Russian language rules in tables and diagrams. Pronoun in Russian. Inconsistent grammatical features

In Russian, the pronoun is an independent part of speech, indicating signs, objects, quantity, but at the same time not naming them. The table describes various types of pronouns by meaning, as well as options for their relationship with other parts of speech.

Pronoun in Russian- This is an independent part of speech, which includes groups of words that are different in meaning and grammatical features, indicating objects, signs, quantity, but not naming them. Answers the questions Who? What? Which? How many? Whose? other. The initial form of pronouns is the singular, nominative.

Examples of pronouns in phrases: he replied, you know, a few apples, every student, this house.

At school, the topic "Pronouns" is studied from grade 4 and is included in the USE program.

What are the pronouns by meaning?

There are nine categories of pronouns, depending on what meaning they express in speech. A table with examples including categories of pronouns in Russian will help you quickly determine what kind of pronoun belongs to.

Digits by value	Description	Examples of
Personal	indicate an object, a person, a phenomenon	me, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive	indicate affiliation	my, your, him, her, our, your, them
Returnable	indicate the reversal of the action on oneself	myself, myself
Interrogative	express the question	who? what? whose? which? how? which the?
Relative	used to connect parts of a complex sentence	who, what, whose, what, how much, which
Undefined	indicate unknown objects, phenomena, faces, signs, number of something	someone, a few, something, someone, someone and etc.
Negative	indicate the absence, denial of an object, person, sign	nothing, nothing, nothing and etc.
Indicative	indicate a specific subject, sign or quantity from several options	this, that, that, so much and etc.
Definitive	indicate a generalized symptom	anyone, everyone, everyone, different and etc.

In many sources, relative and interrogative pronouns are allocated in one interrogative-relative category by meaning.

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The relationship of pronouns with other parts of speech

According to the ratio of pronouns with other parts of speech, four groups of pronouns are distinguished.

Grammatical signs of pronouns

In Russian, pronouns are distinguished by constant and non-constant morphological features.

Permanent grammatical features:

• Bit by value;
• Face (only for personal).

Inconsistent grammatical features:

• Mortality;
• Number.

Syntactic features of pronouns

In sentences, pronouns can act as any member of the sentence. But, as a rule, they are used as a subject, addition or definition.

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Let's list the rules that need to be taken into account when parsing a word phonetically: compiling transcription and phonetic characteristics. Consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in middle grades and are not studied in elementary school, for which we will give examples. The rules discussed on this page are correct and complete only for the school curriculum.

Designations

Notations used in phonetic parsing:

1. The transcription of a word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [with "im" y "a]. Sometimes the transcription is stressed: [with" im "y" a ́];
2. Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], and - [and], m - [m "], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs, put a dash or dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
3. The softness of the sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m "];
4. A long sound (long sound) is indicated by a colon: tennis → [t "en": is], a loader → [sad ’: ik];
   instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal bar above the sound;
5. In most school programs, a line is drawn at the end of the phonetic analysis, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed outline, oral and written examples of phonetic analysis are presented on the page.

Rules for b, b

1. The letters b, b do not denote sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
3. The letter ъ is used only as a separating character.

Vowel phonetics

1. There are no sounds [e], [e], [u], [i]. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letters a, o, y, s, e make the previous consonant solid.
3. The letters I, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words, the consonant before the letter e remains solid.
   Cafe → [cafe], compartment → [coupe], hotel → [atel "].
4. The letters i, yu, e, e after consonants denote the following sounds: i → [a], yu → [y], e → [e], e → [o].
   Ball → [m "ah"], chalk → [m "el].
5. Letters i, e, e, o after consonants without stress denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [and], e → [and], e → [e] or [and], o → [a].
   Rowan → [r "eb" ina], spot → [n "itno], fun → [in" es "silt], cow → [karova].
6. The letter e, i, yu, e after vowels, after ъ, b and at the beginning of a word denote the following sounds: i → [y "a], yu → [y" y], e → [y "e], e → [ th "o] (under stress) and i → [th" and], e → [th "and] (without stress). They are called iotated. In some publications, j is written instead of x.
7. The letter and after b denotes the sound [y "and].
   Brooks → [ruk "y" and].
8. The letter and after the consonants ж, ш, ц denotes the sound [s].

Let's summarize the rules for "converting" vowels into sounds with a table:

	a	O	and	e	at	Yu	e	I am	eh	s
under stress	a	O	and	eh	at	at	O	a	eh	s
without stress	a	a	and	and	at	at	O	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	a	O	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after vowels	a	O	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after b, b	a	O	th "and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after w, w, c	s	O	s	s	at	at	O	a	eh	s

Consonant phonetics

1. In phonetic parsing, soft consonants are denoted by the apostrophe sign ": [l"], [s "], [h"], etc.
2. In phonetic analysis, a long sound (stretching) is indicated by a colon [w:], [c:] or a dash above the sound [w], [c].
3. The letters d, h, u always denote soft sounds: [y "], [h"], [u "]. They remain soft, even if they are followed by the vowels a, o, y, s, e.
4. The letters w, c, w always denote solid sounds: [w], [c], [w]. They remain solid even if they are followed by the vowels I, ё, Ü, and, e.
5. The letter y always denotes a sonorous and soft sound [y "].
6. The letters l, m, n, p, d always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorous.
7. The letters x, c, h, u always denote deaf sounds.
8. Consonants paired in voicing / voicelessness at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant denote a voiceless sound: b → [n], d → [t], g → [k], s → [s], c → [f]:
   pillar → [pillar], train → [sing "est].
9. Unpronounceable consonants в, d, l, t do not fundamentally denote sound:
   feeling → [h "ustva], sun → [son" e].
10. Double consonants after a stressed vowel give a long sound:
    group → [group: a], tennis → [ten: is].
11. Double consonants in front of a stressed vowel give a single consonant sound:
    million → [m "silt" ion], alley → [al "hey" a].

In some cases:

1. The letter c at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
   did → [z "d" elal].
2. The letter g in front of a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
   claws → [cockt "u], soft → [m" ah "to" ui "]
3. The consonants between the root and the suffix before the soft consonant are pronounced softly:
   umbrella → [zone "t" uk].
4. The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants h, u:
   glass → [glass "h" uk], changer → [see "en" uk "uk].
5. The combination -чн-, -чт- is pronounced as [w]:
   of course → [kan "eshna], boring → [boring] that → [INTO].

The combination of certain consonants in words gives a long or unpronounceable sound:

1. The combination of letters -zzh- denotes one sound [w:]:
   get rid of → [izh: yt "], leave → [uizh: at"].
2. The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- denotes one sound [c:]:
   swim → [kupats: a].
3. The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
   stellar → [star "ozny"], stairs → [l "es" n "itza].
4. In the endings of adjectives -th, -his, the consonant Г denotes the sound [в]:
   gold → [patch], blue → [sin "eva].
5. Combinations of letters -sch-, -zch-, -zhch- denote the sound [ш "]:
   happy → [uh "greedy"], cabman → [izosch "hik], deserter → [p" ir "ib" esch "uk].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic parsing. To consolidate the topic within the framework of the school curriculum, the publication of Litnevskaya E.I. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. "

There are a number of rules for the program of the institute and in-depth study of the phonetics of the Russian language. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not considered in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate an already difficult topic for schoolchildren. So, outside the school curriculum, options with a soft sound [w '] are considered, including those characteristic of the old Moscow pronunciation. At the root of the word in combinations -zhzh-, -zzzh- and -zhd- in the word rain instead of a solid sound [f:] there is a place to be soft [f ’:]. For example, yeast - [shuddering ’: and]. According to another rule: the letter u before the voiced consonant receives voicing and is marked with a voiced sound [f ':]. For example, in the word material evidence - [v'izh ’: doc].

Our site can do phonetic parsing of words in automatic mode. Use the word search form.

The purpose of this type of linguistic analysis of a word is to identify the sound composition of the latter. In this case, it is necessary:

- determine the number of syllables;

- to establish a qualitative and quantitative relationship between letters and sounds in a word;

- characterize each sound.

Syllable - the minimum pronunciation unit of speech, characterized by the maximum fusion of its components... The number of syllables in a word is determined by the number of vowel sounds, since it is the vowel - the top of the syllable: o-ho-r O d-no-ness.

Stress is selection using phonetic means of one of the syllables of a word. The stressed syllable is pronounced longer, stronger and more distinct than the others. Word stress is a mandatory sign of a word. However, there are a number of words that are adjacent to other words and do not bear an independent stress (particles, prepositions, and some others).

Since stress determines a phonetic word, in some cases its boundaries may not coincide with the morphological word, for example, before specimen a me, I would O flax, p a nen was (two morphological words make up one phonetic).

The stress in the word is one, however, if the word is long, a collateral stress may appear: el e whoost a ntion.

The Russian letter is not sound, because of this, there are certain letter-sound relationships in the Russian language. The most common and usually causing difficulty in writing the transcription of a word, or its sound composition, include the following:

• the letter denotes several sounds (e, e, yu, i at the beginning of a word, after a vowel, after dividing b and b): yula - [yula]. In some cases, after b, two sounds can be denoted by a vowel and: streams - [ruchyi];
• several letters denote one sound (mid, zh, zch = [u]; ds, ts, ts = [c]): in O zchik - [wax], d e tskiy - [d'etsk'iy].

In Russian, as in many others, there are two types of sounds: vowels and consonants. Depending on the nature of the syllable in which they are located, vowel sounds - and there are six of them: [a, o, e, y, s, and] - are divided into stressed and unstressed. All vowels can be in the stressed and unstressed position, but the unstressed vowel o is found only in certain borrowed words: radio - [p a d'io]. Consonant sounds (there are 36) are characterized by hardness / softness and voiced / deafness.

30 consonants form pairs in terms of hardness / softness: [b - b ', c - c', g - g ', d - d', h - z ', k - k', l - l ', m - m', n - n ', p - p', p - p ', s - s', t - t', f - f ', x - x'].

Always hard, or hard unpaired, are [w, w, c], and always soft, or soft unpaired, - [d, h, w].

Always voiced, or voiced unpaired, are [d, l, m, n, p], and always deaf, or unpaired voiceless, - [x, c, h, w].

It should also be borne in mind that in the flow of speech, sounds influence each other. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the preposition to in the position in front of the deaf and voiced (to you - [кт’эб ’ eh], to the house - [where O mu]), initial and in isolated use and in the presence of a preposition (ideal - [id'e a l], ideally - [vyt'e a l'e]).

In some cases, several variants of pronunciation of this or that word are allowed: meat - [m'isn O th] and [m'esn O th], (o) patience - [t'erp ' eh n'ii], [t'erp ' eh n'iye], [t'irp ' eh n'ii] and [t'irp ' eh niye], chain - [tsep O chka] and [chick O check].

Phonetic parsing scheme(according to school tradition).

1. Divide the word into syllables, indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put stress on the word,

specify the stressed syllable.

3. Write down the phonetic

transcription of the word.

4. Describe the sounds of the word. Vowels: percussion - unstressed, what letter is indicated; consonants: hard, soft (paired, unpaired),

voiced, deaf (paired, not

paired), which letter is indicated.

5 Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Sample parsing

bleach

o-tbe-pour 3 syllables

3rd syllable is stressed [adb'il'yt ']

[a] - vowel, unstressed; denoted by the letter "o";

[d] - consonant, solid, paired (pair [d ']); voiced, paired (pair [t]); denoted by the letter "t";

[b ’] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [b]); voiced, paired (pair [p ']); denoted by the letter "b";

[and] - vowel, unstressed; denoted by the letter "e";

[l '] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [l]); voiced, unpaired (pair [-]); denoted by the letter "l";

[and] - vowel, stressed; denoted by the letter "and";

[t ‘] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [t]); deaf, paired (pair [d ']); denoted by the letters "t", "b".

7 sounds, 8 letters

Parsing a word by composition (morphemic analysis, from the word morpheme - a significant part of the word) is one of the types of linguistic analysis, the purpose of which is to determine the composition, or structure, of a word. It plays a significant role in the formation of spelling skills.

For example, when writing adjectives derived from nouns using the suffix -at, like boardwalk - cobbled, it is important to determine to which morpheme the letter q of the generating noun belongs: if to the root (plank-a), then in the corresponding adjective is written u, if to the suffix (bar-ok), then - h (after the consonant root).

It must be remembered that the analysis of a word by its composition should be carried out in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language. So, in modern Russian the word rich does not have a suffix that stood out once and had the same meaning as in the adjective striped, namely: the presence of a corresponding feature, object. Currently adjective striped has to do with the word strip, that is, motivated by him, and, therefore, contains the suffix -at, the adjective rich lost the relationship of derivation with the noun god, therefore its basis consists only of the root. When parsing a word by its composition, you should adhere to a certain order of highlighting its parts, or morphemes.

You should never start analyzing a word with finding the root, no matter how "transparent" it may seem!

The main technique for parsing a word is the selection of its forms (to highlight the ending), single-structured words (to determine suffixes and prefixes) and single-root words (to find the root). It is advisable when highlighting a particular morpheme to determine its grammatical meaning. At first, when mastering this type of linguistic analysis, it is useful to even write down the characteristics of each part of the word.

Ending- This is a variable, significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence. The meaning of the ending is purely grammatical: it indicates the number and case of nouns, numerals and personal pronouns; case, number and - only in the singular - gender in adjectives, participles and some pronouns; face and number of verbs in the present and future tense; number and gender of verbs in the past tense and conditional mood.

In the Russian language, there are a significant number of words that do not have an ending due to the fact that they do not change. This:

1. adverbs,
2. gerunds,
3. comparative degree of an adjective,
4. some nouns ( coat, highway),
5. some adjectives ( beige, mini),
6. some possessive pronouns ( him, her, them).

Words that have no endings should not be confused with words that have a zero ending. The zero ending is opposed to the materially expressed ending: house - into the house... Consequently, the zero ending is such a significant, materially not expressed part of the word that stands out in the word when comparing it with other forms that have materially expressed morphemes.

The main forms and classes of words in which zero endings are highlighted:

1. im.p. units h nouns m. - garden, snow;
2. im.p. units h nouns - joy, mouse; im.p. units h m.r. short adjectives and participles: sad, offended, withdrawn;
3. im.p. some numbers: twelve, six, one;
4. genus. p. plural some nouns: stocking (stock-i), families, (se [m ‘y]);
5. im.p. units h m.r. possessive adjectives: Zeus (cf. Zeus), sisters (sisters), fish (ry [b'y]).
6. units h m.r. verbs past time. and the conditional mood: walking, talking, staying, coming, getting lost.

It should be noted that the soft sign at the end of words is not included in the ending, since it is a letter that, having no grammatical meaning inherent in the ending, is only an indicator of the softness of the preceding consonant (shadow) or a formal category identifier for the gender of nouns (compare knife and rye).

The foundation- part of a word without ending. Therefore, mutable words consist of a stem and an ending. (pain,bol [and]), and immutable ones - only from the base ( yesterday, highway). In personal and participial verb forms with a reflexive suffix -sia (-s), the stem is interrupted by the ending: wanted to.

Suffix- significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form words (the exception is the suffix -sia (-s) which is after the end). Suffixes, as well as endings, can be materially expressed and zero.

The concept of a zero suffix is ​​not used in the school curriculum, however, in practice, when parsing words, students are faced with phenomena that are difficult to explain without this concept. This is also important when interpreting such a phenomenon as nonfixed way of forming words .

The zero suffix is ​​highlighted in the following cases:

1. form last time. and the conditional mood of the verbs: shore ^ (cf. shore-l-a), put ^ would (cf. put-l-a would);
2. r. im.p. units h nouns formed from the corresponding adjectives: blue ^ (compare blue => blue, blue => blue-a);
3. im.p. units h m.r. verbal nouns: running ^ (compare to run => run ^, run => run-relative).

Suffixes of different parts of speech have their own characteristics. In nouns, they are numerous, rather specific and varied in the meaning that they bring to the word: for example, -tel- face suffix ( reader), -To- item suffix ( grater), -ost- abstract suffix ( vitality), -th- action suffix ( combustion), -shk- suffix of subjective assessment (category of subjective assessment - a category expressing the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech) ( head).

For suffixes of nouns, the phenomenon of homonymy is characteristic, for example, the suffix -To- may have the value of a subjective assessment ( river) and actions ( firewood saw).

Suffixes of adjectives in their semantics are more abstract than suffixes of nouns. You can indicate the property of suffixes to determine one or another class of adjectives, for example, -liv- quality adjective suffix ( patient, annoying),-sk- relative adjective suffix ( Pushkin(style), nautical), -th-, -in-, -th- suffixes of possessive adjectives: ( fathers, petin, bull).

Verb suffixes, as a rule, are devoid of polysemy; they do not create heterogeneous semantic classes within the verb category. In the word, verb suffixes are easily recognized and distinguished due to their grammatical meaning, for example:

1. temporary suffixes: -l-(past tense) - walked saw; -th-(present) - chita [yu] t, fly;
2. suffixes of the stem of the infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb: -a-, -, -: drive, darken, serve;
3. species suffixes -, -a-, -nu-, -iva-, -iva-, -va-: decorate, decorate, shout, merge, read;
4. participle suffixes -sh-, -sh-, -v-, -vsh-, -n-, -en-, -t, -om-, -em-, -im-: drowning, bought, forgotten;
5. participle suffixes -a-, -uch-, -v-, -lice-: hurrying, flying, reading, bending over.

Prefix- a significant part of the word, located in front of the root and serving to form words. The prefix adds an additional meaning to the word compared to the original ( move out, enter, leave, go around- indication of the direction of travel). A word can contain several prefixes ( re-decomposition).

Root- the main significant part of the word, which contains the lexical meaning of the word, the general meaning of all related (one-root) words. Words with the same root are called one-root, and their relationship is established based on the meaning expressed by the root (compare the homonymous root in two groups of words: water - diver - water and driver - supply - drive). At the root, you can observe a phenomenon called alternation. Vowels can also alternate ( collect - collect, burn, burn), and consonants ( run - run, grow - grow), and both at the same time ( I grow - sprout, lay - lay).

As already mentioned, the root is the last morpheme to be highlighted in a word. This rule must be followed strictly, especially if we take into account the fact that the same root can appear in words in different forms, for example: lead, lead, lead; walked, walked, came. A word can have one ( water, forest) and more roots ( water carrier, lumberjack).

Based on materials from the book: Konkov V.I., Starovoitova O.A. Oral examination in the Russian language: A textbook on the Russian language for applicants to universities.- SPb .: SPbSU.-2001.

Parse order

1. Determine which part of speech the analyzed word is, in what form it is used.
2. If the word changes, highlight the formative morphemes
3. Select the base.
4. At the base, select the root, derivational morphemes (if any).

Sample parsing

Urban.

Urban is an adjective in the masculine nominative singular form.

Ending - Oh.

The foundation gorodsk-.

Root town-.

Word formation suffix - sc-.

A full stop is put at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, cherry orchards smell good(Sholokhov).

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by the participial phrase. Grammar base - the gardens smell... The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by a verb in the form of an indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry, expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by a phrase (noun + noun) in a prepositional case with a preposition v, and the circumstance of the course of action Okay, expressed by an adverb.

This declarative sentence ends with a full stop; commas in the sentence are the participle, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence in other words.

Between simple sentences before the union a a comma is put, at the end of a declarative sentence - a period.

2) But then one day, on a thaw March day, when the airfield suddenly darkened in one morning, and the porous snow settled so that the planes left deep furrows on it, Alexei climbed on his fighter(Field).

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, subordinate, consists of four simple sentences, interconnected by intonation, a union word when and subordinate union what... In the sentence, one main and three subordinate clauses stand out: the first and second subordinate determinants (refer to the word day in the main sentence and answer the question what?), are interconnected by an adversarial alliance a; the third subordinate of the mode of action, measure and degree (refers to the combination of a predicate verb with an index word So

The lexical analysis of a word involves the analysis of a word as a lexical unit of the Russian language, indicating: 1) the uniqueness-polysemy of the word; 2) the type of its lexical meaning in this context; 3) synonyms; 4) antonyms; 5) the origin of the word; 6) the belonging of a word to a common vocabulary or a vocabulary limited in use; 7) phraseological connections of the word. Lexical parsing is an optional type of parsing for school practice. It is usually not given as a test.

The lexical analysis of a word should be carried out using linguistic dictionaries: an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms; phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Word parsing scheme.

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word in context.

2. If the word has multiple meanings, indicate its other meanings (if necessary, you can use the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

3. Set the type of the lexical meaning in this context: a) direct; b) portable.

4. If the meaning is portable, describe the type of the portable meaning.

5. Build a synonymous row for a word in a given meaning.

6. Find an antonymic pair for the given word.

7. Determine whether this word is native Russian or borrowed from another language.

8. Establish the belonging of the analyzed word to common or limited vocabulary.

9. Determine if the word is obsolete.

10. Indicate whether this word is included in phraseological units.

A sample of the lexical parsing of a word.

Having completed their operations, the fronts, one after another, stopped at the lines reached by the spring. (K. Simonov)

1. Operation - a series of strategic actions carried out during the period of offensive or defensive battles (military, prof.).

2. The word is ambiguous: a) surgical operation; b) a trading operation; c) financial transaction; d) postal operations.

3. The meaning is direct.

4. Synonymous row: operation, battle, battle, military action.

5. The word is borrowed from the Latin language.

6. The word of professional vocabulary (military terminology).

7. The word is not outdated, it is included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.

Spelling involves verbal or written analysis of the spelling in a word. When performing spelling parsing, you need to correctly write down the word given with a letter skipping, or open the brackets, underline the place of the spelling in the word, name the spelling and determine the conditions for its choice. If necessary, indicate the check word and give examples for this spelling.

Spelling scheme of a word

1. Write out a control word.

2. Insert missing letters or expand brackets.

3. Underline the place of the spelling in the word.

4. Name the spelling and explain (orally or in writing) the conditions for correct spelling.

5. Indicate the check word (if possible) and give examples of words with this spelling.

Spelling sample of a word

Skosh .. (n, nn) ​​th tr..va lies even r..da.

Oblique - spelling of participle suffixes.

1. two letters "n" are written in the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense, if the word is formed from a perfect verb (what to do? - beveled): painted, read;
2. the suffix -enn-is written in participles formed from verbs in -it, -et or verbs with a consonant stem: to paint - painted; to see - seen, to save - saved.

Grass, in rows - unstressed verifiable vowel at the root of the word; checked by stress: grass - herbs, rows - a row; water - waters, forests - forest.

Municipal educational institution secondary school №2

Compiled by Zolotareva Lyudmila Nikolaevna

primary school teacher

Phonetics - a section of the science of language studyingsounds and letters .

A

O

Have

S

E

L

M

N

R

Th

B

V

G

D

F

Z

B

I AM

Yo

YU

AND

E

P

F

TO

T

Sh

WITH

X

C

H

SCH

B

A O U Y E - indicate a hard consonant

YOO YOO YE – indicate a soft consonant sound

[L] [M] [N] [R] [Y ’] – unpaired voiced consonants

[X] [C] [ H ’] [U’] – unpaired voiceless consonants

B b - no sound

[B] [V] [D] [D] [F] [Z] - paired voiced consonants

[P] [F] [K] [T] [W] [WITH] - paired voiceless consonants

[W] [W] [D] – always solid sounds

[H ’] [U’] [Y ’] - always soft sounds

I YOO YOU

/ \ / \ / \ / \

[Y ’] [a ] [Y ’] [O] [Y ’] [y] [Y ’] [uh]

I, Yo, Yu, E – give two sounds if they stand:

at the beginning of a word (I amma,ewell,Yula,eeh)

after the vowel (lesnaI am, mindYu)

after b, b (bYuha, riseeh)

Parsing plan:

1. Write down the word.

2. Highlight the syllables. Indicate the number of syllables.

3. Show the place of stress.

4. Write down the word using transcription.

5. Indicate the number of syllables.

6. Give a characteristic of the sounds indicated by letters, in accordance with their

location in a word, according to the scheme:

- vowel or consonant;

- vowel: stressed or unstressed;

- consonant: voiced or voiceless, paired or unpaired (name a pair);

hard or soft, paired or unpaired (name a pair)

7. Count the number of letters and sounds.

Sample of written analysis:

/ /

Letter – [ p'i s'mo]– 2syllables

P -[P'] – acc., deaf., parn.[b / p], soft steam.[p / p '] ,

and - [and] - vowel, unstressed.

s– [s ’] - acc., deaf. guys [s / s], soft. steam [s / s']

b - [-]

m - [m] - acc., call. unpaired , solid. steam. [mm’ ]

o - [o] - vowel, shock.

____________________________________

6 b. 5 stars

Morphemics and word formation - a section of the science of language studying

parts of a word and the ways of their formation.

Parsing plan:

To make out any word in composition, do this:

Find the ending. To do this, change the word like this:
- if this is a noun, change the questions (who? what? who? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?) and by numbers (singular-plural).

If this is an adjective, change in gender and number. (what? what? what? what?)
- if the verb - change in numbers and persons (substitute the wordsme, you, he, she, they, we, you ) , and in the past tense by birth.

Highlight the stem of the word. The stem is a part of a word without an ending (the stem does not include some of the suffixes, which you will learn about later).


Find the root of the word. To do this, pick up a few words of the same root (try to change prefixes, suffixes and do not confuse them with word forms).


Highlight the suffix and prefix

Sample of written analysis:

Let's analyze the word: plantain

1) I am looking for an ending: plantains, plantain, plantain, plantain - ending is zero. Plantain base.
plantain 2) I am looking for a root: path, road, road, roadside - rootdear -
plantain 3) Before the root of the prefix-on- plantain

4) After the root and before the ending- suffix-Nick plantain

¬ prefix ∩ root^ suffix ending

prefixes

suffixes

immutable

mutable

noun

adj.

verb

in- over-

ob- ot-

with-sub- pre- pre-

na-o-

re-pro

no- / no- voz- / vz- / vos- / vs-

from- / is-

bottom / nis- ras- / ras-, ras- / roses, grew

through / through-through / through- over-

Ost -eni - no - ak

Ok - yak

Ah-ets

Tel-chik

Shchik-ist

Nick -nitz

Itz-ar

K- -sk-

Iv- -ov-

Ev- -aln-

East-n-

An - yang-

Ying-yenn-

He N-

AND-

E-

A-

Well

Yva-

Willow-

Ova-

Eve-

Ba-

word is equal to the whole word: cinema left

In no case is a zero-terminated sign.

Morphology – parts of speech .

Morphological parsing of noun inclusiveallocation of four constantssigns (own-common noun, animated-inanimate, gender, declension) and two impermanent (case and number).

The order of morphological parsing of a noun

2) Initial form (nominative singular).

3) Persistent signs:

own - common noun; animate - inanimate; genus; declination.

4) Inconsistent signs:

case; number.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Happy dragonflies fly over the meadow.

Oral analysis

(over) the meadow is a noun. Designates an object, answers the question "what?"

2) The initial form is a meadow.

3) Permanent signs: common noun; inanimate; masculine gender;

2 declension.

4) Inconsistent signs: instrumental, singular.

5) In the sentence, it is a minor member (circumstance of place), explains the predicate: it flies (where?) Over the meadow.

Written analysis

1) (above) meadow - noun name (over what?), subject

2) n.f. - meadow.

3) common., Inanimate., M. R., 2nd floor.

4) in T. p., In unit. h.

5) circumstance: flies (where?)over the meadow.

Find the word the noun refers to and ask a question from it.

On the question and pretext, determine the case.

Seagulls circled over the lake.

Circled (above what? ) above lake (T.p .)

Determine the genus.

Highlight the ending of a noun in I.p. singular.

Determine the declension by gender and at the end.

Sample reasoning

Notebook - she, mine - n.,r. Withb at the end;

in I. p. units h zero ending;

means nounnotebook 3rd declension.

1) names of males (dandy, maestro, porter);

2) the names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo);

3) words coffee, penalty and etc.

female names (miss, frau, lady).

names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway, popsicle, cafe, cinema, meringue, citro, jelly, souffle, cocoa, domino, video,

lotto).

Morphology – the section of the science of language that studiesparts of speech .

Morphological analysis of an adjective in elementary school includes the selection of three non-constant features (gender, number, case).

The order of morphological parsing of an adjective

1) Part of speech. Which means what question is answered.

2) Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

3) Genus (singular); case; number.

4) Syntactic role in a sentence.

A sample of morphological parsing of an adjective

A motley butterfly flies over the flower.

Oral analysis

1) motley - an adjective, as it denotes a feature of an object, answers the question "which one?"

2) The initial form is variegated.

3) feminine, nominative, singular.

4) in a sentence is a minor member (definition), explains the subject: butterfly (which one?) is motley.

Written analysis

1) variegated - the name of the app. (what?), a sign of an object,

2) n.f. - motley.

3) in train station r., in I. p., in units. h.

4) definition: butterfly (what?)motley.

Find the noun to which the adjective belongs.

Determine the case of a noun.

By the case of the noun, determine the case of the adjective.

The stars shine in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin)

Shine (where? in what?)in the sky - P. p.

in the sky (what?)blue - P. p.

Remember!

Plural adjectives change only by case.

Plural adjectivesby birthdo not change.

The case of an adjective in both the singular and the plural can be recognized by the case of the noun to which it refers:

to the houses (D.p.) (what?)new (D.p.);

behind the houses (T.p.) (what?)new (T.p.)

Morphology parts of speech .

Morphological analysis of the verb in elementary school includes the selection of two constant features (type, conjugation) and four non-constant (tense, person, number, gender).

The order of morphological parsing of the verb

1) Part of speech. Which means what question is answered.

2) Initial form (undefined form).

3) Persistent signs:

view; conjugation.

4) Inconsistent signs:

time;

face and number (if the verb is in the present or future tense);

gender and number (if the verb is in the past tense)

5) Syntactic role in a sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of the verb

Over the flower flies motley butterfly.

Oral analysis

1) Flies - a verb. Indicates the action of an object, answers the question "what is it doing?"

2) The initial form is to fly.

3) Permanent signs: imperfect appearance;I conjugation.

4) Inconsistent signs: present, 3rd person, singular.

5) In a sentence is a predicate: a butterfly (what is it doing?) Flies

Written analysis

1) Flies - Ch. (what does it do?), the action of the subject

2) n.f. - fly.

3) not sov. v.; I ref.

4) in the new century, in the 3rd sheet, in the unit. h.

5) predicate: butterfly (what does it do?)flies

Determine the tense, person and number of the verb.

Name the indefinite form of this verb and by the letter of the vowel before the suffix -be define conjugation (that yat , light go ).

Recall the ending of the verb of this conjugation in the desired person and number.

I conjugation II conjugation

Eat-you

Et -it

I eat

you -you

Ut (-yut) -at (-yat)

Exception verbs II conjugation

Verbs on–Net : watch, see, offend, hate,

to depend, endure, twirl;

verbs onTo eat : hear, breathe, hold, drive.

Exception verbs I conjugation

Shave, lay

Syntax – the section of the science of language that studiesphrase and

sentence .

Analysis of the proposal.

Define a proposal:

1) According to the purpose of the statement: narrative (contains a message);

incentive (prompts to action);

interrogative (contains a question);

2) By intonation: exclamation point; non-exclamation point;

3) According to the presence of the main members: simple or complex;

Grammatical basis:

subject (who what?);predicate (what does it do? what did it do? etc.)

4) By the presence of minor members:

widespread or uncommon;

Minor members of the proposal:

- addition (case questions)

- circumstance (where? how? when? from where? where?)

- definition (what? what? what? what? whose? whose? whose? whose?)

5) The presence of homogeneous members.

Underline the main members of the sentence: subject and predicate.

Parse the subject group. ( Ask the question from subject to minor members of the proposal )

Disassemble the predicate group. ( Ask a question from predicate to secondary members of the proposal )

Ask a question from a minor member to another

minor member of the proposal.

Specify the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition, union.

Write down the phrases.

Sample of written analysis:

etc . noun ch. noun With. noun

From the rooster flew dust and fluff. and.

(Narrative, non-excl., Simple, spread, with homogeneous members)

flew (from whom? from where?) from the rooster

noun ch. adj. noun

V shadows grew up fragrant lilies of the valley. (Narrative, not excl., simple., spread.)

Noun.

(who what?)

The subject

(Im.who? What?)

Adjective .

(what? whose?)

Predicate

(what does? what does? what?)

Numeral.

(how much? how much?)

Addition

(questions of indirect cases - all except Im.p.)

Pronoun

(questions from previous parts of speech)

Definition

(which? whose? which one?)

Verb

(what will it do? what will it do?)

Circumstance

(where? when? where? from where? why? why? how?)

Adverb

(how? where? when?)

Note:

Subject and predicate-

the main members of the proposal.

Addition, definition and circumstance – minor members of the proposal.

Grammatical basis of a sentence Is a subject and a predicate.

Pretext

(in on, at, around, on, behind, etc.)

Union

(and, a, but, or, or, etc.)

Particle

(no, no, no, no, etc.)

Interjection

(oh, oh, oh, well, etc.)

DECLINATION

nouns

( case change)

CONJUGATION

verbs

(change by faces and numbers)

1 declension: nounm. and f. ... with the end in I. p.-AND I (apple treeI AM , young manA )

I conjugation: all verbs, on

–ATH, -THE, -THET -YTH, -YTH and 2 verbs on–IT

(shave, lay)

vowel E!

2nd declension: nounm.r. null terminated andWed R. with ending-O, -E (table , floorE )

II conjugation: all verbs

on the–IT (except shave, lay), 4 verbs on–THE

and 7 verbs in- CHAIN

(Drive, hold,

breathe and hear,

watch, see,

hate,

and offend and endure,

and depend, and twirl!)

In personal unstressed endings, these verbs havevowel AND!

3rd declension: nounf.r., ending withon –b

(speechB , faceB )

– the section of the science of language that studiesmeaning of the word .

Term

Pronunciation and meaning

Example

synonyms

different in sound, butclose by value

Hippo hippopotamus

homonyms

the same sound, butdifferent by value

Onions (for salad) -

bow for shooting)

antonyms

different in sound andopposite by value

Cold-hot

So thats to make a plan for the text, you need:

Divide the text into meaningful complete parts.

Determine the main idea of ​​each part.

Title each part of the text.

Topic Is what the text says.

The topic brings together sentences in the text.

The main idea of ​​the text - this is whatmain what I wanted to say

author.

The theme and the main idea are related.

Title text - it means to briefly name its topic or

the main idea.

Read the text. Find out the meaning of incomprehensible words. Determine what the text says.

Find in the text the words you need to check. Think about how to explain their spelling.

Learn the text by heart. Pay attention to the exact use of words in phrases.

Read the text carefully again, pronouncing each word clearly.