Vladimir province Kovrovsky district. Archaeological sites of the Kovrovsky district. Orthodoxy in the land of Kovrovskaya

In the XVII - the first half. XVIII century most of the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district was part of the Starodubsky mill of the Reshemskaya tithe of the Suzdal district.
Since 1719, these lands have become part of the vast Moscow province.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir governorship. The province, by the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, was divided into districts, one of which was the Kovrovsky district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a county town.
The Kovrovsky district included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky stans of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, and the stans of the Vladimir district.
Many villages that were later located in the Kovrovsky district were not initially included in it. So, the villages of Aleksino, Shapkino, Luchkino, Hotiml and Ryapolovo in 1779 were listed in the Vyaznikovsky district, and the villages of Rusino, Alachino - in Vladimirsky. Probably, the boundaries of the county have changed several times. They finally took shape in 1803, after the re-formation of the Kovrovsky district.
In 1796 the Kovrovsky district was abolished, and the city of Kovrov was turned into a posad.
On June 5 (May 24), 1803, Posad Kovrov was again restored as a district town.

The location of the county is flat.
Mountain limestone lies on the right side of the Klyazma River. Its layer lies no deeper than 3.5 m (5 arshins) from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: basement, flaky and actually limestone, from which lime is burned. The stone was broken in the mountains located on the right tributary of the Klyazma - Nerekhta. Quarry was the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Veliky to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov's calculations, the area occupied by limestone is about 1700 sq. km, or 1500 sq. versts
On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River, there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production.
There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, the more significant are the swamps between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7.5 km, or 7 versts, length and up to 2 km wide), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushki (9.5 km, or 9 versts, lengths and from 3-15 km , or 3-14 versts, width) and between the villages of Moshki and Vtorov (length 15 km, or 14 versts, and width 2-5.5 km, or 2-5 versts).
There are small lakes in this part of the county; of these, the lake is 4 km long, up to 65 m wide, or 30 fathoms.
On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip from 11 to 32 km, or from 10 to 30 versts, in the width of fertile land, and in the rest of the county the soil is gray-silty with sand and stony everywhere and required strong fertilization.
In the southern part of the district, the Klyazma River flows for 100 versts; there is a pier in the city of Kovrov. Of its tributaries, the most significant are: Lead, Shizhgda, Teza and Nerekhta. Small boats can sail along the Teze River, and the Uvod River is floatable.

County administration

With the formation of the Kovrovsky district, the system of district administration was formed. In the county, there were county and zemstvo courts, the necessary reprisals, the posts of county treasurer, solicitor, wine and salt bailiffs. An estate institution was the district noble guardianship, headed by the district leader of the nobility. But despite the fact that formally the leader did not have any special powers, in fact, especially after the introduction of the "Charter for the rights of liberty and advantages of the noble Russian nobility", he was the first person in the district. According to Professor V.V. Mavrodin, "the influence of the leaders of the nobility on the activities of the provincial and district government bodies was exceptionally great." The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. This post was occupied by people, as a rule, influential and possessing a decent condition, for the service of the leader was not paid and was held, so to speak, "on a voluntary basis." Moreover, the leader had to spend his own funds on the performance of his duties and representation, and in significant quantities. It is no coincidence that several Kovrov leaders of the nobility were completely ruined in this honorable, but not very profitable post. From the nobility, candidates were also selected for the other key posts in the district of the district judge and district zemstvo police chief. It was the police chief, who headed the county zemstvo court, who actually had full administrative power in the county. Almost exclusively retired officers were elected by the police officers. The first of them was Captain Nikolai Gavrilovich Neelov, who was the Kovrov police chief with interruptions from 1778 to 1796. In the Kovrovsky district, not all villages belonged to landowners. The main part of the Aleksinskaya and Belkovskaya volosts, as former monastic estates, turned out to be state-owned, and two volosts - Vsegodicheskaya and Yegoryevskaya belonged to the Palace (and later - Udelny) department. Most of the rest of the villages of the Kovrovsky district were proprietors, that is, landowners.

In the mid-50s of the XIX century in the Kovrovsky district of the Vladimir province in the village of Simakovo (now) by the peasant N.V. Kondratyev was created, consisting of serf musicians.

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County population

The county, the center of which was Kovrov in 1778, included the territory formerly in three counties: Suzdal, Vladimir and Shuisky. In 1778, 13645 male peasants' audit souls were transferred from the Suzdal district to Kovrovsky, 14338 audit souls from Vladimirsky and 295 souls from Shuisky. Of these souls were listed palace - 2701, economic - 4959 and landowners - 20618. The total male population of the Kovrov district together with the city in January 1779 was 28373 people, and the total population - about 60 thousand people.
The population of the county in 1859 was 99,043 people. According to the 1897 census, the county had 109,861 inhabitants (48,457 men and 61,404 women). According to the results of the all-Union population census in 1926, the population of the district was 120 524 people, of which 33 380 people were urban.
By religion: Orthodox - 113,528, schismatics - 986, Catholics - 38, others - 35.
By estate: noblemen - 202, clergy - 386, bourgeois - 1,688, peasants - 112,220, others - 91.
At the end. XIX century. the county included: 2 camps, 25 volosts, 695 villages, all settlements - 900.
According to the 1897 census, the largest settlements in the county: the city of Kovrov - 14,571 people; - 2739 people; the village of Gorki - 1018 people; with. Spas-Yurtsevo - 886 people; with. Ryakhovo - 858 people; with. Gorki - 803 people; the village of Belkovo - 770 people; - 743 people; the village of Klyushnikovo - 728 people; with. Big Vsegodichi - 727 people; the village of Mishnevo - 681 people; with. Tyntsy - 593 people; with. Voskresenskoe - 585 people; with. Aleksino - 573 people; the village of Kolobovo - 567 people; the village of Goryachevo - 545 people; with. Velikovo - 539 people; village Kamenovo - 526 people
By 1913, the Kovrovsky district was divided into 20 volosts: Aleksinskaya volost - with. Aleksino; Berezovskaya volost - with. Berezovik; Bykovskaya volost - with. Bykovo; Belkovskaya volost - with. Belkovo; Velikovskaya volost - with. Velikovo; Voznesenskaya volost - with. Ascension; Resurrection volost - with. Voskresenskoe; All-annual volost - with. Big Vsegodichi; Zimenkovskaya volost - with. Zimenki; Yegoryevskaya volost - with. Egoriy; Klyushnikovskaya volost - the village of Klyushnikovo; Lezhnevskaya volost - with. Lezhnevo; Malyshevskaya volost - Malyshevo village; Milyukovskaya volost - with. Milyukovo; Osipovskaya volost - with. Osipovo; Sannikovskaya volost - with. Sannikovo; Filyandinsky volost - with. Filyandino; Khotiml volost - with. Hotiml; Chernetsky volost - with. Cherntsy; Eden parish -.

Since 1890, the Kovrovsky district was divided into four zemstvo districts headed by its chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, served as the first court of law for the peasant population under his jurisdiction. The main population of the district were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov district that developed local non-agricultural trades and trade.
Important trade routes have long passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main centers of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi surpassed Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. The constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodichi and Vsegodicheskaya volost became famous as the center of tailor's craft.

Trades and industry

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In the second floor. XIX - early. XX centuries. a network of railways passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. In 1858-1862. was laid, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 -.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s. was the formation of zemstvo institutions. Kovrov district zemstvo government began its work on March 23, 1866. Collegiate adviser A.A. Aleev, who previously held the post of the Kovrov district judge. The role of the zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, health care, construction and maintenance of local roads. During its 50-year history, the Kovrov zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity hospital in the uyezd. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the district and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvo was in charge of the county agronomic land survey service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinarians. The zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads, their repair. The zemstvo rendered great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov district zemstvo council, the most prominent figure was one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, the state councilor, who headed the Kovrov district council in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

The Russian Orthodox Church exerted a great influence on various aspects of uyezd life. The whole way of life, all the existence of villages and villages was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of local social life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments on the territory of the district, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the boundaries of the modern Kovrovsky district was the Assumption Church of the former, built in the beginning. 1690s
The massive construction of the Kovrov stone churches began from the end. 1770s and continued until the beginning. 1830s The first of them were the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi and the Annunciation Church in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, there were 101 churches, many chapels in the Kovrovsky district, there was one women's community and one women's monastery. In the villages and Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden churches were preserved, the churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshie Vsegodichi, Lyubets, (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, and teachers have emerged from the clergy of the Kovrov district. So, the son of a sexton of the village of Rusino A.G. Vishnyakov became a senator and attained the rank of actual privy councilor, and the priestly son T.F. Osipovsky became an outstanding mathematician, rector of Kharkov University. The natives of the Kovrov district were Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky).
In the beginning. 1920s Kovrov and the district received their own archpastor - Bishop of Kovrov, Saint Athanasius (Sakharov).
The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure by 1941 of all churches on the territory of the region. Only in 1944 was it permitted to serve in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi, which until the beginning of the 19th century. 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrovsky district.

« FIRST BLESSING DISTRICT
This district includes the churches of the following villages.

The Kovrovsky district is located in the north-eastern part of the Vladimir region and borders on the Kameshkovsky, Selivanovsky and Vyaznikovsky districts of the Vladimir region and the Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region. The valley of the Klyazma River divides the territory of the Kovrovsky district into an elevated southeastern and more gentle northwestern parts. In the Kovrovsky district, in addition to the Klyazma, there are also smaller, but amazingly beautiful rivers Uvod, Nerekhta, Tara, Arga and others. There are many floodplain and karst lakes, the purity of the waters of which amazes everyone who sees this treasure of Russian nature.

On the territory of the Kovrovsky district there is a significant number of historical and cultural monuments, including 42 monuments of archeology and the same number of monuments of history and architecture. The earliest archaeological sites in the Kovrovsky region date back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The surviving Meryan names of some villages, rivers and lakes, as well as Old Russian settlements and burial mounds testify to the settlement of the Kovrov region by Meryan tribes and Slavs in antiquity.

Chronicle history of our region.

The first documentary pages of the history of the Kovrov region are associated with the founding of the city of Starodub by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in 1152. The city of Starodub-Klyazemsky was located on the site of the current village of Klyazmensky Gorodok. Starodub was founded as a border fortress guarding an important waterway along the Klyazma on the distant approaches to Vladimir. In 1218, this border town of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was given into the possession of his younger brother, Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, by the Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich. The latter went down in history as the first prince of Moscow. After the death of Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, the territory of the Starodub principality was reunited with the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Even under Yuri II, the younger brother of the Grand Duke, Ivan Vsevolodovich, was sent to Starodub as governor. After the tragic battle for the Russians on the City River on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich finally approved the rights of his younger brother Ivan to Starodub, and from that time the history of the independent Starodub principality begins.

The Starodub principality occupied a relatively small territory and bordered in the north with Suzdal, in the east - with Nizhny Novgorod, in the west - with the Great Vladimir principality. Most of the territory of the modern Kovrov district was formerly part of the Starodub principality. In addition to the capital of the principality, the city of Starodub, the most important centers in it were the villages of Aleksino and Shapkino (now in the Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region), Mugreevo (now in the Yuzhsky district of the Ivanovo region), Palekh (the regional center of the Ivanovo region), the Kovrov villages of Osipovo and Petrovskoye, Rozhdestveno (the modern city Kovrov). Despite its small territory, the Starodub principality was a completely independent (sovereign) state with its rulers - princes from the Starodub dynasty.

Its founder was the aforementioned youngest son of Vsevolod III the Big Nest - Prince Ivan I Vsevolodovich. In the history of the independent Starodub principality, the most famous were Prince Fyodor I Ivanovich Blessed, who was killed in 1330 in the Horde for adherence to Orthodoxy, and Prince Andrei Fyodorovich Starodubsky - a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, the second voivode of the right-hand regiment.

Starodub, like any princely city, had fortifications. The length of the shafts was 506 meters. There were seven or eight churches in the city. With them were the houses of princes, boyars and trade guests. The development of the city was facilitated by a favorable location: an important trade route lying nearby connected the Zaleskaya land with the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region, and the road to Nizhny Novgorod passed through the city itself. According to archeology data, pottery was especially developed in Starodub.

If the integrity of the Starodub principality was preserved until the end of the XIV century, then it began to disintegrate into appanages. Power in the lands belonged to representatives of various branches of the Starodub princely dynasty. The Starodub princes left a noticeable mark on the history of our Fatherland. Everyone who is even a little interested in Russian history knows the names of the princes Ryapolovsky, Romodanovsky, Palekhsky, Osipovsky, Gagarins, Gundorovs, Khilkovs, Kovrovs, Pozharsky, Krivoborsky. For all of them, the historical homeland was the city of Starodub on the Klyazma.

In the 15th century, the city of Starodub, due to the constant raids of the Tatar-Mongols, had already lost its former significance. A strong and almost final blow to Starodub was struck by the events of the Great Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. In March 1609, a strong battle took place on the ramparts of the Starodub settlement. A detachment of the Suzdal governor, the impostor Fyodor Pleshcheev, reinforced by the Poles, Cossacks and artillery, attacked Starodub and defeated him. Since that time, the history of the village of Klyazemsky Gorodok begins, which grew out of the settlement of the deceased city.

Kovrovsky district in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

In the 17th-first half of the 18th centuries, most of the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district was part of the Starodubsky mill of the Reshemskaya tithe of the Suzdal district. Since 1719, our lands have found themselves in the vast Moscow province. In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir governorship. The province, by the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, was divided into districts, one of which was the Kovrovsky district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a county town. The Kovrovsky district included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky stans of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, Medushsky and Opolsky stans of the Vladimirsky district. The boundaries of the newly formed county changed several times and were finally formed only at the beginning of the 19th century, after the re-formation of the county in 1803. More than 2/3 of the territory of the present Kovrovsky district was previously part of the Kovrovsky district. The rest of the district was formerly part of the Sudogodsky district (Milinovo, Ivanovo-Esino, Novoe, Krasny Mayak and Krasny Oktyabr, Smolino, Shevinskaya, etc.), and a relatively small area belonged to the Vyaznikovsky district (Kuvezino, Panteleevo).

With the formation of the Kovrovsky district, the system of district administration was formed. In the county, there were county and zemstvo courts, lower reprisals, county treasurer, solicitor, wine and salt bailiffs. The estate was the district noble guardianship, headed by the district leader of the nobility. It was he who, in fact, was the first person in the district. The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. This post was occupied by people, as a rule, influential and possessing a decent condition, for the service of the leader was not paid and was held, so to speak, "on a voluntary basis." Most of the Kovrov leaders served one or two three years. A kind of record not only in the Vladimir province, but also in almost all of Russia was set by I.S.Bezobrazov, who held the post of the district leader for 32 years in a row, from 1842 to 1874.

In the last decades before 1917, the Kovrov leader also became the chairman of the county congress, county land management commissions, on recruiting presence, school council, committee of guardianship of sobriety, department of guardianship committee on prisons and guardianship of orphanages.

From the nobility, candidates were also selected for the other key posts in the district of the district judge and district zemstvo police chief. It was the police chief, who headed the county zemstvo court, who actually had full administrative power in the county. As a rule, retired officers were elected by the police officers. Since 1890, the Kovrovsky district was divided into four zemstvo districts headed by its chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, served as the first court of law for the peasant population under his jurisdiction.
In the current Kovrovsky district, there are almost no visible reminders of the noble estates that were once located here. The only surviving monument of the provincial noble culture of the 18th-19th centuries on the territory of the Kovrovsky district is the Taneevs' estate complex in the village of Marinino, consisting of a manor house, a temple and a park.

Peasant crafts. The beginning of the carpet industry.

The main population of the district were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov district that developed local non-agricultural trades and trade. Important trade routes have long passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main centers of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi surpassed Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. The constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodichi and Vsegodicheskaya volost became famous as the center of tailor's craft. Residents of the Kovrovsky district were engaged in various non-agricultural industries due to the low fertility of the land, its insufficient amount and primitive processing technology. One of the most profitable trades was the Ofen trade, whose homeland was the Kovrov district. The peasants left the villages of the Vsegodicheskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Ovsyannikovskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts. Even earlier than the Ofen, quarrying arose, including the preparation of lime. This craft existed in the days of the Starodub principality. The peasants of Belkovskaya, Velikovskaya, Malyshevskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts were engaged in the development of the stone. In the 19th century, limestone was most of all mined by the peasants of the villages of Gorozhanovo, Medyntsevo, Tarkhanovo, Chernositovo and the village of Velikovo. The next most important local craft can be called tailoring. He reached the greatest development in the Vsegodicheskaya and Malyshevskaya volosts. The number of tailors in the county reached 5,000. On the territory of the Kovrovsky district, there were about 20 types of local crafts. Among them, we will single out the pottery, who received the greatest development among the peasants of the villages around the village of Osipovo, who produced up to 400 thousand clay products per year.

Various peasant trades gave rise to the industry of the Kovrov district. Manual weaving factories, the so-called calico beams, have been operating in the county for a long time. Even landowners started them on their estates. An example is the factory operated by the Mankovs in the village of Babenki, which has been operating since the 1830s. In 1912-1914, a weaving factory was built near the village of Gostyukhino (now the village of Achievement) of the Osipov volost of the nobleman N.L. Masalsky. In total, more than 15 thousand people worked at factories in Kovrovsky district in the 1910s.

In addition to spinning and weaving factories, there were industrial enterprises of a different profile. So, in the Kovrovsky district, there were three iron foundries, one of which at the village of Raskova Myza (now within the city microdistrict of Maleev and Kangin) belonged to the merchant-Old Believer, a native of the village of Ilyino FF Pershin. In the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a network of railways passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. In 1858-1862, the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway was built, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 - the Kovrov-Murom railway. The wide network of railways, as well as the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod highway, built back in the 1830s, contributed to the rapid growth of industry in the Kovrovsky district.

Kovrov Zemstvo.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s was the formation of zemstvo institutions. The Kovrov district zemstvo government began its work on March 23, 1866. Its first chairman was the collegiate adviser A.A. Aleev, who had previously held the post of the Kovrov district judge. The role of the zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, health care, construction and maintenance of local roads. During its 50-year history, the Kovrov zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity hospital in the uyezd. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the district and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvo was in charge of the county agronomic land survey service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinarians. The zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads, their repair. The zemstvo rendered great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov district zemstvo council, the most prominent figure was State Councilor N.P. Muratov, one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, who headed the Kovrov Zemstvo in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

Orthodoxy in the land of Kovrov.

The Russian Orthodox Church exerted a great influence on various aspects of uyezd life. The whole way of life, all the existence of villages and villages was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of local social life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments on the territory of the district, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the boundaries of the modern Kovrovsky district was the Assumption Church of the former Lyubetsky Monastery, built in the early 1690s. The massive construction of the Kovrov stone churches began in the late 1770s and continued until the early 1830s. The first of them were the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi and the Annunciation Church in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, there were 101 churches, many chapels in the Kovrovsky district, there was one female community and one female monastery. In the villages of Misailovo and Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden churches were preserved, churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshie Vsegodichi, Lyubets, Plesets (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, and teachers have emerged from the clergy of the Kovrov district. Thus, the son of a sexton of the village of Rusino A.G. Vishnyakov became a senator and attained the rank of a real privy councilor, and the priest's son T.F. Osipovsky became an outstanding mathematician, rector of Kharkov University. The natives of the Kovrov district were Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky). In the early 1920s, Kovrov and the district received their own archpastor - Bishop of Kovrov, St. Athanasius (Sakharov). The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure of all churches in the region by 1941. Only in 1944 was it allowed to serve in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi, which until the early 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrovsky district. Recently, in the Kovrovsky district, new Orthodox churches are being built more and more actively - monuments of history and culture of the Vladimir region. The Mother of God-Christmas Church in the village of Ivanovo-Esino, the Kazan Church in the village of Malyshevo, the Resurrection Church in the village of Pavlovskoye became active. The restoration of the Nativity Church in the churchyard of Medusha, Nikolsky Church in the village of Troitskoye-Nikolskoye is underway. The Nikolskaya Church under construction in the Kovrov village of Yudikha will become a unique monument of wooden architecture.

Kovrovsky district in the 1920s-1930s.

The establishment of Soviet power gave impetus to significant administrative and territorial transformations. In June 1918, 8 volosts in the northern part of the Kovrovsky district were transferred to the newly formed Ivanovo province. The territory of the Kovrovsky district has decreased by about a third. The number of the remaining volosts (by 1917 there were 20 of them in the district) was gradually decreasing due to their enlargement. By 1929, only 6 volosts remained in the Kovrovsky district: Aleksinskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Osipovskaya, Savinskaya, Tyntsovskaya and Edemskaya. In 1929, the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The Kovrovsky district became part of the Vladimirsky district of the Ivanovo industrial region. A number of settlements of the former Sudogodsky and Vyaznikovsky districts were included in the newly formed region. In 1940, the Kameshkovsky district was formed, which included a significant part of the villages from the Kovrovsky district together with the village of Kameshkovo.

In 1944, the Vladimir region was formed due to the unbundling of the Ivanovo region. It also included the Kovrovsky district. In 1945, workers' settlements Krasny Oktyabr and Krasny Mayak were formed in the Kovrovsky district, and in 1958 - the settlements of Melekhovo and Malygino. The last time the borders of the Kovrovsky district were changed in 1961, when the Seltsovsky village council of the Palekhsky district of the Ivanovo region entered the Kovrovsky district.

After 1917, in the Kovrovsky district, a campaign began to introduce collective forms of farming in the countryside. The first agricultural commune in the village of Klyushnikovo was organized in February 1918. Since 1928 collectivization began in the Kovrovsky district, which was accompanied by mass "dispossession". By 1931, there were already 139 collective farms in the region, uniting 3251 peasant farms (26% of the total). Collectivization had the greatest successes in Osipovsky, Klyazmogorodetsky, Staroderevensky, Yudikhinsky, Krestnikovsky, Smolinsky and Ivanovo-Esinsky village councils. By 1935, in the Kovrovsky district, complete collectivization ended. Almost every village or village has its own collective farm.

In January 1939, an independent rural district committee was separated from the Kovrov city committee. In June of the same year, the I Kovrov district party conference was held, at which G.M. Zavyalov was elected the first secretary of the Kovrov district committee of the CPSU (b).

Kovrovsky district during the Great Patriotic War.

Thousands of residents of the Kovrovsky district walked along the roads of the Great Patriotic War. It is impossible to mention all the names of the residents of Kovrov who courageously performed their military duty. Two natives of the Kovrovsky region received the highest award - the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Attack pilot IV Pershutov from the village of Babenki beat the Nazis on the formidable Il-2 attack aircraft. On February 9, 1944, he died in an unequal battle, liberating Ukraine. On October 26, 1944, Lieutenant Pershutov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero. The commander of a mortar company, a native of the village of Polovchinovo, A.P. Generalov, fought in the Arctic, defended the approaches to Murmansk. On October 13, 1944, leading the counterattack of his battalion, the brave captain was killed. He received the title of Hero posthumously.

During the war, the inhabitants of the region and in the rear showed no less heroism than at the front. The whole world knows the names of the designers of small arms, Heroes of Socialist Labor S.G.Simonov, a native of the village of Fedotovo, and G.S.Shpagin, a native of the village of Klyushnikovo. The samples of small arms they created proved to be excellent on the battlefields. In the history of military medicine, the Hero of Socialist Labor EI Smirnov, a native of the village of Ozerki, became famous. During the Great Patriotic War, he headed the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, and in the postwar years he served as the Minister of Health of the USSR.

The most significant military facility on the territory of the Kovrovsky district was the airfield of heavy bombers near the village of Kryachkovo. The creation of the airfield is associated with the name of the famous polar explorer Hero of the Soviet Union MV Vodopyanov. Since the fall of 1941, two regiments were based at the Kryachkovsky airfield, including the legendary 432nd heavy bomber aviation regiment of the 81st Long-Range Aviation Division, in which the first Heroes of the Soviet Union, polar explorers A.V. Belyakov, M.M. Gromov served , A. D. Alekseev, G. F. Baidukov. From the Kovrov land, Soviet "flying fortresses" Pe-8 "worked" at the railway junctions of Smolensk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Minsk and Lyuban, and also flew to bomb the deep rear of Nazi Germany, including Berlin. In April 1942, the planes of the 432th Aviation Regiment flew to England on the instructions of the Soviet government, delivering there a group of employees of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and in May they brought the People's Commissar V.M. Molotov to Washington for negotiations with US President F. Roosevelt.

By 1943, after the transition of Soviet troops to the offensive, long-range aviation airfields moved to the west. The field airfield near the village of Kryachkovo was also deserted, although other air connections continued to use it for several more years.

The material was prepared by the director of the MUK "Historical and Local Lore Museum of the Kovrov District" Frolova E.V "

Archaeological monuments of the Kovrovsky district

V. founded by the hunter Elifan. Then the village was renamed into the village of Rozhdestvenskoye and in the 16th century. belonged to the princes Kovrov (see). In the cemetery near the Church of St. John the Voystvennik, 5 plates with inscriptions have survived, and on one of them there is an inscription that Prince Vasily An is buried under it (in the city). Carpet, the former first governor of Great Perm. Prince Yves. The carpet was presented to K. to the Suzdal Spaso-Efimievsky Monastery and K. with the establishment of monastic states, in the city, made an economic village. From year to year it was a county town and in town it was left to the state. In the city it was made a district town of the Vladimir province. Inhabitants of 5372 men and 3814 women (by January 1); Orthodox 8972, schismatics 95, Roman Catholics 48, Protestants 10, Jews 12, other confessions 49. Noblemen 112, spiritual 43, burghers 6291, peasants 2250, military estate 411, other classes 79. Churches 2. There were 770 houses in Kazakhstan, 42 wooden grain barns. City income 68504 rubles. (city), of which 4796 rubles. from documents for trade and 2607 rubles. from taverns and other similar establishments. It was spent on the maintenance of the city general administration 3652 rubles, on educational institutions rubles, on the medical unit 682 rubles, a total of 37429 rubles. Thanks to the railroad, trade in Kazakhstan developed greatly. Factories and factories: 1 fat-heating plant, 1 steam flour mill and 1 mechanical-weaving factory and, in addition, mechanical workshops of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod road (4 steam engines with 116 forces and 734 workers). Of the factories, the more significant paper-making Yves. A. Treumova, producing up to 110 thousand poods of calico. There are workers on it, and its turnover reaches 2300 thousand rubles. Near K. there are rich limestone quarries. 33 drinking establishments, a city school and 2 parishes. Hospital.

Kovrovsky district

Kovrovsky district in the middle part of the province and occupies, according to Schweizer, 65.4 square meters. miles or 3165 sq. versts The location of the county is even, with the exception of the left side of the Klyazma River. Mountain limestone lies on the right side of the Klyazma River. Its layer lies no deeper than 5 arshins from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: basement, flaky and actually limestone, from which lime is burned. The stone is broken in the mountains located on the right tributary of the Klyazma - Nerekhta. Quarry is the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Velikiy to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov's calculations, the area occupied by limestone is about 1,500 sq. versts On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River, there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production. There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, swamps are more significant between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7 versts in length and up to 2 versts in width), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushki (9 versts in length and from 3-14 versts in width) and between the villages of Moshki and Vtorov (length 14 versts and width 2-5 versts). There are small lakes in this part of the county; of these, the lake near the village of Smekhra is 4 versts long and up to 30 sazhens wide. On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip of 10 to 30 versts wide of fertile land, and in the rest of the district the soil is gray-silty with sand and is everywhere stony and requires strong fertilization. There were up to 150 thousand dessiatines under the forest in the city. Mainly the forest in the county is coniferous, it is located on the right side of the Klyazma River. Oak forests are located along the banks of the Klyazma, Uvodi, Shishezhedi and Teza. The peasant societies had 44,104 tithes, private owners had 92934 tithes, the treasury had 4985 tithes, the lot had 7827 tithes, and the city had tithes. In the southern part of the district, the Klyazma River flows for 100 versts; there is a pier in the city of Kovrov. Its more significant tributaries are: Lead with tributaries Tal'sha, Vyazma and Ukhtoma; Shishezheda, Teza and Nerekhta. Small boats can sail along the Teze River, and the Uvod River is floatable.

Inhabitants (excluding the city) 55,466 men and 59,121 women (by January 1); Orthodox 113528, schismatics 986, Catholics 38, other confessions 35; 202 noblemen, 386 clergy, petty bourgeoisie, peasants 112220, other estates 91. Churches 86. 2 camps, 25 volosts, 695 villages. All settlements 900. All land 341896 dessiatines and from it 19529 dessiatines inconvenient. Arable land is divided by the zemstvo into 3 categories - 1 is estimated at 10 rubles; peasant societies had 36,513 dessiatines of such land, owners, the treasury 25 and the appanage department of tithes. To the 2nd category - 8 rubles. tithes - 37469 dessiatines of peasant land, 7453 dessiatines of the owner and 24 dessiatines of the state are numbered. For grade 3 - 5 rubles. tithe - 34828 dessiatines of the peasant and 10770 dessiatines of the owner belong. There were 17146 dessiatines for peasant societies, 2616 dessiatines for the owners, 15 dessiatines for specific and 40 dessiatines for the city. There are 8491 dessiatines from peasant societies, 3613 dessiatines from the owners, 14 dessiatines from the treasury, and 16 dessiatines from peasant societies. Sown in quarters: rye 39524, wheat 4840, oats 31598, barley 3495, buckwheat 9538, peas 305, potatoes 24781, flax. Collected rye, quarters: 167380, wheat 15256, oats 125088, barley 16252, buckwheat 23228, peas, potatoes 99573, flax 5729. Livestock (in the city): horses 17768, cattle 13960 heads, sheep 24148, goats 630, pigs 465 Fishing on the Klyazma River. Gardening, horticulture and beekeeping are underdeveloped. Ofeni live in the northeastern part of the county (see). The blooming times of the office have passed and now their number has significantly decreased. The nest of the Kovrov office is the Aleksinskaya volost, which lies near the Kholui settlement, the trade center of all the offices. In the northwestern part of the county, weaving of sarpinka and calico is developed. Of special crafts, we note the production of tarantulas and sledges with baskets (bodies) woven from willow and cherry, and the production of sieves and sieves. Railways pass through the county: Nizhegorodskaya, Shuisko-Ivanovskaya and Muromskaya. 13 factories are engaged in the processing of cotton fiber, and of them 7 factories are engaged in mechanical weaving, 1 factory is crimson-dyeing and calico printing and 3 factories are engaged in manual paper-making. Of the paperwork, the most significant is the Gorkinskaya Manufactory with a turnover of 165,754 rubles, with workers; paper-making Voskresensk manufactory, 306 workers; plain weaving factories of Treumov (Kovrov), Kuchin, Gorbunovs (for 89,588 rubles); Lezhnevskaya manufactory (78,310 rubles), etc. Foil-rolling establishment of merchant Chakhnov and Bolshakov's steam mill. Mills 20. 21 lime kilns, 17 lime tunnels, 135 drinking establishments and 648 different commercial and industrial establishments. Certificates for the right to trade issued (