stone Terem chambers, and from that courtyard behind a stone barrier to the wooden mansions of sovereigns and princesses - stewards, solicitors, nobles, clerks, clerks and no ranks of people - do not let anyone into those places, except for the clerks and artisans of the royal Workshops, and those only, if anyone is asked, if they go for business and with all sorts of mansion contributions. Equally, it was strictly forbidden to enter here for all clerks and clerks of various other palace and horse orders and departments, which were supposed to convey what was needed and what was required to the palace; the order of the Workshops of the Chambers, who, as it was said, enjoyed the right to contribute and appear in the mansions upon the call, how who and what they ask. Which close people and riding boyars are in-laws and holders and their people will come to them for what matters: and they came to wait at the barriers or at the Svetlishnaya and at the stone stairs in the lower lockers: and to whom did they come and tell them to tell the boyar children about themselves , and the stokers, and the watchmen who stand on those stairs; and on the upper locker of those stairs and beyond the barriers, they by no means walk, and the children of the boyars, and the stokers, and the watchmen should not let any of them pass; and their neighbors should go out to them, and see them on the Christmas stairs or at the Christmas barriers, and for the barriers they cannot be with them; and the boyars should go out and see them on the Svetlishny staircase in the middle locker at the partition, and along the staircase that went down to the mansion of the faithful princesses' sovereigns, down that staircase, at the bottom; and having seen, let them go immediately; and keep them in those places, and tell them not to stand on those stairs, and send them who came from where.
All orders clerk with business to stand and wait for the initial people on the Bed porch and in the hallway in front of the Palace of Facets, and beyond the stone barrier and up to the top they do not go at all.
If it happened that someone accidentally and unknowingly wandered into the royal court, and especially into the inner bed quarters, he was seized, interrogated, and in doubtful circumstances even tortured. One day in 1632, “On the 10th day of July, at Vespers, to the Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos, that on Senech, in the chapel to St. Nikita, I came to the small; and that little one was caught and given to keep the arrow head Gavril Bokin on the karul until the sovereign's decree. And in the demand, that little one said that he was Larionov's man of Dmitriev's son Lopukhin, his name was Grishkoy, Fedorov; and de Larion sent him to the Alekseevsky nunnery with a watchmaker to his own aunt, to the eldress to Fetinya Lopukhin; and in the monastery de he Grishka was and gave the chapel to the elder Fetinje; and walking back from the monastery, I wandered into the palace, I don’t know, and heard that Vespers was being sung at the Nativity, and he came to petyu to listen to Vespers ”. What followed with this little one is unknown.
People who did not belong to the courtyard and service class, coming to the palace on some business, usually remained in the lower lockers, or platforms, by the stairs. All petitioners who came with requests to the sovereign's name stood on the square in front of the Red Porch and waited for the Duma clerks to come out, who received petitions here and contributed to the Duma to the boyars. False Dmitry, as you know, every Wednesday and Saturday he himself received petitions from the complainants, on the Red Porch. It goes without saying that those who could freely enter the royal court submitted a petition either to the sovereign himself, at the exit, or to the Duma clerk in the Raspravnaya chamber, which was the highest court of law and was located since 1670 in the Middle Golden Chamber.
It was also impossible to come to the palace with any kind of weapon, even with one that, according to the custom of that time, was always carried with them and which, thus, constituted a necessary accessory to an ancient costume, for example, belt knives, which had the meaning of daggers. In this case, there were no longer exceptions for anyone, neither for the boyars, nor even for the sovereign's relatives. Foreign ambassadors and their retinue, entering the reception hall, also had to take off their arms, despite the fact that this was almost always done against their wishes. According to Western concepts, taking off the sword was considered a dishonor, and the ambassadors, like noble cavaliers, stood up for their honor and often waged useless disputes with the boyars. In 1661, during the reception of the Swedish ambassadors, the marshal of the embassy, despite any requests and persuasions, was not allowed to enter the reception room, even with a silver rod. In general, it was strictly forbidden to enter with weapons even into the royal court. If it happened to someone, out of simplicity, without any intent, to pass through the royal court with a gun, saber, pistols or any other weapon, such a person, if it was revealed, would immediately be subjected to inevitable torture and interrogation: with what intent did he go? and, of course, he died either from the torture itself, or in prison, because such cases and deeds never ended in good.
It was also very strictly forbidden to come to the palace, especially to the Bed Porch, in illness or from houses in which there were sick. In 1680, June 8th, on this occasion followed by the strictest royal decree, told to the stewards, solicitors, nobles and tenants, who, if any of them or in their houses, had “pains of fire or fever and smallpox or some other serious diseases ", should have let know that in the discharge and on the Bed porch not to go, and on hikes and exits nowhere to be. Otherwise, those who violate this command will be in great disgrace for their fearless audacity and for the negligence of his sovereign's health, in search of, and to others in punishment and ruin, without any mercy and mercy. In those days, widespread illnesses often occurred, which was especially feared by the court of the sovereign, carefully guarding itself in doubtful cases. So, once, in 1664, on February 11th, during a reception at the Faceted Chamber of the English ambassador Charles Howort, from among tenants, standing as usual in the hallway and along the Red Porch, one on the Red Porch suddenly fell from falling grief, or, perhaps, from nausea, it was the tenant Gavrilo Timofeev Muromtsev. And he was wearing an oversized green terlik, an oversized scarlet golden cap, with a sable; sash is taffeta red, in hands a partisan; this outfit, as usual issued in such cases from the Treasury, when he entered the treasury again, was left and put separately, with the guards in the breech, for fear that the disease would not spread through the infection, from the dress.
The preservation of the honor of the sovereign's court also pursued every ugly an obscene word spoken in the royal palace. “There will be someone,” says the Code, “under the Tsar's Majesty, in his sovereign’s court, and in his state offices, not fearing the honor of the Tsar’s Majesty, whom he will dishonor with a word, but the one whom he dishonors will teach him a bit about the government with his forehead. and it is quite straightforward that the one on whom he beats with his forehead dishonored him: and in search of the honor of the sovereign's court, the one who dishonors someone in the sovereign's court, put in prison for two weeks, so that in spite of that, others will be discouraged it was henceforth to do so. And to whom he dishonor, and to that show dishonor on him. " We will see below what exactly this violation of the honor of the sovereign's court consisted of and what category of persons was most sensitive to dishonor, while at the same time giving incessant reasons to start a lawsuit and complaint by their actions.
However, a constant, vigilant guard day and night guarded the royal palace and prevented any indecent act near the royal majesty. This guard consisted, inside the palace, of stewards, solicitors and tenants and of the lower court servants: dining stokers, dining guards and the Tsaritsin's boyar children, who were on duty day and night at the doors of the stairs and along the porches and hallways. In addition, there were constant rifle guards at all the palace gates and in other palace places, “near the treasury”. According to Kotoshikhin's testimony, on these guards, the archers were on the watch for five hundred people, under the command of the head, or a colonel, and ten captains. Their main guard, numbering 200, and sometimes 300, was at the Red Porch under the Faceted Chamber, in the basements; another part, 200 people, at the Red, or Kolymazhnye, gates. From the same guard at the Kuretnye Gate stood 10 people, at the Kazenny Dvor at 5 a.m., at the Money Dvor at 5 a.m. Along the Kremlin gates, the streltsy guard was positioned as follows: at the Spassky Gates there were 30 people, at the Nikolskie Gates, 20 people, at the Taynitsky Dvor at 10:00. , at the Forerunners, or Borovitsky, 10 hours, at Troitsky 10 hours, in the Otvodnaya tower at the same gate 5 hours.
When the court rituals, ceremonies and customs borrowed from Byzantium or established in imitation of it were completely assimilated by the Moscow court, and the old customs and orders that came from the fathers, as a venerable heritage, were clothed in more magnificent regal forms and all this became an essential, most necessary expression royal dignity and dignity, it is natural that some branches of the sovereign's palace from that time received special significance, corresponding to the celebrations and ceremonies for which they were exclusively appointed.
With regard to solemn actions and rituals that took place in the great sovereign chambers, the first place from the end of the 16th century belonged to Faceted, as the most extensive and most decorated, in which the king appeared in full splendor of ancient splendor, which amazed foreigners so much. In it, solemn ambassadorial audiences and sovereigns were given large ceremonial tables: at the wedding to the kingdom, at the announcement of the princes as heirs to the throne, at the appointment of patriarchs, metropolitans and archbishops, marriage, home, christening, festive and ambassadorial tables. It also hosted great zemstvo councils and, in general, all the most important celebrations of that time took place. In order to see all these ceremonies for the queen and the children of the sovereign, watch tent, hiding place, preserved to this day, although already in a completely different form. It is located at the top, above the Holy Entrance, at the western wall of the chamber, and with a lookout window faces directly opposite the place where the sovereign's throne has stood from time immemorial. In the old days, this cache was removed as follows: the walls, ceiling, benches, doors, and in the windows everything was upholstered with half and then red English and Anbur cloth; over two windows on the south side hung the same cloth curtains on rings; the floor was covered with felt and half; the appliance at the door was tinned. In the large window, facing the chamber towards the royal place, was inserted lookout a lattice upholstered in red taffeta on cotton paper; the grating was pulled back by a curtain with rings on copper wire. In the front corner of the cache was the image of Euthymius of Suzdal. From this hiding place, through the watch lattice, the tsarina, juvenile princes, older and younger princesses and other relatives of the empress watched the magnificent ceremonies taking place in the ward. They were especially often present, hidden in this way, during the ambassadorial audience.
Until the end of the 16th century, the Middle Gold had the same meaning as the Faceted, but from that time it became an ordinary reception hall, in which the patriarch, spiritual authorities, boyars and other dignitaries, foreign ambassadors, mostly on holidays, were presented to the sovereign with less pomp and solemnity. , messengers and messengers. In addition, in it, as in Faceted, Zemsky Councils took place and sometimes name-day and festive tables were given. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, before mass, the sovereign received here the patriarch with the spiritual authorities, the cathedral clergy and the singers who came to glorify Christ. In 1670, on the occasion of the alteration of the Kremlin building of orders, which were withdrawn to China and the White City, the presence of boyars and Duma people was appointed in this chamber to hear and execute punitive and controversial cases, which is why the chamber, having assumed the significance of the highest instance, received the name Golden Spread, which it retained until 1694, when by a new decree this presence was transferred to the Front Chamber of the Terem Palace and when only petitions of middle ranks of people began to be accepted in the Golden. Duma meetings were held here not only in the morning, but also in the evening, especially in winter. For the report of cases, each department was assigned special days. On Monday, the cases from the Discharge and the Ambassadorial Prikaz were deposited; on Tuesday from the order of the Great Treasury and the Great Parish; on Wednesday from the Kazan Palace and the Local Prikaz; on Thursday from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Siberian; on Friday from the court orders of Vladimir and Moscow. It goes without saying that since the time when the Golden Chamber received such a purely judicial, administrative significance, the royal exits to it have ceased, and, consequently, all the celebrations and ceremonies that took place in it before.
The smaller Golden one was the ceremonial reception hall of the queens, which is why it was often called Tsaritsina. It mainly hosted family celebrations, motherland and christening tables for boyars as yard, that is, for the courtiers themselves, and for visitors, who had only the right and duty to come to the palace; reception of the patriarch with the spiritual authorities, boyars and elected representatives of all ranks of people who came with gifts hello to the sovereign, on the occasion of the birth and baptism of his children. On Bright Sunday, after Matins, the sovereign, accompanied by the patriarch, spiritual authorities and secular officials, came to this chamber to confer with the queen, who was surrounded at that time by horsemen and visiting boyars. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, here the queen received the clergy, who came to glorify Christ, and the boyars of the visitors, who, together with the horsemen, congratulated her on the holiday and each offered thirty bake, or rich round and tall breads.
The dining hut, or the chamber, by its meaning, was a smaller ceremonial hall, assigned mainly for the sovereigns bureaucratic tables; but it also hosted receptions of the clergy, boyars and other persons, especially foreign envoys and messengers. Sometimes the sovereign granted here boyars, okolnichy, Duma people and other officials birthday pies. On Christmas Eve, on the eve of Christmas and Epiphany, the Tsar listened to church services in the Dining Room, the Tsar's hours, Vespers and Vigil. In addition, there were large zemstvo councils in the dining room on important state issues. In 1634, a council took place here on a new monetary collection from all over the state for the salaries of military men, and in 1642 - a famous council on the issue of accepting Azov under the protection of Russia.
In the Panikhida, or Collective, chamber on the days of commemoration of the kings and persons of the sovereign family, memorial tables were given, ancient feed the patriarch, the spiritual authorities and the conciliar, which was also called large fees, that is, an assembly of the clergy in general, and especially of the cathedral clergy. It must be remembered that at these dishonest tables for the clergy, the sovereign, according to probably very ancient custom, before the bishop (the metropolitan, and later before the patriarch) stood and from his own hands he treated him, offered him "cups and food." So, in 1479, on the day of the consecration of the newly built Assumption Cathedral, led. book Ivan Vasilievich gave the metropolitan and all cathedrals table in Middle room and during the table, treating him, he stood in front of the Metropolitan and with his son Ivan. In the Code of Laws of Ivan the Terrible, we find the following article: “In the summer of 7067 (1559) April, on the 25th day, the tsar and led. book indicated which day lives(there is) a great funeral service, the metropolitan is at the sovereign's table, and the sovereign is standing in front of him, that day do not execute anyone by death or commercial execution. "
In the Return, or Ambassadorial, chamber, negotiations between boyars and foreign ambassadors took place, which was generally called the answer. Expression be in charge meant to negotiate, to give tsarist answers, or decisions of ambassadorial affairs. In the Return Chamber, like in the Faceted Chamber, was arranged hiding place, secret window, from which the sovereign sometimes listened to ambassadorial conferences. In the Return Chamber under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, in the presence of the boyar Prince Yury Alekseevich Dolgoruky, the Code was read to the elected people of the entire Moscow state, who were to secure it with their assault.
Of the Bed chorus, they were very important in the tsarist life. Front and Room Terem Palace, which from the second half of the 17th century became the permanent home of the kings.
According to Kotoshikhin, all the boyars, okolnichi, Duma and close people were obliged to appear at the palace early in the morning and after dinner at Vespers every day. They usually gathered in the Lobby, where they waited for the tsar's exit. Only one of the closest boyars, waiting for the time could enter the Room, or the sovereign's office itself. At the exit, the boyars and other ranks bowed to the sovereign great custom, that is, into the ground, which was called beat with a forehead. The sovereign went out, as usual, in a taffier or a hat, which he never took off "against their boyar worship." After receiving the boyars, the sovereign went out for the most part to mass, accompanied by all the dignitaries who had gathered. After Mass in the Ante-room, and sometimes in the Room itself, began seat from the boyar, meeting of the Tsar's Chamber, or Duma, which, without exception, consisted of all the boyars and okolnichy and some of the junior ranks, known by the name thought people. The meetings almost always took place in the presence of the sovereign, as can be seen from the decrees of the late 17th century. The sovereign here gave judgment and punishment, listened to court cases and petitions, which were usually read before him by the Duma clerks.
In the Terem chambers, it is in the Tsar's Room, or in Upper Golden, as it was sometimes designated, unlike other Golden Chambers, took place in 1660, February 16th, the famous cathedral about actions of Patriarch Nikon. On that day, the sovereign pointed out the way of life in his Upper stone mansion, in the Upper Golden Chamber, to his sovereign pilgrims, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites, abbots, archpriest and his state synclite, boyars, devious and duma people for his sovereign and zemstvo affairs. The chamber was decorated with aksamites and velvets of gold and velvets w patterned in various colors and laid with carpets. And how the authorities went to the Golden Chamber, and at that time the sovereign was sitting in his royal place, and the boyars, okolnichi and Duma people sat on the left side, along the benches. And how the authorities went into the chamber, and the sovereign stood up in his royal place, and the authorities, entering the chamber, said: worthy; and the Metropolitan of Novgorod took leave; and upon completing the vacation, the tsar blessed the tsar, and the tsar gave the metropolitan to his hand, and the metropolitan hit the tsar with his forehead, and the tsar ordered to ask them about salvation, since secular people usually asked about health. And the authorities beat the sovereign for that. Then the sovereign sat down, and ordered the authorities to sit on the benches on the right side, and to others in the bench; on the left side, as said, sat the sovereign synclite. The king opened the meeting with a speech. On March 14th, there was a secondary seat in the same Golden Chamber. March 20th the sovereign sat about the patriarch obrazii, election, from the third hour of the day until the tenth at the end, already in the Middle Golden Chamber.
In 1682, January 12th, in the Terem chambers, a council took place on the resignation and extermination parochialism. After the unanimous statement: "May the hated, hostile, brother-hating and love that drives away localism perish in the fire of God, and may not be remembered for that forever!" - all bit and breeding books, all requests for occasions and notes about places were set on fire in Front hallway(the current refectory) in the oven, in the presence of the boyar and the Duma clerk on the part of the civil authority and all the metropolitans and archbishops from the spiritual authority, who stood during this solemn burning to the end.
In the same wonderful year, April 27, the day of the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, in the Terem chambers, the ten-year-old Tsarevich Peter was elected to the kingdom, past his older brother, Ivan. After the conferences, Patriarch Joachim, accompanied by bishops, boyars, okolnichy, Duma and other people, went out to the Golden Porch and, in a short speech, explaining to the elected officials gathered here that the brothers of the late sovereign, Tsarevich Ivan and Peter, remained the heirs of the kingdom, asked the question: to whom of them to be the successor of the royal scepter and throne? The elected, and then the boyars and other ranks unanimously elected Peter as tsar and here they swore allegiance to him in the presence of his mother, the queen, Natalya Kirillovna.
This is the official meaning of the Terem Chambers. It should also be mentioned that since 1694 the Front Chamber replaced the Golden Raspravnaya as the highest court with the meaning of the Senate, where all controversial appellate cases and petitions submitted to the sovereign were resolved. On this occasion and in the sentences themselves, the following note was made: “By the decree of the Great Sovereigns, in their Great Sovereigns in the Front Chamber, the boyars heard the case and sentenced him, ”and so on.
It happened, however, very rarely that the sovereign easily received foreign ambassadors in Perednyaya. This was an extraordinary and greatest honor that few were bestowed on. In 1662, on April 14, the Cesar's ambassadors were received here, who received this high honor instead of the ambassadorial table, which is usually given to foreign ambassadors after an audience. At the same time, Meyerberg notes that “they walked to the inner tsar's chambers along the stairs and passages, in which on both sides stood guards in rows in rich weapons and everything was so decorated with wallpaper that neither the floor, nor the walls, nor the stoves, nor ceiling ". A modern note about this technique describes this cleaning as follows: “And for the arrival of the ambassadors, the Front Polata and the canopy are decorated with velvets of gold and two-fur; on the porch and in the courtyard that is in front of the Church of the Savior, there are Persian and velvet gold tents floors, and velvet curtains of gold and kindyach and grassy atlases. On the wooden porch, on the sides and at the top, with the same floors and curtains and saddle covers. On the lower porch the pillars are smooth worm-like velvet; behind the fence and on the Bed porch on both sides, up to red doors - worm and green cloths ”. Meyerberg even retained a picture of his reception in this Lobby. The same honor was awarded in 1664 on April 22, the English ambassador, Charlus Howorth. “And for his arrival, the sovereign's upper porch and locker, and the courtyard that is from the Savior, on the sides, and the wooden porch and stairs and the lower locker on the Bed Porch, on the sides, were dressed up in pink outfits, satins and golden velvets. And the bridges and stairs along the barrier that were at the Bed Porch were covered with carpets; and in the barrier and on the Bed Porch there was no flooring, and the walls were upholstered with cloth. "
In 1667, December 4th, in Perednyaya, the Polish ambassadors Stanislav Benevsky and Cyprian Brestovsky were accepted on leave. “And they arrived in the city at 4 o'clock in the morning (at 7 o'clock in the evening) and waited for the sovereign's decree in Zolotoy Polat. And to V. they came to the Emperor at 5 o'clock in the morning at 2 o'clock. And as they walked along the Red Porch and at the doors that ascend from the Red Porch to the Bed, they were greeted by their half-heads and walked in front of them by the porch behind the barrier to the wooden stairs that go to the Top. And at the barrier, in the lower wooden locker, the Colonels and the Streletskys' heads in service dress met them and walked in front of them into the Front hallway, and the half-heads remained at the locker. And in the hallway there were tenants for 12 hours. And how the ambassadors ascended the Stone Porch and in the hallway at the door met their sleepers, and the Duma clerk Dementey Bashmakov announced them to them as ambassador. And the sleepers walked in front of them into the Lobby, and the colonels and their heads stood in the entryway. And for this, a Bed Porch was built along the border and along the Faceted and behind the Barrier and the Lower wooden staircase, the locker was killed with worm cloth, and from the lower locker and the upper Porch, half-workers were killed with gold and silver and Persian branches and golden covers, and the top was killed by golden skins ... In the courtyard of the Church of Spasskaya, a red cloth curtain (from Semyonovskoye with Nakracheini) was killed; over that cloth white cloth was sewn with months and buries. And the rest are all linen floors with kumach. The courtyard and the staircase and the upper stone porch and the canopy were crushed with carpets, and in the hallway on the benches there were golden velvet pots. And on the Stone Porch, there are golden carpets along the railing. And as the ambassadors went to the Lobby and those carpets were removed and red cloth was laid so that it would snow. And from V. Sovereign from the chorus the Polish Ambassadors went at 7 o'clock in the morning and were at the Patriarchs'.
In another note about the same reception of the Polish ambassadors, we find new details: “For their arrival, the Front hall was covered with Persian carpets; on the windows and on the benches there are golden pots; the canopy is covered with carpets; on the benches (in the entryway) half-shelves are laid: on the left side of the doors, gold; on the right side - colored; on the windows (in the entryway) are laid gold and gold carpets. The porch and lockers (platforms) and stairs are stone and the Courtyard, which is between the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands and the choir, was covered with carpets. On the upper stone porch, gold axamite carpets were laid on the railing; and those carpets for bad weather were taken down and worm-like cloth was laid instead of carpets. On the sides in the courtyard, walking from the wooden porch to the mansion, on the left side from the doors to the stone locker, linen floors (frames) were placed, colored with red paper; on the right side of the doors, cloth curtains with months, and church doors and walk-throughs and windows were filled. A wooden porch and stairs and lockers, middle and lower, wooden, were covered with carpets. On the railing and on the hooks, going to the Top, on the right and on the left side are laid gold stitched. On the left side, in the middle and on the upper lockers of the wooden porch, from the first pillar to the door of the upper wooden porch, they are lined with Persian floors. The wooden pillars on the upper and middle porches are upholstered with gold covers from the Stable Order. The barrels (in the roof of the porch) up to the lower tent were lined with gold leather from the Order of Secret Affairs. On the lower wooden locker, which is in the barrier, under the tent (roof), ceilings and pillars, and in the barrier of walls and doors, and on the Bed porch, the walls up to the doors, in the Faceted Hall, between the doors - everything was upholstered with worm-like cloth from the Treasury Court ; and the doors from the Bed Porch, and to the Tent Floor of the Faceted Hall and the Empress Queen of the Golden Cloth were closed with cloth w. In front of the Front Senmi, on the left side of the courtyard, there is a postavik, upholstered with colored damask; and on it were: two flasks, funnels, cups, gilded silver ladles. At the supplier stood a dignified housekeeper, and with him stood the courtyard people in pure ohabnya. "
“And how the ambassadors went to the sovereign (in these mansions) and at that time stood on the bed porch of the palace and rose orders of 20 people, on both sides. And they were greeted by colonels and the heads of Moscow riflemen behind the barrier on the locker, sleeping bags on the upper stone porch. The Duma clerk announced the sleeping bags to them. And in the hallway in front of the Front at the door they met the boyars. And as ambassadors entered the Perednaya and entered. the sovereign declared them boyar A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin. And in. The sovereign at that time was sitting in Persian chairs, which were from diamonds and from a yacht and with other expensive stones. And the ambassadors to. they hit the sovereign with his forehead, and the first ambassador made a speech; and in. The sovereign granted them, instructed the boyars and ambassadors to sit down. And then he pointed to. sovereign bear bowl with his sovereign drink to his sleeping bag. And before bowl the boyar and armorer BM Khitrovo were walking; and behind the bowl they carried goblets with romance, sleeping bags. And in. the sovereign, taking the cup and getting up, spoke and drank about royal health; and then he bestowed cups of ambassadors and boyars and ordered to drink about royal health. And the bailiffs (at the ambassadors), the steward and the clerk, escorting the ambassadors to the Lobby, sat in the entryway. And how the ambassadors went from Polata and, by decree of V. the emperor, the ambassadors were escorted by boyars and stewards and colonels and heads to the same places where they met, and the bailiffs to the Ambassadorial Court. And as the ambassadors went to V. sovereign to the top and from v. sovereign from the top, and at that time stood: in the front hallway 12 o'clock tenants with information prytazany, 6 o'clock on the side. Sitniki with candles: on the stone locker at the Front 2 hours, on both sides of the same locker 2 hours, on the upper wooden porch 2 hours, in the middle 2 hours, in the fence on the side of the locker 2 hours, on the Bed porch by crossing doors 2 hours; at the doors that go from the Bed Porch to the Faceted Hall and the Palace, 2 hours; yes, on the Bed porch, 12 lanterns were placed on both sides. And on the Red Porch, the archers stood with candles: at the door on both sides at 2 pm, opposite the Golden Polata at the door at 2 pm, opposite the Church of the Annunciation of B-tsy at 2 pm, in the Annunciation porch at 2 pm. "
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In the years 1635-1636. the sovereign built for himself and for the children living, or resting, mansions stone, - that in the tsar's life, for that time, it was news, because in fact, for housing, wooden mansions were always preferred, to which old habits did not change afterwards. Perhaps the fire of 1626 forced it, among the wooden buildings, although one house was made more secure. These stone mansions were erected on the walls of an old building, built by Aleviz, just above By the workshop and above the basement chambers, of which a row stretched further to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Previously, above this basement floor of the Aleviz building, between the two aforementioned reception rooms of the tsarina's chambers, the Back and Naugolnaya, i.e., the Golden Tsaritsynaya, there were Wooden bed mansions, in the place of which they are now erected three new floors, flanked by the tsarina's reception chambers, with a tower above. The upper floor with the tower was designated for the young princes Alexei and Ivan, which is also indicated in the inscription that has survived over the entrance to this day. Terem at that time was called Attic and Stone Tower, and at the beginning of the 18th century Golden house, which is why even now this whole building is called the Terem Palace. The whole building, thus, has retained the type of wooden dwelling choir and serves as a curious and one-of-a-kind monument of ancient Russian civil architecture. Much remains in its facade and even in some details of the external decorations, which reminds of the character of ancient wooden buildings. Such are, for example, stone growths and rezi in cash window decorations; in design, they are quite reminiscent of wood carvings. But most clearly the nature of wooden buildings, which had such an influence on stone ones, is revealed in the internal structure of the building. Almost all of his rooms, on all floors, are of the same size, each with three windows, which is completely reminiscent of the Great Russian hut, which still retains this number of windows. Thus, the Terem Palace represents several huts, set side by side, one next to the other, in one connection and in several tiers, with an attic, or a tower, above. The power of needs and unchanging living conditions, among which our ancestors lived, subordinated to their goals a stone, rather extensive, structure, which gave full means to settle down according to a plan more spacious and more convenient for life, at least according to modern concepts. But it goes without saying that it fully met the then requirements of convenience and comfort, and we will be unfair if only from our point of view we begin to consider and condemn our old way of life and all the forms in which it revealed its requirements and provisions. In 1637, these new stone mansions were finished completely: some groom Ivan Osipov, a goldsmith by trade, was already at that time pointing buries on the roof with gold leaf, silver and various colors, "and in the mansions, all the windows (beyond the attic , that is, the tower) made mica endings ". At the same time as these mansions were being built (1635-1636), on the eastern side of them, above the Gold Lesser Chamber of Queens, a special house church was built in the name of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands with the side-chapel of John Belogradsky, the same name as Tsarevich Ivan. In ancient times, as we have seen, such temples, denoted by the expression: what's in the hallway, constituted one of the most necessary conditions for each separate room in the royal life. Hay, riding churches were also located in the tsarina's half, also among the princesses and among the princes, which is why the construction of a new temple in this part of the palace was caused only by a new separate room for the sovereign's children. The area between Terem and the new church formed Front stone courtyard, from which the staircase led down to the Bed porch and was subsequently locked with a gold lattice, why the Church of the Savior was designated: what is behind the gold bars. It should be mentioned that both the Terem Palace and the Church of the Savior were built by the Russians stone craftsmen, according to the current architects, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larya Ushakov. At the same time as the buildings described, the same apprentices built a new stone Svetlitsa, in which the queen's craftswomen, gold seamstresses and seamstresses were supposed to work, with their students. In the last three years of his reign, Mikhail built some more palace chambers and arranged new mansions in the Tsareborisovsky court for the Danish prince Voldemar, to whom he wanted to marry his daughter Irina.
Thus, during the thirty-two years of his reign, Tsar Michael managed not only to restore the old palace, but also enlarged it with new stone and wooden buildings, which grew as the royal family multiplied and the needs of everyday life developed, which, despite the power of tradition, little by little nevertheless, he moved further, forward, anticipating in some, albeit petty, relations the approaching reform. His son, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, had little to do with the main buildings. Indeed, during his reign, we do not find particularly significant buildings in the royal court. For the most part he renewed the old, altered and decorated the buildings built by his ancestors or his father, according to his thoughts. At first, when he was only 17 years old, in 1646, that is, a year after the death of his father, he built himself new Amusing mansions, which were then cut down by the palace carpenter Vaska Romanov. Of the other buildings, we will mention more significant ones. So, in 1660, the palace chamber was renewed, built, perhaps, under Mikhail, which housed the Pharmaceutical Order and the Pharmacy. The apprentice Vavilka Savelyev made stone affairs in it and made windows and doors under the old vaults, and brought new vaults under the old vaults, and the standard-bearer, that is, the draftsman, Ivashka Solovey, wrote a wall letter. This chamber stood not far from the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. In 1661, instead of the old Dining room, the sovereign built a new one and beautifully decorated it with carvings, gilding and painting in a new overseas taste, according to fiction engineer and Colonel Gustav Deckenpin, who under the name fiction left for us in 1658. Carved, gilding and painting works were performed already in 1662 by foreign craftsmen, most of whom were Poles called to Moscow during the Polish war, namely the carvers who cut out windows, doors and ceiling (ceiling): Stepan Zinoviev , Ivan Mirovskoy with students, Stepan Ivanov and painters: Stepan Petrov, Andrey Pavlov, Yuri Ivanov. In the same 1662, April 1, on the tsarina's name day, the sovereign celebrated a wide housewarming party in this dining room. The new Dining Room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, built in 1667, was decorated in the same way. In 1668, it was painted by painters: Fyodor Svidersky, Ivan Artemiev, Dorofey Ermolin, Stanislav Kutkeev, Andrei Pavlov; and were cut by the students of the above-mentioned masters, of whom Ivan Mirovsky measured the ceiling for carving and painting. Later, the new Bed mansions built by the tsar in 1674 were also decorated. The sovereign ordered to write parables of the prophet Jonah, Moses and Esther. In 1663, the journeyman Nikita Sharutin repaired stone works at the palace, in the Upper with the sovereign, cathedral Church of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands and made the meal anew. Undoubtedly, the meal was spread against the previous one, because the house church of the Savior, under Tsar Alexei, who lived in the terem chambers, became cathedral and in this sense replaced the ancient cathedrals of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Annunciation and Sretensky for the royal court. Around the same time, alterations and renewals were probably made in the terem building. In 1670, the front upper courtyard, or the platform located between these chambers and the Church of the Savior, was decorated with a gilded copper lattice, which blocked the entrance from the stairs that led to the Terem from the Bed Porch. It is curious that this beautiful lattice, which has survived to this day, was cast from copper money, released before the people and caused so much displeasure, losses, troubles and executions.
Introduction. The general concept of the prince's court in Ancient Russia. The courtyard of the first Moscow princes. General overview of ancient mansion buildings in Great Russia. Building methods, or carpentry. Composition of the wooden sovereign of the palace. Stone palace, erected at the end of the 15th century. Its location is at the beginning of the 16th century. The history of the palace under Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible and his successors. Palace buildings in the Time of Troubles, or in the Moscow Devastation. Renovation of the palace and new buildings under Mikhail Fedorovich. New decorations of the palace under Alexei Mikhailovich. Distribution and decoration of the palace under Fedor Alekseevich and during the reign of Princess Sophia. The location of the palace and its composition at the end of the 17th century. Desolation and gradual destruction of palace buildings in the 18th century. "
The old Russian domestic life, and especially the life of the Russian great sovereign, with all its statutes, regulations, forms, with all decency, rank and readiness, was most fully expressed by the end of the 17th century. This was the era of the last days for our domestic and social antiquity, when everything that was strong and rich in this antiquity, expressed itself and ended in such images and forms with which, along the same path, it was impossible to go further. Moscow, the strongest of the vital forces of old Russia, in this remarkable and curious epoch outlived its age with the complete domination of the historical principle, which it had worked out and the establishment of which in life cost so many sacrifices and such a long and stubborn struggle. Political unity The Russian land, to which Moscow aspirations and traditions inevitably led, was already an indisputable and undoubted affair both in the minds of the people themselves and for all neighbors who had ever stretched out their hand for our lands. The representative of this unity, the great Moscow sovereign, the autocrat of all Russia, stood in relation to the zemstvo to an unattainable height, which our distant ancestors hardly dreamed of. We do not see anything corresponding to this "all-radiant royal majesty" in our ancient life. True, the idea of a tsar was well known to us from the first centuries of our history, especially when our relations with Byzantium were active. The Greek king seemed to us a type of autocratic, unlimited power, a type of high and great dignity, to which access was accompanied by an amazing solemnity for ordinary eyes and an atmosphere of unspeakable brilliance and splendor. We have received a sufficient understanding of all this since the time of the Varangian campaigns against Constantinople. This concept did not fade away in subsequent centuries, spread especially by the clergy, Greek and Russian, on the occasion of his frequent relations with Constantinople. Book people of those centuries, usually also clergymen, occasionally ascribed this title to Russian princes out of a desire to elevate their dignity and significance, at least in their own eyes, out of a desire to say the most zealous and servile in praise of the good prince. Later, we began to call the tsar of the Horde with the same title, because how else, that is, more understandable for everyone, could we designate the nature of the khan's power and the nature of his rule over our land. We called the new phenomenon by its corresponding name, which, as a representation, has long existed in the minds, with which a fairly definite and familiar concept has been combined for a long time. At home, among our princes, we did not find anything corresponding to this name. And if they sometimes called them that way, then, as we have mentioned, it was solely out of special servility and servility, by which our ancient bookishness was more often guided in its praiseworthy words.
A type great Prince of Ancient Russia was not sharply delineated, definitely. He was lost among his own princely tribe, among the warriors and veche cities, which enjoyed almost equal independence of voice, power and action. Traits of this type disappear in the general structure of the earth. He does not suddenly acquire even a name great and is simply called "prince" with the addition of the title "lord" from time to time, which only showed its imperious significance in general. The scribes, recalling the Apostolic Scripture, sometimes assign to it the meaning of "God's servant" who "carries a sword not in vain, but in revenge on villains, in praise of good deeds." They call him "the head of the earth"; but these were abstract representations, actually books; in real life they received little attention. With the name of the prince, everyday concepts of time were united only by the meaning of the chief judge and governor, the keeper of truth and the first warrior of the earth. As soon as the truth was violated by the actions of the prince, he lost confidence, was deprived of the principality, and sometimes even life itself. In general, he was the "guardian of the Russian land" from internal enemies, domestic ones, and from alien enemies. For that his land fed and he himself did not extend his species beyond the right to this feeding. Feeding, at the same time, stipulated the common ownership of the land in the princely tribe and, consequently, the personal dependence of the prince, even a great one, not only on relatives, but even on the warriors, because they were participants in the feeding and communal ownership of the land, participants in the protection truth and in protecting the earth from enemies. It is understandable why the Grand Duke even for the zemstvo became no more than a feeder, not the head of the land, but the head of the same feeders, the leader of the squad; it is understandable why his relations with the Zemstvo were so direct and simple. In those simple-minded centuries, lively speeches and arguments were often heard at veche meetings, in which the people of the veche and the prince express some kind of fraternal, completely equal relationship. We will not talk about how consciously developed definitions of life are revealed in these lively conversations. Perhaps only the simple-minded and straightforward naive childhood of social development is expressed here to a greater extent, in which the first period in the life of all historical peoples generally differs.
“And we bow to you, prince, but in your opinion we don’t want to” - this is the stereotypical phrase, which expressed disagreement with the princely demands and claims, expressed in general an independent, independent decision of the case. “We bow to you, prince,” meant the same as “you to yourself, and we to ourselves,” which, in your opinion, will not happen. The princes, for their part, do not call the people of the veche children, but turn to them with the usual popular greetings: brothers! my dear brothers!- ancient Yaroslav appeals to the people of Novgorod, asking for help on Svyatopolk; brothers Volodymertsy!- Prince Yuri calls out, asking for protection from the people of Vladimir; brothers men pskov! who is old, then the father, who is young, that brother!- exclaims Domont Pskov, calling on the people of Pskov to defend the fatherland. All these are speeches that characterize the most ancient structure of princely relations with the zemstvo, clarifying the type of the ancient prince, what he was in reality, in folk concepts and ideas.
What an immeasurable difference of this type from another, who was later called the great sovereign and by the end of the XVII century. I was forced to forbid the earth, on pain of great disgrace, to write to him in petitions: "Have mercy, like God" or: "I am working your servant as a great sovereign, like God." It took a lot of time, and even more oppressive circumstances, for life to lead the concept of the masses to such a belittling. The new type was created gradually, step by step, under the yoke of events, under the influence of new life principles and book teachings, which disseminated and affirmed it.
Despite, however, the distance that separated each Zemstvo from the "blessed royal majesty", despite the order of life, apparently, so different and alien to the legends of antiquity, the great sovereign, with all the height of his political significance, did not leave the people roots. In his life, in his domestic life, he remains a completely popular type of owner, head of the house, a typical phenomenon of that system of life, which serves as the basis for the economic, masterful life of the whole people. The same concepts and even the level of education, the same habits, tastes, customs, domestic order, traditions and beliefs, the same mores - this is what equated the life of the sovereign not only with the boyar, but in general with the peasant life. The difference was found only in greater space, in greater coolness, with which life passed in the palace, and most importantly only in wealth, in quantity gold and all kinds of jewelry, all kinds tsat, in which, according to the century, every rank, and even more so the rank of sovereign, was presented incomparably more worthy. But it was only outfit life, which did not in the least change its essential aspects, its essential statutes and regulations, and not only in the moral, but also in the material environment. The peasant hut, cut down in the palace, for the sovereign's living, decorated with rich fabrics, gilded, painted, still remained hitch in its structure, with the same benches, a bunk, a front corner, with the same measure of one and a half fathoms, retaining even the national name of the hut. Consequently, life in a palace, in essence of needs, was in no way broader than life in a peasant hut; consequently, the beginnings of life there found for themselves a completely corresponding, most comfortable shelter in the same hut.