The fate of the deported peoples. Deportation of peoples in the USSR: causes, conditions, results and consequences. deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan. How does deportation work?
organizations) on behalf of this organization and vested in these relations with internal organizational and administrative powers and external representative powers.
Thus, the main difference between a public official and a private official, from our point of view, is that the former can only hold a position in a state or municipal organization and, at the same time, is endowed with external powers in relation to organizational entities not subordinate to him, but the second can be an executive in both a non-state and non-municipal organization and, at the same time, is not endowed with external powers in relation to organizational entities that are not subordinate to him.
It is this approach to understanding an official that, in our opinion, will make it possible to ensure uniformity in the legislative definition of the place and legal status of an official as a special subject of relations regulated by various branches of public and private law.
Notes
1. See, for example: Yampolskaya, Ts. A. On an official in the Soviet state apparatus [Text] / Ts. A. Yampolskaya // Issues of Soviet administrative law. M.; L., 1949. S. 141; Petrov, G. I. Citizen and official in the Soviet state [Text] / G. I. Petrov // Vest. Le-ningr. university 1971. No. 23. S. 126; Kostyukov, A.N. Legal status of an official (Administrative and legal aspect) [Text]: author. dis. ... cand. legal Sciences / A. N. Kostyukov. L., 1988. S. 9.
2. See, for example: Kozlov, Yu. M. Administrative law [Text]: textbook / Yu. M. Kozlov. M.: Yurist, 2005. S. 328;
3. See, for example: Starilov, Yu. N. The course of general administrative law [Text] / Yu. N. Starilov. M.: Norma, 2002. T. 2. S. 103-104.
4. See, in particular: Kononov, P. I. Administrative responsibility of officials [Text]: author. dis. . cand. legal Sciences / P. I. Kononov. M., 1994. S. 16.
5. See: Starilov, Yu. N. Service law [Text] / Yu. N. Starilov. M.: Beck, 1996. S. 379.
6. See: Kononov, P. I. Administrative law. General part [Text]: lecture course / P. I. Kononov. Kirov, 2002. S. 62-63.
I. V. Berdinsky
DEPORTATIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE USSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Based on a wide range of sources, the article examines both the mechanism of forcible deportation of a number of ethnic groups (Russian Germans, Balts, peoples of the Caucasus, Crimean Tatars), and the features of the system of special settlements in the Russian North during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
Forced deportations as a measure of state coercion were used by the Soviet authorities almost from the moment it was established in 1917-1918. We are talking about political exile, i.e., such resettlements, during which punitive motives prevailed and which were carried out by state security agencies. The main group of the population affected by the resettlement in the 30s. XX century., were peasants. This period of political exile in the historical literature is characterized as "kulak exile". In the early 1940s The main sign and criterion for the deportation of the population in the Soviet Union was ethnic.
In fact, special resettlement is a form of forced deportation with a number of legal restrictions applied to the dispossessed. Formally, the special settlers were not deprived of their liberty, but in fact they were repressed, since they were severely restricted in their civil, labor, and family rights.
The set of legal instruments for the implementation of the adopted political decisions was reduced by the country's leadership to the minimum. It was limited to secret directives of the Politburo (Presidium) of the Central Committee or decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) - CPSU, in accordance with which secret decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and decrees of the Government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were adopted. According to the same scheme, the liberation of the “punished” peoples was carried out (already in the post-Stalin period).
However, for certain ethnic groups and social categories, it was considered sufficient simply to decide the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the USSR (executive authority) or even the decision of a completely unconstitutional body - the State Defense Committee (July 1941 - September 1945).
BERDINSKIH Ivan Viktorovich - post-graduate student of the Department of History and Local Lore of Vyatka State University © Berdinskikh I. V., 2006
Naturally, in these cases, the adoption of the documents was preceded by their discussion and approval in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. All this fit into the political logic of the then leadership of the country: in the conditions of secrecy and complete secrecy of mass repressions, “Soviet legality” was not required - even for camouflage.
The main executors of the actions (NKVD, NKGB and other law enforcement agencies) obeyed only the personal will of the dictator, and the execution of this will by the “paper” of one or another state body was just a formality.
Individual decisions that determine the fate of specific people were made by extrajudicial bodies with gross violations of even formal Soviet procedural law.
The most important links in the chain of acts on deportations and special settlements were not the primary decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the country, not the initial decrees of the Government (Council of People's Commissars, the Council of Ministers), which launched the mechanism of repression, but the departmental normative documents that regulated this entire process (in its smallest details) before. in total - orders, directives, instructions and orders of the NKVD-MVD-MGB of the USSR.
The main feature of the legal normative documents adopted in the USSR and dedicated to the situation of special settlers is that the law here was secondary: the legal justification for deportations followed the actual use of repression. First, the Poles, Crimean Tatars and other “punished” peoples were deported - and only later (after a few years) were they filed personal files ...
A typical example is the departmental act - order of the NKVD of the USSR 001158 "On measures to carry out the operation of the expulsion of Germans from the Republic of the Volga Germans, Saratov and Stalingrad regions" - dated August 27, 1941.
Under the legislative document on this matter - the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - is the date "August 28, 1941". That is, in this case (as in many others), the law-enforcement document preceded the law-establishing act of the legislature.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated January 8, 1945 No. 35 “On the legal status of special settlers” finally fixed the repressive mechanism of deportation practice that had already been debugged for 15 years. There were, of course, documents of this type before. But for the first time in many years, this resolution - and then only in the most general form, without detail - legally consolidated the realities of special settlements. BUT
after all, in fact, this document replaced the corresponding law and limited the civil rights of more than 2,000,000 people, and the list of such restrictions could be expanded to "unspecified limits."
A characteristic feature of political exile in the mid-twentieth century. is the presence of its own original system of special settlements. These were not prisons or colonies in the full sense of the word, but they were secure facilities specially designed for the residence and work of special settlers. The basic element of the system of special settlements was the special settlement.
The special settlements were controlled by the commandant's offices of the OGPU (later - the NKVD-MVD-MGB), headed by commandants who had full power. If special settlers were sent to work in industry (to a large construction site, to a factory, a mine, etc.), then a special settlement department was established at the corresponding enterprise, which disposed of this category of workers. At the same time, the settlers remained assigned to a certain special commandant's office - with all the duties that entailed for them.
Almost half of the special settlers during the war were Russian Germans. Meanwhile, Russia has long been their homeland. More than 100 German colonies on the lower Volga were created in the second half of the 18th century. after the well-known colonization manifestos of Catherine II (1762-1763), who invited foreigners to settle in Russia. Significant German settlements arose in the Ukraine, in the Crimea. In the Baltic States and St. Petersburg, the Germans lived from even more ancient times. Compact or scattered groups of Russian Germans were present in most Russian cities and played a very significant and positive role in its economy, culture, science, education and public administration.
The autonomous region (labor commune) of the Volga Germans was formed by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of October 19, 1918. Its appearance was in perfect harmony with the course proclaimed by the Soviet government for the development of national statehood among the peoples of Russia. This region included 4 counties of Samara and Saratov provinces. In 1922, its territory was enlarged at the expense of neighboring regions, and in 1924 the status of the autonomy increased: it was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans.
According to the 1939 USSR census, 366,685 Germans lived in this ASSR, making up 60.4% of the population of the republic. And in general, the German diaspora in the USSR was one of the largest and numbered 1,427,222 people. At the same time, about 400 thousand Germans lived in Ukraine, and about 700 thousand Germans lived in the RSFSR.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 2060-935 of August 12, 1941 planned to deport 480 thousand Germans from the Volga region. The order of the NKVD of August 27, 1941 determined the procedure for deportation, and the eviction was officially announced by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 28, 1941.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 7, 1941, the Republic of the Volga Germans was actually liquidated, and its territories were transferred to the neighboring Saratov and Stalingrad regions.
At the same time, in September-October 1941, a whole series of similar resolutions of the State Defense Committee on the resettlement of Germans from Leningrad, Moscow, the Rostov Region, the Krasnodar Territory, the North Caucasus, the Zaporozhye, Stalin and Voroshilovograd Regions - and so on - transferred the deportation of Russian Germans to the direction of internal policy - the total eviction of all citizens of the USSR of German nationality.
There was no single order to deport all Russian Germans to the USSR at once, which aggravated the confusion of the situation and gave some part of the Germans during the war years the opportunity to remain at large. They were registered in special settlements after the war for several years.
In the autumn of 1941, by the appropriate order of the People's Commissariat of Defense, all Germans who served in the army were demobilized from the Red Army and sent to their relatives in a special settlement. By 1945, 33,625 demobilized Germans were registered as special settlements. Of these, 1,609 officers, 2,492 sergeants and 27,724 privates. Most of them came in 1942-1943. to the labor force. Apparently, some of the Germans who died from overwork in the labor army (in mines, logging, building factories, etc.) were not included in this figure.
The management of all Germans was bureaucratically streamlined only in 1944. On July 27, 1944, Deputy People's Commissar V. Chernyshov and the head of the department of special settlements of the NKVD of the USSR M. Kuznetsov turned to L. Beria with a proposal "to entrust the management of the Germans to the bodies of special settlements of the NKVD, created to manage those mobilized for work in the coal, oil and defense industries, as well as for the NKGB bodies that worked in the field of managing camps and construction sites of the NKVD of the USSR, for the operational-Chekist departments of the NKVD of the USSR.
At work places, the Germans were placed in special zones, often behind barbed wire, often in the Gulag camps of the NKVD of the USSR with armed guards. Life in the barracks, recruitment in formation and under escort, subordination to the NKVD ...
According to the report of the department of special settlements dated September 5, 1944, the following peoples were completely evicted during the war: Germans, Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars - a total of 1,514 thousand people. By October 1, 1945, 2,230,500 people were in special settlements in the USSR.
In 1944-1945. special settlers settled in 6 union, 8 autonomous republics and 27 regions of the USSR. By 1946, most of them were in Kazakhstan (more than a third of the total number in the country), Uzbekistan (more than 81 thousand people), Krasnoyarsk Territory (more than 125 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (more than 112 thousand people), Kemerovo region (more than 97 thousand people), Tomsk region. (more than 92 thousand people), Sverdlovsk region. (more than 89 thousand people), Altai Territory (more than 85 thousand people), Molotov region. (more than 84 thousand people). These are the data as of January 1, 1946. Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Urals are the main regions for receiving deportees.
As of October 1, 1945, a little less than half of the special settlers were employed - 1,015,800 people. out of 2 230 500 people This is due to the fact that significant masses of old people, women, and children went into exile during the war years. The male working-age population is separated from families.
Slightly more than half of the able-bodied work in agriculture (594,500 people). Slightly less than half of the able-bodied are employed in industry (421,300 people). Recall that it was mainly agrarian peoples who were deported from the North Caucasus, Crimea, Kalmykia.
The only thing that was given to the special settlers in sufficient quantities and for everyone was land and vegetable gardens. In order not to die of hunger during the war years, they tried to grow grain and vegetables there.
During the resettlement, many families were torn apart. For 1944-1945. 31,209 scattered families were registered with the OSB. According to the report of the NKVD, most of them (27,810 families) managed to reunite.
Operational work was then carried out mainly by the newly created bodies of the NKGB. 13,061 special settlers were arrested and prosecuted; for escapes - 3,394 people. (Most of all Chechens and Ingush fled); for anti-Soviet agitation - 1,575 people, for treason and betrayal - 818 people; for banditry -566 people. etc .
There are many worldwide examples of deportations or, in other words, forced migrations. Suffice it to recall the "resettlement" of Negro slaves from Africa to South and North America, the millions of people driven to forced labor in Nazi Germany from the occupied countries, the Facing the Village campaign in Maoist China. Another thing is that the mechanism and methods for conducting such large-
large-scale actions varied everywhere - from quite civilized (eviction of the Japanese from the United States), with the payment of compensation, to inhumane and barbaric in their execution - the deportation of Koreans by the Japanese. The Soviet Union made its contribution precisely to the negative world experience. In the 1930s - early 1950s. the practice of deporting large masses of people to the USSR has become a common occurrence. Mass evictions have become one of the important components of solving many problems of a political, economic, social and interethnic nature. The mass eviction of legally innocent people was justified by "state interests" and "the interests of the working people."
The rapid curtailment of the special settlement system in 1954-1950. makes us talk about its deep crisis at that time. Firstly, the period of new deportations has ended, which is associated with the death of the head of state - I. Stalin, who, in fact, arbitrarily initiated in the early 30s, and then constantly developed the system of political exile in the USSR.
Secondly, in the current political conditions, it was not so easy to ignore the principle of legality and continue to maintain the de facto regime of deprivation of liberty for millions of people in the absence of both court sentences and lawful legislative decisions. So the almost complete abolition of special settlements in the late 1950s. meant, among other things, the approach of Soviet society to certain civilizational forms of being, achieved by progressive mankind by the middle of the 20th century.
Thirdly, the economic and demographic damage inflicted on the state and society by the institution of political exile has become quite obvious.
This damage has largely not been overcome to this day. Throughout the former Soviet Union in the early 90s. Ethnic conflicts flared up again, caused, among other things, by the movement of peoples in the middle of the 20th century. Suffice it to recall a series of conflicts in the North Caucasus or the problem of the Crimean Tatars in Ukraine.
On November 14, 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration "On the Recognition as Illegal and Criminal of Repressive Acts against Peoples Subjected to Forcible Resettlement and Ensuring Their Rights." The Declaration stated: "... The Supreme Soviet of the USSR unconditionally condemns the practice of forcible resettlement of entire peoples as a grave crime, contrary to the foundations of international law."
Thus, mass forced resettlement of people and unlawful restrictions on their rights and freedoms during the Great Patriotic War were officially recognized as criminal.
Notes
1. Zemskov, V. N. Special settlers in the USSR [Text] / V. N. Zemskov // RAS. M.: Nauka, 2003. S. 15.
2. Kokurin, A. I. Special settlers in the USSR [Text] / A. I. Kokurin // Domestic archives. 1993. No. 5. S. 101.
3. Database of the Memorial Foundation [Electronic resource] // http://www.memo.ru
5. L. Beria - I. Stalin "According to your instructions.". Documents, facts, comments [Text] / comp. N. F. Bugay. M., 1995. S. 151.
6. Database "Memory of lawlessness" [Electronic resource] // htpp://www.sakharov-center.ru
7. Zemskov, V. N. Decree. op. S. 205.
8. Polyan, P. History and geography of forced migrations in the USSR [Text] / P. Polyan. M.: Memorial, 2003. S. 154.
A. A. Kalinin
ACTIVITIES OF THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE IN GREECE in 1942-1944.
The article examines the activities of the British and American intelligence services in occupied Greece, their interaction with the resistance movement, explores the cooperation between the intelligence services of the two countries and the emergence of disagreements.
The military alliance of Great Britain and the United States during the Second World War led to the beginning of broad cooperation between British and American intelligence services. By a series of agreements and agreements, Great Britain and the United States were united in the closest intelligence alliance. However, as David Stafford, an expert on the problem, rightly notes, cooperation was also marked by the presence of no small amount of mistrust. British intelligence, with the support of W. Churchill, made every effort to maintain Britain's hegemony in such key regions as the Balkans, the Near and Middle East, and Southeast Asia. At the same time, the United States was determined to prevent this. At the same time, both military leaders (F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill) avoided open conflicts. The example of Greece in this regard is very indicative: a country located at the junction of the Balkan and Mediterranean regions,
KALININ Alexander Alexandrovich - PhD student
Chapters of the World History of Vyatka State University Kalinin A. A., 2006
All countries of the world, including Russia, are faced with the issue of migrants. People coming to Russian territory may have different goals - from tourism to obtaining a job and permanent residence. In some cases, the authorities apply deportation in relation to those who are seen in violation of the order in the country. Everyone needs to know what this procedure is.
Process History
The expulsion of a person from the state is not a new mechanism for working with apostates. World history knows many such cases. People were often expelled, and almost all modern states resorted to this method. The term itself refers to the expulsion of a person from the place where he currently resides.
THE USSR. Newspaper "Red Banner", 1937
If you look at the history of the Soviet Union, it becomes obvious that at that time expulsion was practically the main way to solve domestic problems. It was carried out without court decisions, and very large groups of people were immediately sent to remote, poorly adapted for life edges of the state. Most often, it was about the northern, uninhabited lands, as well as the so-called virgin lands. Entire nations suffered as a result of such a policy - the Ingush, Karachais, Germans, Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Koreans and others. But harm was done not only to them, but also to the economy of the state itself, as well as to its cultural development.
In order to restore a positive opinion about the authorities, they passed a law rehabilitating such repressed migrants. This allowed them to return back to where they lived.
The current state of affairs
Of course, the situation is different these days. No one else deports without trial and investigation, such procedures are carried out exclusively in accordance with the legal framework. In addition, today it is impossible to apply deportation in relation to full-fledged citizens of the country. Only migrants who have violated the rules of stay are subject to it.
It is important to understand that this is not a punishment, but a method of influencing unscrupulous immigrants. The essence of deportation is that a person is moved outside the Russian Federation. This distinguishes it from deprivation of citizenship or administrative expulsion. The main reason is the violation by the guest of the state of any of the paragraphs of the legislation relating to migration issues.
Regulations that must not be violated
Citizens of other states, arriving in Russia, must be familiar with the provisions of the country's migration legislation. This means they must:
- stay in the territory of the state for no more than the period for which they have official permission (for example, a visa is considered such);
- when the permit expires, the foreigner must return to his native country within three days;
- in case of cancellation of a document allowing to stay on Russian territory, a foreigner must leave it within 15 days.
The body controlling compliance with these and other norms is the Federal Migration Service, which has branches throughout the country. Her duties also include explaining the rules to foreign citizens.
Reasons for deportation
Today, deportation is not carried out without good reason. These are understood as:
- crossing the border of the Russian Federation without permission;
- non-compliance with the visa regime;
- non-extension of a temporary residence permit or residence permit.
It is also mandatory to be expelled from the country the person who got into it using forged documents or illegally. At the same time, the procedure can be performed voluntarily by a migrant or forcibly, with the involvement of migration control forces, which implies an escort to the border.
Who can't be sent
- refugees who have confirmed their status officially;
- who applied for political asylum in Russia.
In this case, persons must be registered at the place where they live. Moreover, if a person arrived in the state in order to obtain refugee status, but has not yet had time to submit documents or has submitted, but his request has not yet been approved, he cannot be deported either. During the entire period of consideration of documents, a person may be in the Russian Federation. If a person has already lost the status of a political refugee, but still cannot return to his homeland, because there is a threat to his life, the government cannot send him out of the country.
The third category of persons who are not subject to the described procedure are people who officially work in international organizations represented on the territory of the state. These include employees of diplomatic missions and consular offices.
Separately, it is necessary to mention persons who do not have any citizenship. There is simply nowhere to send them out of the country. Therefore, instead of being deported, they end up in life imprisonment. However, they can appeal against such a verdict at any time.
Removing the status of "deported"
To expel a migrant from the country, you need to have an appropriate court decision. At the same time, even before the hearing of the case takes place, the employees of the FMS warn the foreign citizen about what threatens him. In this situation, he must leave the country on his own as soon as possible. If he refuses to do so, the court will force him to do so.
But, if the decision has already been made, it can be canceled. First of all, this is done through filing an appeal against the decision. This can be done no later than 10 days from the date of the court session, at which time no one will evict a foreign citizen, because the decision comes into force only on the 11th day.
If a person had a good reason for not meeting the 10-day deadline, but wants to file an appeal, they can do so later. The right thing to do would be to use the help of a migration lawyer who specializes in such cases, because the stakes are very high and residence in the country is at stake.
To remove the status "" and cancel the need to leave the country, you need to prove to the judge that:
- a marriage was concluded between foreign and Russian subjects, and a common child was born;
- the foreigner has a job, a temporary residence permit or a residence permit legally obtained and therefore cannot be expelled;
- a person who has arrived from abroad is studying in institutions of Russia (at the same time, the state accreditation of the university must be confirmed);
- a person needs to live in the Russian Federation in order to undergo a course of therapy or a medical examination.
In this case, all documents must be carefully collected and certified with the appropriate signatures and seals.
How does deportation work?
There is a certain mechanism according to which a person can be expelled from the country. Deportation is divided into several stages.
Table. Stages of deportation of migrants.
| Stage | What's happening |
|---|---|
| Making a decision on the need to deport a migrant | The decision is made at the Regional Directorate of the Migration Department, in the territory under whose jurisdiction the immigrant resides. Papers confirming the validity of the deportation are sent to the judge. |
| Judgment by the court | Based on the documents submitted by the plaintiff and the defendant, the judge makes a decision on deportation. Most often, at the same time, a ban on further entry into the state is stipulated. |
| Departure of a migrant outside the borders of the country | If a migrant is sentenced to deportation for the first time, then entry into the country is closed for him for up to 5 years. But if the expulsion is made for the third time, then this period may be extended to 10 years. The court may also impose significant fines. |
The head of the structural unit begins to collect materials for the court case, then the head of the department gets acquainted with them and sends them to the court. From this moment, the foreigner must be placed to live in a special institution, which is under the jurisdiction of the migration service. There, he will be provided with medical assistance if necessary, as well as food.
If the deportation is approved, a note will be placed on the foreigner's migration card that he is prohibited from entering the country. At the same time, it is necessary to pass the fingerprint registration procedure so that it can always be identified by fingerprints. At the same time, a special accounting file is being established, which is stored in the FMS department for ten years.
When the court makes a decision to expel a person, this information is also sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as to the organization that issued the invitation for a foreign citizen - it can be either a private individual or an organization, consulate or embassy.
In order for the deportation procedure to be paid, it is necessary to establish the inviting party. If it is a legal or natural person, the burden of payment falls on them. If a person came on his own initiative, he pays for the deportation himself. In other cases, the costs are borne by the consulate or embassy of the country whose citizenship the person has.
If it is impossible to establish exactly who should pay for the visa, travel documents and ticket, then the money is taken from the federal budget by the territorial division of the migration service.
Video - All about deportation
In most countries, this method of dealing with illegal or unscrupulous migrants is practiced. Therefore, when entering anywhere outside your home country, you need to have a general understanding of the immigration policy of the state and comply with its laws. And before entering, you should go to the website of the country's migration service and make sure that a person has the right to and stay on the territory of the state. You can also send a written request to this institution.
Deportations of peoples to the USSR: the sad lessons of Stalin's ethnic policy
The deportation of an entire nation is a sad page in the USSR of the 1930s-1950s, the "error" or "criminality" of which almost all political forces are forced to admit .
There were no analogues of such atrocity in the world. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, peoples could be destroyed, driven out of their homes in order to seize their territories, but no one thought of relocating them in an organized manner to other, obviously worse conditions, how to introduce into the propaganda ideology of the USSR such concepts as “people traitor”, “punished people” or “scold people”.
February 23 marks 68 years since the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples from the North Caucasus to Kazakhstan. But, besides the Chechens and Ingush, in different years another two dozen ethnic groups were evicted to the USSR, which for some reason are not widely spoken about in modern history. So, who, when and for what from the peoples of the Soviet Union were forcibly resettled and why?
Which peoples of the USSR experienced the horrors of pre-war deportation?
Deportations were subject to two dozen peoples inhabiting the USSR. These are: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Balkars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks, Bulgarians of the Odessa region, Greeks, Romanians, Kurds, Iranians, Chinese, Hemshils and a number of other peoples. At the same time, seven of the above peoples also lost their territorial-national autonomy in the USSR:
1. Finns. The first to fall under repression were the so-called “non-indigenous” peoples of the USSR: first, back in 1935, all Finns were evicted from a 100-kilometer strip in the Leningrad region and from a 50-kilometer strip in Karelia. They left quite far - to Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.
2. Poles and Germans. At the end of February of the same 1935, more than 40,000 Poles and Germans were resettled deep into Ukraine from the territory of the border regions of Kyiv and Vinnitsa. "Foreigners" were planned to be evicted from the 800-kilometer border zone and from places where it was planned to build strategic facilities.
3. Kurds. In 1937, the Soviet leadership began to "clean up" the border areas in the Caucasus. From there, all the Kurds were hastily evicted to Kazakhstan.
4. Koreans and Chinese. In the same year, all local Koreans and Chinese were evicted from the border regions in the Far East.
5. Iranians. In 1938, Iranians were deported to Kazakhstan from the regions of Azerbaijan near the border.
6. Poles. After the partition of Poland in 1939, several hundred Poles were resettled from the newly annexed territories to the north of Russia.
The pre-war wave of deportations: what is typical for such an eviction?
She was characterized by:
the blow was dealt to the diasporas having their own national states outside the USSR or compactly residing on the territory of another country;
people were evicted only from the border areas;
the eviction did not resemble a special operation, was not carried out at lightning speed, as a rule, people were given about 10 days to prepare (this suggested the opportunity to leave unnoticed, which some people took advantage of);
all pre-war evictions were only a preventive measure and had no basis,
in addition to the far-fetched fears of the top leadership in Moscow in the matter of "strengthening the state's defense capability." That is, the repressed citizens of the USSR, from the point of view of the Criminal Code, did not commit any crime, i.e. the punishment itself followed before the very fact of the crime.
The second wave of mass deportations falls on the Great Patriotic War
1. Volga Germans. The Soviet Germans were the first to suffer. They in full force were classified as potential "collaborators". In total, there were 1,427,222 Germans in the Soviet Union, and during 1941 the vast majority of them were resettled in the Kazakh SSR. The autonomous SSR of the Volga Germans (existed from October 19, 1918 to August 28, 1941) was urgently liquidated, its capital, the city of Engels, and 22 cantons of the former ASSR, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 7, 1941, were divided and included in the Saratov ( 15 cantons) and Stalingrad (Volgograd) (7 cantons) regions of the Russian Federation.
2. Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians and Finns. In addition to the Germans, Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians and Finns became other preventively resettled peoples. Reasons: the allies of Nazi Germany who attacked the USSR in 1941 were Hungary, Romania, Italy, Finland and Bulgaria (the latter did not send troops to the territory of the USSR).
3. Kalmyks and Karachays. In late 1943 - early 1944 Kalmyks and Karachays were punished. They were the first to be repressed as punishment for real actions.
4. Chechens and Ingush. On February 21, 1944, L. Beria issued a decree on the deportation of Chechens and Ingush. Then there was a forced eviction of the Balkars, and a month later they were followed by the Kabardians.
5. Crimean Tatars. In May-June 1944, Crimean Tatars were resettled mainly in Uzbekistan.
6. Turks, Kurds and Hemshili. In the autumn of 1944, the families of these nationalities were resettled from the territory of the Transcaucasian republics to Central Asia.
7. Ukrainians. After the end of hostilities on the territory of the USSR, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians (from the western part of the republic), Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were subjected to partial deportation.
What was characteristic of the second wave of deportations?
suddenness. People could not even guess that tomorrow they would all be evicted;
lightning speed. The deportation of an entire people took place in an extremely short time. People simply did not have time to organize for any resistance;
generality. Representatives of a certain nationality were sought out and subjected to punishment. People were recalled even from the front. It was then that citizens began to hide their nationality;
cruelty. Weapons were used against those who tried to flee. The transportation conditions were terrible, people were transported in boxcars, they were not fed, they were not treated, they were not provided with everything necessary,
and in new places nothing was ready for life, the deportees were often planted simply in the bare steppe;
high mortality. According to some reports, losses on the way amounted to 30-40% of the number of internally displaced persons. Another 10-20% did not manage to survive the first winter in a new place.
Why did Stalin repress entire peoples?
The initiator of most of the deportations was the People's Commissar of the NKVD Lavrenty Beria, it was he who submitted reports to the commander-in-chief with recommendations. But the decision was made by Joseph Stalin, and he personally bore responsibility for everything that happened in the country. What reasons were considered sufficient to deprive a whole people of their homeland, leaving them together with their children and the elderly in a deserted, cold steppe?
1.Espionage. All the repressed peoples were blamed for this without exception. "Non-indigenous" spied for their mother countries. Koreans with the Chinese in favor of Japan. And the natives reported information to the Germans.
2. collaborationism. Refers to those evicted during the war. This refers to service in the army, police and other structures organized by the Germans. For example, German field marshal Erich von Manstein wrote: "... The majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We managed to form armed self-defense companies from the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yaila mountains." In March 1942, 4 thousand people were already serving in self-defense companies, and another 5 thousand people were in the reserve. By November 1942, 8 battalions were created, in 1943 another 2. The number of Crimean Tatars in the fascist troops in the Crimea, according to N.F. Bugay, consisted of more than 20 thousand people.
A similar situation can be traced in a number of other deported peoples:
Mass desertion from the ranks of the Red Army. Voluntary transfer to the side of the enemy.
Help in the fight against Soviet partisans and the army. They could serve as guides for the Germans, provide information and food, and help in every possible way. Issuing communists and anti-fascists to the enemy.
Sabotage or preparation of sabotage at strategic facilities or communications.
Organization of armed groups with the aim of attacking Soviet citizens and military personnel.
Traitors. Moreover, the percentage of traitors among the representatives of the deported people should be very high - much higher than 50-60%. Only then were there sufficient grounds for his forced eviction.
Naturally, this does not apply to peoples punished before the war. They were repressed only because they, in principle, could have committed all of the above crimes.
What other motives could the "Father of all nations" pursue?
1. To secure the most important regions for the country on the eve of a possible Third World War. Or “prepare” a place for some important event. Thus, the Crimean Tatars were evicted just before the Yalta Conference. No one, even hypothetically, could allow German saboteurs to assassinate the Big Three on the territory of the USSR. And how extensive the Abwehr agent base was among the local Tatars, the Soviet special services knew very well.
2. Avoid the possibility of major national conflicts especially in the Caucasus. The people, for the most part loyal to Moscow, after the victory over the Nazis could begin to take revenge on the people, many of whose representatives collaborated with the invaders. Or, for example, to demand for themselves a reward for their loyalty, and the reward is the land of "traitors".
What do Stalin's "defenders" usually say?
The deportations of the Soviet peoples are usually compared with internment. The latter is a common practice, and formalized at the level of international legislation. So, according to the Hague Convention of 1907, the state has the right to the population belonging to the titular nation (!) of the opposing power, “... to place, if possible, far from the theater of war. It can keep them in camps and even imprison them in fortresses or places adapted for this purpose. So did many countries participating in the First World War, so did the Second World War (for example, the British in relation to the Germans or the Americans in relation to the Japanese). In this regard, it is worth saying that no one would blame I. Stalin if his repressions were limited only to the Germans. But hiding behind the Hague Convention, justifying the punishment of two dozen ethnic groups, is at least ridiculous.
Ottoman trace. Still often try to draw parallels between Stalin's policy and the actions of the colonial administrations of Western countries, in particular England and France. But the analogy fails again. European colonial empires only increased the presence of representatives of the titular nation in the colonies (for example, Algeria or India). British government circles have always opposed changes in the ethno-confessional balance of power in their empire. What is the cost of preventing the British administration from the mass emigration of Jews to Palestine. The only empire that practiced using peoples as chess pieces was the Ottoman Empire. It was there that they came up with the idea of resettling Muslim refugees from the Caucasus (Chechens, Circassians, Avars and others) to Bulgaria, the Balkans and the Arab countries of the Middle East. Stalin may have learned national politics from the Turkish sultans. In this case, the angry accusations against the West are absolutely groundless.
Market leader - http://www.profi-forex.org/news/entry1008067181.html
Deportation (from lat. deportatio) - exile, exile. In a broad sense, deportation refers to the forced expulsion of a person or category of persons to another state or other locality, usually under escort.
November 14, 2009 marked the 20th anniversary of the day when the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration on Recognizing as Illegal and Criminal Repressive Acts against Peoples Subjected to Forcible Resettlement. The fault of most of the people sent from among them to Siberia and the cold steppes of Kazakhstan was only in the language that these people spoke.
List of deported peoples of the 30-50s:
1928 - resettlement of Koreans (2500 people)
1930 - resettlement of Poles from the border strip of Ukraine
1933 - cleansing of Moscow from gypsies
1935 - another resettlement of Poles from Ukraine
1936 - Germans from Ukraine to Kazakhstan (together with Poles 125,000 people)
1937 - Kurds, Armenians and Turks from Azerbaijan to Kazakhstan (2000 people)
1937 - total deportation of Koreans (172,000 people)
1938 - deportation of Iranian Jews and Iranians from Azerbaijan (up to 10,000 people)
1938 - arrest and deportation of Chinese to Xinjiang
1940 - mass deportations of Poles (280,000 people)
1940 - deportation of Finns, Swedes, Norwegians, Latvians, Germans, Greeks from the Murmansk region
1940 - mass deportations from Western Ukraine, Moldova and the Baltics (110,000 people)
1941 - deportation of Germans from the Volga region, and then from the entire European part of the country (900,000 people)
1941 - deportation of Koreans from the Astrakhan district (1100 people)
1943-1944 - deportations of Kalmyks, Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars (860,000 people)
1944 - deportation from the Crimea of Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and Italians (48,000 people)
1944 - cleansing of Tbilisi from Kurds and Azerbaijanis (3200 people)
1944 - deportation of Turks, Kurds and Khemshins from Georgia (92.00 people)
1944 - deportation of the Laz from Adzharia (there was a "mistake" here and a year later the survivors were allowed to return) - 1000 people.
1947 - deportation of Finns and Ingrians from Leningrad and the Leningrad region (50,000 people)
1949 - deportation of Greeks, Armenians and Turks from Transcaucasia and the Sochi region (more than 60,000 people)
1951 - deportations of surviving Iranians, Greeks and Turks from Georgia (70 people).
→ Deportation of peoples to Kazakhstan in 1930-1950
Historian Pavel Polyan, in his work “Not of one’s own free will ... The history and geography of forced migrations in the USSR” points out: “cases when not part of a group (class, ethnic group, confession, etc.), but almost all of it completely, is subjected to deportation, called total deportation.
According to the historian, ten peoples were subjected to total deportation in the USSR: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachays, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. Of these, seven - Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars and Crimean Tatars - lost their national autonomies.
To one degree or another, many other ethnic, ethno-confessional and social categories of Soviet citizens were also deported to the USSR: Cossacks, "kulaks" of various nationalities, Poles, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Chinese, Russians, Iranians, Iranian Jews, Ukrainians, Moldovans , Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, Kabardians, Khemshins, "Dashnaks" Armenians, Turks, Tajiks, etc.
According to Professor Bugay, the vast majority of migrants were sent to Kazakhstan (239,768 Chechens and 78,470 Ingush) and Kyrgyzstan (70,097 Chechens and 2,278 Ingush). The areas of concentration of Chechens in Kazakhstan were Akmola, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk and Alma-Ata regions, and in Kyrgyzstan - Frunzen (now Chui) and Osh regions. Hundreds of special settlers who worked at home in the oil industry were sent to the fields in the Guryev (now Atyrau) region of Kazakhstan.
On February 26, 1944, Beria issued an order to the NKVD “On measures to evict from the Design Bureau of the ASSR Balkar population". On March 5, the State Defense Committee issued a resolution on eviction from the Design Bureau of the ASSR. March 10 was set as the day the operation began, but it was carried out earlier - on March 8 and 9. On April 8, 1944, the Decree of the PVS was issued on the renaming of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The total number of people deported to places of resettlement was 37,044 people sent to Kyrgyzstan (about 60%) and Kazakhstan.
In May-June 1944, forced resettlement affected Kabardians. On June 20, 1944, about 2,500 family members of "active German henchmen, traitors and traitors" from among the Kabardians and, in a small proportion, Russians were deported to Kazakhstan.
In April 1944, immediately after the liberation of the Crimea, the NKVD and the NKGB began to "cleanse" its territory from anti-Soviet elements.
May 10, 1944 - "in view of the treacherous actions Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union ”- Beria turned to Stalin with a written proposal for deportation. The GKO resolutions on the eviction of the Crimean Tatar population from the territory of Crimea were adopted on April 2, 11 and May 21, 1944. A similar resolution on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars (and Greeks) from the territory of the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region was dated May 29, 1944.
According to the historian Pavel Polyan, citing Professor Nikolai Bugay, the main operation began at dawn on May 18. By 4 p.m. on May 20, 180,014 people had been evicted. According to the final data, 191,014 Crimean Tatars (over 47,000 families) were deported from Crimea.
About 37 thousand families (151,083 people) of the Crimean Tatars were taken to Uzbekistan: the most numerous "colonies" settled in Tashkent (about 56 thousand people), Samarkand (about 32 thousand people), Andijan (19 thousand people) and Fergana (16 thousand people). ) areas. The rest were distributed in the Urals (Molotov (now Perm) and Sverdlovsk regions), in Udmurtia and in the European part of the USSR (Kostroma, Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Moscow and other regions).
Additionally, during May-June 1944, about 66 thousand more people were deported from the Crimea and the Caucasus, including 41,854 people from the Crimea (among them 15,040 Soviet Greeks, 12,422 Bulgarians, 9,620 Armenians, 1,119 Germans, Italians , Romanians, etc.; they were sent to Bashkiria, Kemerovo, Molotov, Sverdlovsk and Kirov regions of the USSR, as well as to the Guryev region of Kazakhstan); about 3.5 thousand foreign nationals with expired passports, including 3350 Greeks, 105 Turks and 16 Iranians (they were sent to the Fergana region of Uzbekistan), from the Krasnodar Territory - 8300 people (only Greeks), from the Transcaucasian republics - 16 375 people (only Greeks).
On June 30, 1945, by the Decree of the PVS, the Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean Oblast within the RSFSR.
In the spring of 1944, forced resettlements were carried out in Georgia.
According to Professor Nikolai Bugai, in March 1944 more than 600 Kurdish and Azerbaijani families(a total of 3240 people) - residents of Tbilisi were resettled within Georgia itself, to the Tsalkinsky, Borchalinsky and Karayazsky regions, then the "Muslim peoples" of Georgia, who lived near the Soviet-Turkish border, were resettled.
In the certificate sent by Lavrenty Beria to Stalin on November 28, 1944, it was stated that the population of Meskheti, connected “... with the inhabitants of Turkey by family relations, was engaged in smuggling, showed emigration moods and served for Turkish intelligence agencies as sources of recruiting spy elements and planting bandit groups ". On July 24, 1944, in a letter to Stalin, Beria proposed to relocate 16,700 farms "Turks, Kurds and Hemshils" from the border regions of Georgia to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. On July 31, 1944, a decision was made to resettle 76,021 Turks, as well as 8,694 Kurds and 1,385 Hemshils. The Turks were understood Meskhetian Turks, residents of the Georgian historical region of Meskhet-Javakheti.
The eviction itself began on the morning of November 15, 1944, and lasted three days. In total, according to various sources, from 90 to 116 thousand people were evicted. More than half (53,133 people) arrived in Uzbekistan, another 28,598 people - in Kazakhstan and 10,546 people - in Kyrgyzstan.
Rehabilitation of deported peoples
In January 1946, deregistration of special settlements of ethnic contingents began. The first to be deregistered were Finns deported to Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.
In the mid-1950s, a series of decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council on the removal of restrictions on the legal status of deported special settlers followed.
On July 5, 1954, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted the Decree "On the removal of certain restrictions on the legal status of special settlers." It noted that as a result of the further consolidation of Soviet power and the inclusion of the bulk of special settlers employed in industry and agriculture in the economic and cultural life of the areas of their new residence, the need to apply legal restrictions to them disappeared.
The next two decisions of the Council of Ministers were adopted in 1955 - "On the issuance of passports to special settlers" (March 10) and "On deregistration of certain categories of special settlers" (November 24).
On September 17, 1955, the Decree of the PVS "On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was issued.
The first decree specifically relating exclusively to the “punished people” also dates from 1955: it was the Decree of the PVS of December 13, 1955 “On the removal of restrictions on the legal status of Germans and members of their families located in a special settlement.”
On January 17, 1956, the PVS issued a Decree on lifting restrictions on the Poles evicted in 1936; March 17, 1956 - from the Kalmyks, March 27 - from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians; April 18, 1956 - from the Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds and Hemshils; On July 16, 1956, legal restrictions were lifted from Chechens, Ingush and Karachays (all without the right to return to their homeland).
On January 9, 1957, five of the totally repressed peoples who previously had their own statehood were returned to their autonomy, but two - the Germans and the Crimean Tatars - were not (this did not happen today either).
History does not always bring great discoveries and happy moments to mankind. Often in the world there are irreversible events that forever destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Such was the deportation of peoples to the USSR. Causes, conditions, results and consequences now remain an open question that worries historians and causes controversy and clarification. Nevertheless, this tragedy cannot be regarded as a positive event in the history of mankind. Why? Let's look at this issue further.
concept
The deportation of peoples to the USSR is an event that shook the country in the thirties of the last century. such a scale had not been held before, so for people it was a shock. The main feature of the deportation is that the process itself was outside the legal proceedings. The masses of the people were moved, not taking into account mutual determination, to different habitats, which were unusual for everyone, far from their home, and sometimes dangerous.
History reference
Historically, it so happened that the deportation of peoples to the USSR broke the lives of ten nationalities. Among them were Germans and Koreans, there were also Chechens, Kalmyks and other residents, who, with all this, also lost their national autonomy.
People lost everything they had: home, family, relatives, jobs and money. They were forcibly taken out and settled in terrible conditions in which only the most persistent survived. To this day, it is not known exactly which peoples of the USSR were deported, since their numbers were huge. Social strata and ethno-confessional population fell into this "repressive meat grinder". Soviet citizens survived the terrible events of the 30s, and later the Second World War.
This cruelty disturbed the peace of Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Moldavians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Turks and other ethnic groups. It was only in 1991 that they could call this event a violation of human rights. Then the law recognized that the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place, and the repressed people were subjected to genocide, slander, forced resettlement, terror and other violations.
Causes of injustice
Why did the deportation of peoples to the USSR begin? The reasons are usually interpreted in the light of the beginning. So to say, it was the terrible events of the 40s that became the basis for the eviction of objectionable peoples. But those who dig deep into these events will realize that this is not the main reason. After all, the deportation of peoples to the USSR began long before the military tragedy.
Why did the Soviet government mercilessly send its population to their deaths? Until now, there are disputes about this. It is officially accepted that betrayal was the reason for the deportation of peoples to the USSR to begin. The reason lay in the help of the representatives of these nations to Hitler, as well as their active actions against the Red Army.
A striking example of injustice in the repression of nationalities can be considered the history of the Chechens and Ingush. Their forced eviction was hidden, and the real reasons were not disclosed. People were forced to believe that tactical exercises would take place on the territory of their native land. According to many historians, after all, the problem of such cruel treatment of these peoples was their struggle for national independence and opposition to the terror of Soviet power.
A similar situation happened with the Koreans. They began to be evicted due to espionage in favor of Japan, which was allegedly carried out by representatives of this nationality. But if we consider those events in more detail, a political motive for repression emerges. Thus, thanks to the eviction of the Koreans, the USSR demonstrated its readiness for cooperation with China, opposition to Japan and, in general, its political position in the Far East.
In general, it is worth noting that the deportation of peoples to the USSR briefly showed the attitude of the authorities to the political situation around the world. If earlier they tried to liquidate only peoples striving for independence, then during the war they, thanks to the eviction of nations, catered to the allies.
First wave
The first example of violent events was found back in 1918. Then, for seven years, the Soviet government tried to evict the White Guard Cossacks and those who had large plots of land. The first test subjects were the Cossacks of the Terek region. In addition to the fact that they had to go to other areas, to the Donbass and the North Caucasus, their native region was transferred to other future victims, the Ingush and Chechens.
Of course, the deportation of peoples to the USSR could not end in anything good. Historiography shows that in 1921 even Russian residents were evicted from their Semirechye region when they were forcibly escorted out of Turkestan.
The following events took place already in the 30s. Mass arrest of Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Germans, Finns and Lithuanians began in Leningrad. It was followed by the eviction of the Finnish Ingrians. A couple of years later, families of Poles and Germans who settled in Ukraine were repressed.
War
Deportation during the war years was more active and cruel. At that time, a huge number of nations were evicted, among them Kurds, Crimean gypsies, Pontic Greeks, Nogais, etc. All of them were repressed due to collaborationism. Due to the alleged cooperation of these nationalities with the aggressor country and its allies, people were deprived of their autonomies, homes and families. The deportation of peoples to the USSR, whose table is historically replenished with new nations, ruined the lives of more than 60 nationalities. In the table, those nationalities that suffered the most.
| Time | Germans | Crimean | Chechens | Ingush | Karachays | Kalmyks | Balkars |
| Autumn 1941 | 1193 | ||||||
| Autumn 1943 | 137 | ||||||
| Winter 1944 | 731 | 174 | 192 | ||||
| Spring 1944 | 190 | 108 | |||||
| Spring-autumn 1945 | 151 | 328 | 77 | 121 | 79 | 33 | |
| 1946-1948 | 999 | 295 | 608 | 154 | 115 | 150 | 63 |
| Summer 1949 | 1078 | 295 | 576 | 159 | 115 | 153 | 64 |
| 1950 | 2175 | 300 | 582 | 160 | 118 | 154 | 63 |
| 1953-1989 | 9870 | 1227 | 3381 | 852 | 606 | 722 | 325 |
As history shows, there could be many reasons for such behavior of the Soviet Union. These are conflicts between the country and nations, this is Stalin's personal whim, geopolitical considerations, all sorts of prejudices, etc. Let's try to consider how the deportation of individual peoples of the USSR took place and how repressions influenced the fate of people.
Chechens and Ingush
So, as historical documents show, these people were evicted due to tactical exercises. This was due to the fact that the presence of bandit groups in the mountains was assumed. On the one hand, this state of affairs was justified. In the mountains then it was possible to observe bandit elements trying to overthrow the Soviet regime. On the other hand, these forces were so few that they could not do anything.
Nevertheless, since 1944, people began to be transported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As usual, many people died during the resettlement. Those who survived were left simply in the steppe. Students were sent to the lands abandoned by the Chechens and Ingush, who were supposed to support livestock and other households.
It is worth noting that researchers have repeatedly assured that accusations of Chechen support for the Germans are not justified. This is due to the fact that not a single German soldier was seen in this republic, and cooperation and entry into the ranks of the fascist detachments could not occur, since there was no mobilization in this area.
As mentioned earlier, the Chechens with the Ingush fell under the "hot hand" only because they always fought for their independence and tried to oppose the Soviet regime.
Germans
It is probably obvious that the first to be repressed during the Great Patriotic War were the Germans. Already in 1941, a decree was issued, according to which, it was necessary to “destroy” the Autonomous Republic of the Volga region, which this nation inhabited. In just two days, a mass of people was sent to Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Altai and the Urals. Their number reached 360 thousand people.
The reason for such repression was the emergence of information about future espionage and sabotage, which should have begun immediately after Hitler gave the signal. However, as history and found documents show, there was no reason to believe that these events would occur. These rumors were only an excuse to evict the German people.
Those Germans who were mobilized into the army were recalled from there. Men over the age of 17 were drafted into work columns the very next year. There they worked hard in the factory, logging and mines. The same fate befell those peoples whose historical homelands were Hitler's allies. Already after the war, expelled, they tried to return home, but in 1947 they were again deported.
Karachays
Karachays suffered from repression already in 1943. At the beginning of the Second World War, their number was slightly more than 70 thousand people. For a whole year their territory was under the control of the German occupation. But after their release, people could not find peace.
In 1943, they were accused of collaborating with the German troops, whom the Karachays helped, showed the way and hid from the Red Army. To expel this nation to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, it was necessary to use the military, a total of 53 thousand. As a result, more than 69 thousand Karachais were taken out of their native land. During the transport, 600 people died. Half of the repressed consisted of children under 16 years old.
Those who at that time served in the Red Army were deported in 1944 after demobilization.
Kalmyks
The Kalmyks suffered the same misfortune as the Karachays. At the end of 1943, a decree was issued that provided for the eviction of this nation. The reason for their expulsion was the opposition to the government of the USSR, the refusal to help the Red Army in the national conflict. The main event in these repressions was the operation "Ulus", which was carried out by the Soviet military.
At the first stage, more than 93 thousand Kalmyks were liquidated. Among them there were 700 bandits and those who actively collaborated with the Germans. A month later, another 1,000 people were evicted. More than 50% of Kalmyks settled in. Due to the fact that the deportation took place in December / January, many residents died during transportation.
Those who represented this nation, who had already served for the benefit of the Red Army, were called from the fronts and educational institutions. Moreover, at first they were distributed among different military districts, and then they were dismissed from service. Still, there is historical evidence that the Kalmyks still remained in the army and served in the USSR.
Crimean Tatars
Over time, the counteroffensive of the Red Army began, followed by the liberation of regions and cities. At the same time, Stalin did not calm down and continued to evict nation after nation from their native lands. So, after the expulsion of the Germans from the Crimean lands, the repression of the Tatars began.
According to the documents found, it turned out that the reason for the resettlement lies in desertion. According to Beria, more than 20 thousand people of this nationality became traitors to the Red Army. Part decided to move to Germany. The other part remained in the Crimea. Here they were arrested, and during the search they found a huge amount of weapons.
The USSR at that time feared the influence of Turkey on this situation. It was there that many Tatars lived before the war, and some of them remained there until then. Therefore, family ties could disturb the peace of civilians, and the presence of weapons would lead to uprisings and other unrest. These doubts of the Soviet authorities were also connected with the fact that Germany tried in every possible way to persuade Turkey to join the union.
The deportation lasted about two days. For repression sent 32,000 soldiers. The Crimean Tatars were obliged to pack their things in a few minutes and go to the station. If a person did not want to leave the house or could not walk, he was shot. As usual, many of the repressed died on the way due to lack of food, medical care and the most difficult conditions.
The deportation of the peoples of the USSR during the Second World War took place monthly. Azerbaijanis who lived in Georgia also fell under repression. They were sent to the Borchala region and Karayaz region. The result of this tragedy was that only 31 families remained in the area. Armenians were evicted from their native lands in 1944. In the same year, the Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Turks and Kurds were repressed.
Results of the tragedy
As a result, the deportation of peoples to the USSR led to terrible results that remained forever in the heart of every inhabitant of the repressed nation. According to historical data, the number of Germans who were subjected to forced resettlement reached almost 950 thousand people. The total number of deported Chechens, Balkars, Ingush and Karachays was 608,000. Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians were deported in the amount of 228 thousand.
To settle down in the new territory, the settlers had to go through many difficulties. Mortality among these peoples increased several times, during the years of deportation, an average of a quarter of the nation perished.
It is also worth noting the attitude of residents towards the deportees. Some perceived this event with understanding, while others, on the contrary, considered the repressed outcasts and despised them. This state of affairs led to aggression on the part of the victims of these events. So, many were opposed to the Soviet regime and tried to organize unrest in society.
Violent Consequences
Naturally, the deportation of peoples to the USSR was a terrible tragedy. Causes, conditions, results and consequences were negative. Much effort was devoted to repression, instead of fighting the Nazis. A huge amount of equipment and military was involved in the deportation, although they were not enough at the front. Statistics show that more than 220,000 soldiers worked on resettlement. Almost 100 thousand employees of various law enforcement agencies cooperated with them.
In addition, the repressions frightened the rest of the nationalities, who were sure that they would soon come for them. So, Estonians, Ukrainians and Karelians could fall under the “hot hand”. The Kyrgyz also feared the loss of their native land, as there were rumors that all the natives would be replaced by settlers.
The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the fact that all the boundaries of nationality were completely erased. Due to the fact that the settlers found themselves in an environment unaccustomed to them, the natives mixed with the repressed. National-territorial formations were liquidated. The repressions left a huge imprint on the way of life of the settlers, on their culture and traditions.
The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences have led to the fact that now many peoples are fighting among themselves, they are not able to divide the land. It is important to understand that many reasons for this process were not justified. It cannot be argued that the Soviet government made fair decisions that would have helped during the Second World War. Some nations paid the price for their opposition to power, while the Germans fell victim to revenge because of Hitler and his aggression.
Replenishment of Kazakhstan
Astana, too, at one time became a place that "sheltered" migrants. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan began long before the war. A huge number of deportees arrived on the territory of the republic, back in 1931 there were about 190 thousand of them. Six years later, settlers again arrived here, there were almost twice as many of them, 360 thousand. So Kazakhstan became the place of residence of the victims of repressions.
Many of those who arrived here for permanent residence, got a job as workers at industrial enterprises and state farms. They had to live in barracks, yurts and makeshift buildings in the open.
Ukrainians came here in the 19th century. In the pre-war period, there were even more of them. After the war, the number of Ukrainians was more than 100 thousand inhabitants. Among the deported were kulak families and OUN members. By the beginning of the 50s, those who had been released from the Karlag began to arrive in Kazakhstan.
The Korean deportees, who were brought from the Far East in 1937, also went here. The Poles also arrived in Kazakhstan, who were sent here because of the threat of a world war, just in time for the end of the 30s. With the beginning of World War II, even more representatives of this nation arrived in Astana.
After the war, a huge number of immigrants continued to migrate to the area. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan led to the fact that all nationalities living in the territory of the Soviet Union found themselves on the territory of this republic. Already in 1946, another 100 thousand victims of repression were added, which in total amounted to about 500 thousand deportees.
Many of the resettled people tried to leave the place of their new life, which was considered an escape and a violation of criminal law. Once every three days they had to report to the NKVD about any important events that would relate to the number.
The main purpose of the resettlement was considered eternal residence in a foreign territory. In order to fulfill such a plan, the Soviet authorities tried to implement harsh sanctions against violators. If someone tried to escape from the territory of the settlement, he was assigned up to twenty years of hard labor.
The assistants of these people also faced retribution - imprisonment for up to 5 years. The main task of the Soviet government was to restrict the repressed in their desire and attempts to get to their homeland.
According to recent studies, over the entire period of deportation, one million immigrants arrived in Kazakhstan. Already in the mid-50s, 2 million strangers lived here.
For what?
For several years, the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place. Photos of those events to this day reflect the rigidity of the authorities. The destinies of people were crippled, and time did not go in favor. Each of them dreamed of returning home in order to restore the former order of life. People tried to find their home, their family and their happiness.
The Soviet Union tried to eliminate not just entire peoples, but also their lands, languages, cultures and traditions. If all this is taken away from a person, then he will become an obedient slave of totalitarian politics. The deported people received severe mental and physical injuries. They were hungry and sick, they tried to find their home and rest.
After Stalin's death, the situation began to change, a policy of rehabilitation was carried out in relation to the settlers, but it was no longer possible to improve the fate of people. Their fate and lives were irrevocably mangled and destroyed.