Russia in global affairs. Systemic history of international relations Systemic history of international relations of bogaturs 2

The four-volume work edited by Professor A.D. Bogaturov is the first comprehensive study of the history of international relations in our country in 15 years. The authors cite numerous documents and objectively describe the events associated with international politics in 1918–2003, diligently avoiding the ideologized approach that was characteristic of many Soviet and Western scientists during the bipolar world.

Having made an application for the study of the "systemic nature" of international relations of the twentieth century, the creators of the four-volume edition defined the process of the development of this system as in many respects conscious and purposeful. If earlier the international system took shape mostly spontaneously, by chance, then in the 20th century there is an obvious desire to build a reasonable and realistic structure of the world, in which it would be possible to minimize risks and ensure stability. This is due to the fact that in the last century purposeful processes (military-technical progress, the formation of the world market, the search for an optimal model of an international organization, etc.) dominated, in connection with which a certain amount of experience has been accumulated.

The first volume of the work under review contains the author's analysis of the process of formation of the system of international relations in the period from Versailles to the end of World War II. Here, the merits and prospects of the Versailles system are critically examined, the problems associated with the exclusion of such important players as Russia and Germany from this system, as well as those caused by the withdrawal of the United States from the League of Nations, are considered. The incompleteness of the system, its rigid orientation exclusively towards the conservation of the results of the First World War, the inability to discern and control the future - all these features of Versailles led to the crisis of 1939. The second volume contains all the key documents of that period.

The third volume examines the further evolution of the system up to the present stage (the fourth volume contains documents). The most interesting thing here is not that the system was split into opposing factions (this is just typical for the human community), but that the parties were able to overcome their differences without war. Instead of the old structure, they tried to build something completely new and capable of consolidating stability.

Noteworthy is the way the authors cover the 1962 Cuban missile crisis (vol. 3, pp. 270-273). In the overwhelming majority of Western publications and in works that appeared in our country at the end of the last century, the description of these events begins, in essence, from the moment Soviet missiles were delivered to Cuba and discovered by American intelligence. The reviewed four-volume book examines in detail the issues related to the deployment of American Jupiter missiles in Turkey at the end of the 1950s and the painful reaction of Soviet leaders to this threat (missiles could hit targets in almost the entire European part of our country).
From the possible different levels of international relations, the authors chose the level of the state, on which they focused their main attention. This approach made it possible to avoid unnecessary polemical acuteness.

The use of a non-traditional technique for such works - the choice of a horizontal time slice - turned out to be very positive, while other scientists, as a rule, prefer to divide the material into large blocks based on macro problems. The reader easily moves through the text - from the human rights movement in the Soviet Union to the second stage of Western European integration, then travels to Asia (to “Black September” in Jordan), returns to the USSR (XXIV Congress of the CPSU) and again rushes to Asia (Indian-Pakistani the 1971 war and the US-China rapprochement).

The chosen level of analysis can be conditionally called a meso-level, if we consider the functioning of the entire world system as a macro-level. The authors rarely go beyond the mesoscale, but this is hardly a drawback. The endless fragmentation of elements and the construction of ever new hierarchies of the system would incomparably complicate and expand the object of research.

At the same time, the introduction of a micro-level (diplomatic details and details of certain events and situations), as, for example, in the "History of Diplomacy" edited by Vladimir Potemkin two thirds of a century ago, would have unusually flourished the work. To some extent, this task is performed by two volumes of documents (compiled by A.V. Malgin and A.A. Sokolov). A huge amount of work has been done, the most interesting sources, including little-known ones, have been carefully selected.

The inclusion of documents in the four-volume edition not only solves the problem of reaching the micro-level, but also allows one to sweep aside existing myths and show an objective picture of history. In developed countries, in fact, they abandoned the historical method. The "golden age" of the North has no more than three centuries, and they do not want to plunge into the depths of centuries, or objectively consider what happened at a later time. Myths are often simply implanted here, and, unfortunately, they often have an ideological orientation. In addition, many Western theories strive to reduce the entire history to a progressive unification of economic and political change, oriented towards a given Eurocentric “ideal model”.

Apparently, it is Russian social science that is now capable of conducting the most fundamental research, and our historians are called upon to reach a new, highest quality level in the world. It is not the first time that compatriots have to rewrite history, but only now there is an opportunity to do it not under the pressure of new political and ideological attitudes, but on the basis of objectivity and scientificity.

In the last century, the world system went through three stages. In the first half, there was a world hierarchical system, consisting of a dozen subsystems: at the head was one or another European metropolis, which controlled a group of countries with varying degrees of subordination (colonies, dominions, protectorates, indirectly controlled territories, countries that were part of the zones of influence, etc. .). A specific type of multipolarity arose, when the subsystems were extremely weakly connected with each other, and each metropolis completely controlled political, economic and cultural processes in its own subsystem. Countries that were not part of these subsystems were largely isolated. This applies not only to some independent states such as Siam or Latin American countries, but also to the Soviet Union and even the United States. The share of the latter in the world economy a hundred years ago was practically the same as it is now (the difference is 1–2%), but America was largely marginalized and did not play a special role in the world system almost until the outbreak of World War II. Its access to the subsystems headed by this or that European power was sharply limited. Too high assessments of the role of the United States in the interwar period are associated either with a back extrapolation of the influence of the United States after World War II, or with the works of American researchers who seek to exalt their country. Prominent social scientists regularly fall into a similar trap, such as, for example, Immanuel Wallerstein, who believes that the entire first half of the 20th century was marked by the struggle of the United States and Germany for world hegemony. It should be noted that in the reviewed work, on the whole, these issues are considered rather carefully.

The results of the Second World War led to the collapse of the hierarchical system and the emergence of a bipolar world structure. The two main winners in the war, the USA and the USSR, turned into superpowers, did not play a significant role in the previous global system and did their best to transform the world. Apparently, it is from these positions that one can consider the collapse of the colonial system, gaining independence by dominions and liberation from foreign influence of countries that retained formal independence. There was also a real "decline of Europe", which has been the center of the world system for the last three centuries. It was replaced, becoming the main poles, by non-European America and the pseudo-European Soviet Union.

The collapse of the multipolar system took place in the context of the beginning of the Cold War and the emergence of two confrontational military-ideological blocs, and the sovereignty of the countries that were part of those blocs was limited formally or in fact. That is why the world has acquired such a clear two-pole configuration.

The collapse of the socialist camp and the collapse of the Soviet Union dramatically changed the configuration of the world system, which the authors defined as "pluralistic unipolarity." Analyzing the process of the formation of a formally monopolar system, they take into account the fact that the relative power of the only superpower, the United States, has shrunk in all respects - economic (share in world GDP), military (proliferation of atomic weapons and missile technology), and political (regionalization processes). The work reveals in detail the direction of the foreign policy strategy of the United States.

It should be noted that the last sections of the four-volume edition are especially rich in theoretical materials. Their author, Aleksey Bogaturov, sets himself the most difficult task of rethinking the processes of transformation of the world system. Not all of his postulates can be agreed, but the proposed new view of what is happening in modern reality is of considerable interest.

On the whole, the authors did not succumb to the temptation to view the history of international conflicts exclusively through the prism of relations between European states, the United States and Japan, and they are by no means characteristic of the Eurocentric (American-centric) approach to the world system. Themes related to developing countries have taken a worthy place in the work. At the same time, it should be said that in the last chapters, the developing states practically drop out of the authors' field of vision.

It is possible, however, that this reflects the reality of today. The United States is unable to govern the entire system, which includes about 200 countries, and, in fact, is pushing out of it states that are of secondary importance to them. A zone has appeared in the South, for which the main world centers (primarily the United States) do not want (or cannot) take any responsibility. Since the beginning of the era of geographical discoveries, such a situation has been observed for the first time; it especially contrasts with what happened during the bipolar system, when, for example, a struggle between the superpowers was unfolding over any lagoon in the Indian Ocean. The world community is now shying away from influencing internal political events in the zone of non-priority countries (primarily Africa, as well as a number of Asian states). Thus, the world media did not notice the international war in Congo (Zaire) at all, where in 1998-2001 more than 2.5 million people died during the battles of five foreign armies. Unfortunately, the authors of the work under review also did not consider it necessary to draw attention to this. The zone of armed conflicts, apparently, has moved to the South for a long time, where there are 30–35 major conflicts a year (with the number of casualties exceeding 1,000 people), but, as a rule, without any interference from the world powers.

After September 11, the situation changed somewhat. The United States had to send troops to Afghanistan, but this has yielded very few dividends so far, and the situation in the country remains uncertain.
According to most researchers, in ten years, China will outstrip the United States in terms of the volume of the economy, and India - Japan (in the event that the calculations are carried out in terms of purchasing power parity). Only these countries, primarily China, will be able to challenge the United States in the foreseeable future. Western Europe for at least a quarter of a century (and most likely much longer) will be busy absorbing Eastern Europe. Japan did not transform its economic power into political power when all the conditions existed for this, and now it probably will not be possible to do so. In a sense, history repeats itself: rivals appear on the periphery (semi-periphery). It is difficult to say whether the scenario of transformation of the Asian giants into superpowers is being realized, but they are the main candidates for the status of the second (third) superpower.

The systematic vision of history, including international relations, is important not so much because it allows you to form a holistic view of the planetary organization and to realize its advantages and disadvantages. It is also an opportunity to take a different look at the coming stage of development, in which globalization and the construction of a universal (and not a national) system of relations will take a central place. And this is the main advantage of the peer-reviewed work.

Russia is in a difficult position: it must make difficult fateful decisions concerning, among other things, its historical orientation and ties with the outside world. In such an environment, as a rule, it is not a conscientious and in-depth study of the international system and the role of Russia in it (which can only be appreciated by specialists) that is more appreciated, but brisk myths that “elevate deception” that will help politicians captivate an innocent public. So the four-volume edition will not cause the same positive reaction from everyone.
A systematic approach forces us to reckon with reality (for Russia this is the weakness of the resource base of foreign policy), to understand "who is who" (the United States remains the only superpower so far), to remember the trail of not always pleasant obligations that our country has assumed as a permanent member The UN Security Council, and as a partner of other countries. The consistency of understanding, as follows from the materials of the four-volume work, is precisely the means of policy formation that helps to remain firmly grounded in real facts and at the same time to assess possible prospects.

Four volumes devoted to the history of international relations, edited by Professor A.D. Bogaturova is an innovative work, valuable not only from an academic point of view. Over time, it can help guide the practice of diplomacy in a more rational direction. There is every reason to say that an outstanding contribution has been made to the national science of international relations.

V.A. Kremenyuk - D.I. Sci., professor, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.

Transcript

1 Scientific and educational forum on international relations System history of international relations in two volumes Volume two. Events of the Years Edited by Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor A.D. Bogaturov 2nd edition Moscow 2009

2 BBK 66.4 (0) -6 * 63.3 С34 Editorial Board Academician G.A. Arbatov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.G. Baranovsky, Doctor of Science A.D.Bogaturov, Corresponding Member of the RAS A.A. Dynkin, D.Sc. A.Yu. Melville, Doctor of History M.G. Nosov, Academician N.A. Simonia, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Torkunov, D.Sc. I.G. Tyulin, D.Sc. T. A. Shakleina, Ph.D. M. A. Khrustalev, Academician A. O. Chubaryan Authors: Candidate of Historical Sciences and I. Batyuk (Ch. 1, 10, 11), A. D. Bogaturov (introduction, Ch. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, closed), Ph.D. T.V. Bordachev (Ch. 10.11), Doctor of History V.G. Korgun (chap. 3, 9, 11), Doctor of History VB Knyazhinsky (Chapter 1), Doctor of History S. I. Lunev (chap. 3, 7), Doctor of Science B.F. Martynov (chap. 7, 10), Ph.D. D.V. Polikanov (chap. 7, 9), P.E. Smirnov (chap. 1, 2, 5, 10), Doctor of Science T. A. Shakleina (chap. 10, 11), Doctor of Science M.A. Khrustalev (chap. 3, 6, 7, 8), Doctor of History A.A. Yazkova (ch. 9) Chronology compiled by Ph.D. Yu.V. Ustinova and Ph.D. A.A. Sokolov Name index compiled by A.A. Sokolov C34 System history of international relations in two volumes / Edited by A.D. Bogaturov. Volume two. Events of the years. Ed. 2nd. M .: Cultural revolution, p. ISBN This edition is a two-volume version of the four-volume book of the same name, published over the years and has long won the recognition of readers. This is the first attempt since 1991 to comprehensively study the history of international relations in the last eight decades of the twentieth century. The second volume examines the period from the end of World War II to the middle of the first decade of the 21st century. Particular attention is paid to the formation and evolution of the Yalta-Potsdam order, the emergence of "confrontational stability" in years., The international consequences of the collapse of the USSR and the formation of a new world order. The book examines the issues of international relations in regional subsystems in Europe, East Asia, the Near and Middle East, Latin America and Africa. The publication is addressed to specialists and a wide range of readers, teachers, researchers, students, undergraduates and graduate students of humanitarian universities and everyone who is interested in the history of diplomacy and foreign policy of Russia. A.D.Bogaturov, 2000, 2006 Cultural Revolution, 2009

3 Table of Contents with Foreword Introduction. Change of order in the international system Section I. Attempt to create a global order and its failure Chapter 1. Contradictions of the post-war settlement () Creation of the foundations of world economic regulation at the final stage of World War II. Bretton Woods system (25). The position of the Soviet Union regarding the Bretton Woods system (27). Contractual and legal basis of relations between the great powers (29). 1945 San Francisco Conference and the creation of the UN (30). Features of the functioning of the UN (30). The ratio of the capabilities of the USA and the USSR (31). Features of the post-war situation in Western Europe (32). Soviet and American perceptions of potential military threats (37). Features of international decisions on the German question in 1945 (38). The ripening of controversies in the settlement of Germany (40). The situation around Austria (42). The question of the former Italian colonies (42). Dispute over Trieste (43). The emergence of the concept of "containment" of the USSR. Kennan's Long Telegram (45). Aggravation of the issue of the presence of Soviet troops in Iran (47). Attempts to limit the role of the nuclear factor in international relations (48). "The Baruch Plan" and the disruption of the work of the UN Commission on Atomic Energy (49). The Greek question in relations between the great powers (51). Diplomatic conflict between the USSR and Turkey (52). The question of diplomatic recognition of Eastern European countries (54). The situation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (55). The situation in the Soviet Baltic (61). Disagreements over the negotiation of peace treaties with Germany's European allies. Paris Conference of 1946 (62). The question of the Italo-Yugoslav border and the completion of work on draft peace treaties with the German allies (64). Aggravation of disagreements on the German question (66). Differences among Western countries on the problems of German politics (66). Chapter 2. The initial stage of the formation of bipolarity () Preconditions for the transformation of political regimes in Eastern European countries (69). The defeat of non-communist forces at all

4 4 Table of contents of the general elections in Poland on January 19, 1947 and its consequences (71). Signing of peace treaties with former German allies (72). Territorial changes in Europe based on the decisions of (73). Dunkirk Pact between France and Great Britain (79). Announcement of the "Truman Doctrine" and activation of US foreign policy (80). Marshall Plan (81). Creation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) (84). The meaning of the "Marshall Plan" (84). The turning point of the situation in Eastern Europe and the formation of the Cominform (85). Formation of the government of "Free Greece" in Thessaloniki (87). The German question at the sessions of the Ministerial Council in 1947 (88). Coup d'état in Czechoslovakia (88). The emergence of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict (90). Preparation and conclusion of the Brussels Pact (92). The European Idea in International Relations of the 40s (94). Separate meeting of the six Western powers on Germany in London (94). Aggravation of the German question and the first Berlin crisis (96). Signing of the Danube Convention (98). Formation of a system of cross agreements between Eastern European countries (99). The internal political situation in the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe at the end of the 40s and its influence on international relations (100). Creation of CMEA (104). The 1949 Washington Conference and the Formation of NATO (104). Foreign policy views of the American elite and the ideologization of the Soviet-American confrontation (106). Activation of international anti-war social movements (107). Creation of the Council of Europe (108). Preparations for the creation of a separate West German state and the proclamation of the FRG (108). The international situation by the fall of 1949 and the transformation of the USSR into a nuclear power (109). Formation of the GDR and the end of the political split in Germany (110). Yugoslavia's withdrawal from diplomatic isolation and the emergence of the Yugoslavian policy of non-alignment (110). Chapter 3. Extension of the bipolar confrontation to East Asia and the periphery of the international system () The situation in East Asia after the end of World War II (113). The approaches of the USSR and the USA to the regional situation (114). The policy of the leading powers in matters of a peaceful settlement with Japan (115). The civil war in China and the destabilization of the East Asian subsystem (117). Conflict over the declaration of independence of Indonesia (120). The emergence of the communist enclave in French Indochina and the beginning of the revolutionary liberation war against France in North Vietnam (122). The United States granted independence to the Philippines (123). The situation in Malaya (124). Split Korea (124). The formation of the PRC and the split in China (126). 2. The international position of India at the time of the end of the world war (130). British Indian Independence Act and State Delimitation in South Asia (131). First Indian-Pakistani

5th war (132). Formation and features of India's foreign policy orientation (133). Sino-Indian contradictions in Tibet (134). 3. The situation in the Middle East (135). Iran's foreign policy orientation after the withdrawal of foreign troops from the country (136). Formation of Iranian policy of "positive nationalism" (138). Features of Afghan neutrality after World War II (140). 4. Shifts in the Middle East subsystem and the consolidation of the Arab countries on a national-state basis (141). Palestine problem after World War II (143). First Arab-Israeli War (145). Aggravation of relations between Egypt and Great Britain and the coup of the "Free Officers" (147). 5. Inter-American relations in the late 40s. The signing of the Rio Pact and the creation of the OAS (148). Features of relations between Latin American countries and the United States (149). 6. The Korean question in relations between the leading powers (150). The beginning of the Korean War (151). China's entry into the war and "MacArthur's ultimatum" (153). Non-regional aspects of the Korean War (154). 7. Intensification of the American policy of a peaceful settlement with Japan (156). Conclusion of the ANZUS agreement (157). Preparation and holding of the San Francisco Peace Conference (158). Conclusion of an alliance agreement between Japan and the United States (160). Completion of the formation of a network of guarantee agreements against Japan (160). The formation of the San Francisco order and its features (161). Chapter 4. Structural design of the two-block system () The international political situation in Western Europe during the Korean War (164). The problem of Germany's "return" to Europe (166). Tightening of US approaches to international politics (168). Changes in NATO policy towards Spain and the American policy of "strengthening the flanks" (171). The emergence of Western European integration and the creation of the European Community (association) of coal and steel (173). The project of creating a unified European army ("Plan of Pleven") (174). Signing of the Bonn Treaty to end the occupation status of Germany and the Paris Treaty on the European Defense Community (176). Change of political leadership in the USSR (178). The adoption by the US Republican administration of the concept of "rolling back communism" (178). The beginning of de-Stalinization in Eastern Europe and anti-government demonstrations in 1953 in the GDR (181). The beginning of the peaceful diplomatic offensive of the USSR (183). Activation of national liberation processes on the periphery of the international system (185). American Domino Doctrine (185). The fall of the monarchy in Egypt (186). Sino-Indian compromise in Tibet (187). Escalation of the Vietnam conflict (188). Geneva Conference on Indochina and Korea and its results (189). US intervention in Guatemala (191). Failure of the European Defense Cooperation 5

6 6 Table of contents of the society (192). Preparation and conclusion of the Manila Pact (194). Preparations for the acceptance of the FRG into the military-political structures of the West (196). The signing of the 1954 Paris Protocols on the FRG's entry into the Western Union and NATO (197). The concept of "double containment" (197). The beginning of the war in Algeria (198). Creation of the Baghdad Pact (199). Bandung Conference of Asia and Africa (200). Signing of the Warsaw Pact (202). Resolution of the Austrian problem (203). Normalization of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia (204). Conference of the ECSC countries in Messina (205). Geneva Summit (206). Normalization of relations between the Soviet Union and the FRG (207) Section II. Balancing on the brink of war Chapter 5. Contradictions of "competitive coexistence" () Foreign policy program of "peaceful coexistence" (210). Destalinization and "crises of hope" in the "socialist community" (212). Dissolution of the Cominform and disagreements in the "socialist camp" on the criticism of J.V. Stalin (214). Conflict in Poland (214). Soviet intervention in Hungary (216). Modernization of Soviet policy in Eastern Europe (219). Restoration of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Japan (220). "Suez Crisis" in the Middle East (221). Positions of the USSR and the USA regarding the situation around the Suez Canal (222). The Eisenhower Doctrine (224). Aggravation of the Afghan-Pakistani contradictions and the strengthening of the influence of the USSR in Afghanistan (225). Strengthening integration trends in Western Europe and the formation of the EEC (227). Tests of ICBMs in the Soviet Union and changes in the global military-strategic environment (230). Deployment of American Nuclear Weapons in Europe (232). Aggravation of the German problem (233). The formation of the UAR and the Lebanese crisis (234). Taiwan Crisis (236). An attempt to reorganize the colonial empire of France (239). Tightening of the position of the USSR on West Berlin (240). The situation in Southeast Asia in the second half of the 50s (241). Chapter 6. Displacement of conflict in the zone of international periphery () Revolution in Cuba (245). Attempts to compromise on the German question (246). The growing disagreement between the USSR and the PRC (248). Preparation and holding of the first Soviet-American summit (248). New conflict between China and India in Tibet (250). Aggravation of Soviet-Japanese relations (251). Preparation and disruption of the Paris Summit Conference (252). The spread of the anti-colonial wave to Africa (253). The outbreak of the conflict in the Congo (254). Decolonization issues in the UN activities (258). Formation of a conflict node in the Middle East around Iraq (258). Development in

7 US concept of "flexible response" (260). Discrepancies between the United States and Western European countries on military-political issues (262). The Soviet-American meeting in Vienna and the "second Berlin crisis" (264). The emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement (266). Soviet-Albanian political conflict (267). Formation of two approaches to European integration (267). Settlement of the conflict in Algeria (267). Attempts to normalize the situation in Indochina and the signing of the Geneva agreements on Laos (269). Conflict in Yemen (270). Cuban missile crisis (271). Debate on "multilateral nuclear forces" and the "Nassau Pact" (274) Section III. Confrontational stability Chapter 7. Formation of the ryazryadka policy () An attempt to form a Franco-West German "axis" and its failure (279). Modernization of the foreign policy of the USSR and the USA (281). Mutually Assured Destruction Doctrine (282). Conclusion of the Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Weapon Tests (283). Aggravation of the conflict in Cyprus (286). Formation of UNCTAD (287). Rising tensions around Vietnam and the beginning of the Vietnam-American conflict (288). Transition of the Soviet-Chinese differences into open confrontation (289). The beginning of the US war in Vietnam (292). Stabilization of the situation in the Congo (293). Indo-Pakistani War (294). Events in Indonesia (296). Contradictions in the process of deepening Western European integration and the "Luxembourg compromise" (298). Withdrawal of France from the military organization NATO (300). Soviet-French rapprochement (302). Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (303). "Authoritarian wave" in Latin America and the conclusion of the "Treaty of Tlatelolco" (304). The fight against apartheid in southern Africa (307). Conflict in Nigeria (309). Aggravation of the situation in the Middle East. The Six Day War (311). The problem of the Arab people of Palestine (314). Soviet-American meeting at Glasboro (315). The approach of the ATM countries and NATO to the situation in Europe (316). ASEAN Education (318). An attempt at a settlement in Vietnam and an increase in anti-war protests in the United States (318). The worldwide wave of leftist protest sentiments ("the world revolution of 1968") and its impact on international relations (321). Conclusion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (323). Attempts at internal reforms in Hungary and Czechoslovakia and their consequences (324). The doctrine of "socialist internationalism" (326). Disruption of the Soviet-American Summit (328). Chapter 8. Stabilization of the international system () Aggravation of Soviet-Chinese relations (330). The emergence of a pan-European process (332). R. Nixon's "Guaman Doctrine" (333). Kulmina

8 8 Table of contents of the Soviet-Chinese confrontation (335). Formation of the "new eastern policy" of the FRG (336). Bretton Woods Crisis (338). The human rights movement in the USSR and its influence on the international relations of the Soviet Union (339). The second stage of Western European integration (341). International legal consolidation of the post-war borders of Germany (343). Conflict around the PLO in Jordan (345). Legalization of the policy of detente at the 24th Congress of the CPSU (347). Formation of a system of consultative pacts of the USSR with non-socialist countries (348). Formation of Bangladesh and the Indo-Pakistani War (349). Normalizing US-China Relations (351). A new relationship between the power capabilities of the USSR and the United States and the formation of the concept of "strategic parity" (352). Soviet-American rapprochement (353). Normalization of relations between the PRC and Japan (358). Signing of the Paris Agreements on Vietnam (358). Development of the Helsinki Process (361). Situation with ensuring human rights in the USSR (362). Formation of the ideological and political trend of "trilateralism" (363). The situation in Latin America (364). The overthrow of the Popular Unity government in Chile (364). Soviet-Japanese summit (366). "October War" in the Middle East (366). The first "oil shock" (371). Chapter 9. Contradictions of detente and its crisis () Coordination of foreign policies of industrial states in the conditions of the "energy crisis" (374). Aggravation of the situation in Cyprus (375). Putting forward the idea of ​​a "new international economic order" by the UN General Assembly (377). The emergence of a "pause" in Soviet-American relations and the growth of disagreements on human rights issues (378). The emergence of a network of partnerships between the USSR and African countries (380). Signing of the Helsinki Act (384). The fall of the dictatorship in Spain (387). The rise of neutralism in Southeast Asia (387). The unification of Vietnam and a new aggravation of the situation in Indochina (389). Aggravation of the Soviet-American geopolitical contradictions (391). Formation of "Eurocommunism" and its international political role (392). Human rights issues in international relations (393). Belgrade meeting of the CSCE and the adoption of new constitutions in the "socialist countries" (395). The deepening of Soviet-American contradictions in Africa and the war in the Horn of Africa (397). Rhodesia problem 398 The conclusion of the Japanese-Chinese Treaty of Peace and Friendship (399). The emergence of the Cambodian problem and the Sino-Vietnamese conflict (400). Formation of "triangular" relations between the USSR, the USA and the PRC (402). The Iranian-American Conflict and the Second Oil Shock (403). The problem of circulation of petrodollars in international relations (405). Soviet-American negotiations "SALT-2" (407). The situation in Latin America (409). Emergence of new hotbeds of instability in the Middle East (411). The problem of "Euro-missiles" and the "double solution" of NATO (414). The beginning of the USSR war in Afghanistan and the failure of the policy of detente (416).

9 Chapter 10. Renewal of bipolar confrontation () Foreign policy strategies of the USSR and the USA (420). The Afghan question in international relations (423). Worldwide Debt Crisis (424). Polish crisis (425). Sanctions Strategy (428). Attempt to create a US-China quasi-union (429). The emergence of the Central American conflict and its internationalization (430). Iran-Iraq War (421). The beginning of the Madrid meeting of the CSCE (433). Soviet-American relations after the change of administration in the United States and the creation of a block of negotiation systems on arms control (434). Falklands Crisis (436). Aggravation of conflicts around the PLO in Lebanon and Syria (438). Formation of the policy of "equidistance" in the PRC (441). Deployment of American medium-range missiles in Europe and the culmination of the Soviet-American confrontation (442). Completion of the Madrid CSCE meeting and convocation of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence-Building Measures (444). Expanding the scale of the conflict in Afghanistan (445). Economic depletion and undermining of the foreign policy resources of the Soviet Union (446). The doctrine of "new globalism" in the United States (448). Change of leadership in the USSR and the resumption of dialogue with the West (450). Anti-nuclear trends in the South Pacific and the signing of the Rarotonga Treaty (452). The emergence of economic regionalism in Southeast Asia (453). Development of Western European integration and the signing of the Single European Act (455). Chapter 11. The collapse of the Yalta-Potsdam order () The doctrinal foundations of the new foreign policy strategy of the Soviet Union (458). Aggravation of environmental problems of international security (460). Political and psychological situation in the world in the second half of the 80s (461). Completion of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence-Building Measures and the convening of the OSCE Vienna Meeting (462). Settlement of the Central American conflict (463). Soviet-American relations in the military-political field and the signing of the Washington Treaty on Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (466). International legal settlement of the situation around Afghanistan (468). Ending foreign intervention in Angola (470). Completion of the Vienna CSCE meeting and change in the USSR's human rights policy (472). New Soviet policy in East Asia and the end of Vietnam's intervention in Cambodia (474). Normalization of relations between the Soviet Union and the PRC (476). Easing tensions in Korea (478). "The doctrine of non-intervention" by M.S. Gorbachev (479). Anti-communist "revolutions" in the countries of Eastern Europe (480). US intervention in Panama (484). Strengthening regionalist tendencies in Latin America and the restoration of democracy in Chile (485). The emergence of centrifugal tendencies and the threat of disintegration in the USSR (488). Unification of Germany (492). Signing of the Treaty of Restriction 9

10 10 Table of Contents of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (495). Charter of Paris for a New Europe (496). Transformation of the apartheid regime in South Africa (497). Evolution of the Middle East Conflict and the Gulf War (497). Beginning of the Madrid Conference on the Middle East (501). Deepening political crisis in the USSR (501). The disintegration of the ATS (503). Conclusion of the Schengen Convention (503). Signing of the Moscow Treaty on the Reduction of Strategic Offensive Arms (START-1) (504). Attempted coup d'etat in the USSR (505). Self-destruction of the USSR and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (506). Breakup of Yugoslavia (507) Section IV. Globalization Chapter 12. The collapse of the bipolar structure () Crisis and reforms in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (514). The beginning of the war in Yugoslavia (517). Transformation of Russian-American relations and the signing of the START II Treaty (519). The problem of the nuclear legacy of the USSR (522). Formation of the CIS and the issue of ensuring security in its space (523). Armenian-Azerbaijani war over Nagorno-Karabakh (527). International aspects of the confrontation in Afghanistan (529). Tajik conflict (531). War in Transnistria (534). Ethno-territorial conflicts in Georgia (538). The problem of the rights of the non-indigenous population of the Baltic countries (545). Conclusion of the Maastricht Treaty and the creation of the European Union (548). Strengthening integration groupings in East Asia, North and Latin America (551). American concept of "expanding democracy" (556). Crisis of the UN system and strengthening of mechanisms of informal regulation of international relations (558). Humanitarian intervention in Somalia (560). Normalization of the situation in Cambodia (561). The situation in the Middle East and attempts at reconciliation between Israel and Jordan and the PLO (561). The situation on the Korean Peninsula and the "nuclear alert" 1994 (563). Formation of the Visegrad Group and the Central European Initiative (565). Third EU enlargement (566). Conflict in Bosnia and the first NATO intervention in the Balkans (568). Signing of the treaty on the creation of a nuclear-free zone in Africa (570). Taiwan's "missile crisis" and China's pivot to rapprochement with Russia (571). Development of relations in the CIS and the formation of the Union State of Russia and Belarus (574). Preparing for NATO expansion (575). Chapter 13. "Pluralistic unipolarity" () Globalization and the growth of international relations between states into a system of world political relations (580). First stage of NATO expansion (562). Change in Iran's foreign policy priorities (584). Normalization of Russian-Ukrainian relations (585). National reconciliation in Tajikistan (586). Conducted

811B Natigd A / 521017 Scientific and educational forum on international relations System history of international relations in two volumes Volume two. Events 1945 ~ 2OO 3 years Edited by Doctor of Political

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Appendix 2 Questions of the state final exam in the field of preparation 41.03.04 "International relations" (qualification "Bachelor") 1. Paris Peace Conference:

CONTENTS Introduction ... 3 Chapter 1. The world at the beginning of the twentieth century .... 9 1.1. Eurocentrism of world history ... 9 1.2. Socio-economic and political development of the great powers by the beginning of the twentieth century .... 10 1.3. Relationship

Questions for the entrance exams to the master's program of the RUDN University in the direction of "International Relations" specialization "World politics: conceptual foundations and intercultural interaction". General issues. 1.

Ministry of Education of the Ulyanovsk Region Regional State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Dimitrovgrad Technical College" "Approved" First

SIBERIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND REGIONAL STUDIES APPROVED by Rector SIMOR, d. Sci., professor O.V. Dubrovin "12" September 2016 History program for entrance examinations

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Buryat State University" - TO OB; ; "U t in e r

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1964-1985 1985 Lecturer Kiyashchenko A.A. The main tasks of foreign policy in 1964-1985 1985 Normalization of relations between East and West (relaxation of international tension)

1 FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION State educational institution of higher professional education TOMSK POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY APPROVED: Dean of the GF Rubanov V.G. (signature) 2004

History of International Relations: Textbook / Call. author; ed. G.V. Kamenskaya, O.A. Kolobova, E.G. Solovyov. - M .: Logos, 2007. - 712 p. The history of international relations is covered. Unlike

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKH NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ABAY Approved Director of the Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Institute G.B. Nurlikhina 2016 f. Introductory program

CALENDAR-THEME PLANNING Grade 9 p / p lesson in the topic Lesson topic Introduction. Industrial society at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Russian Empire at the turn of the century and its place in the world. Number of hours Date

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW State budgetary educational institution "School 171" Adopted at the meeting of the pedagogical council Minutes 1 of 30.08. 2017 "APPROVED" Director

STRATEGIC PRIORITIES OF RUSSIA IN THE CONTEMPORARY REALITIES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY Dzeboeva L.V. Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Vladikavkaz branch), Vladikavkaz, Russia Supervisor: Doctor of Economics,

6. The number of tasks in one version of the test 50. Part A 38 tasks. Part B 12 tasks. 2 7. The structure of the test Section 1. The countries of Europe and the United States in 1918 1939. 9 tasks (18%). Section 2. Soviet state

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF RUSSIAN-ARMENIAN (SLAVIC) STATE UNIVERSITY (The title page format must comply with the requirements given in the appendix) (1)

Section 1. THE POST-WORLD STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD Topic 1.1. International position. International organizations. Topic of the lesson: Creation of NATO, OVD, CMEA, OEES. PLAN 1. Creation of NATO. 2. Creation of CMEA and OVD. 3. Confrontation

Belarus' policy towards Germany in 1990 2015: the main results of A.V. Rusakovich, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Belarusian State University Consistent and balanced multi-vector

Class: 9 Hours per week: 3 Total hours: 102 (34 + 68) I trimester. Total weeks 11, total hours 33 4. Thematic planning Subject: History p / p Section. Lesson topic. Section 1. Recent history. First half

Obichkina E.O. France in search of foreign policy guidelines in a post-bipolar world. Monograph. M .: MGIMO, 2004. - p. The core of the activity of French diplomacy for centuries is the struggle for

EXPLANATORY NOTE The work program for the course "Contemporary History of Foreign Countries" for the class is focused on the textbook of A.A. Ulunyan, E.Yu. Sergeev (edited by A.O. Chubaryan) "Recent history of foreign

MILITARY ACADEMY OF THE GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Implementation of state policy in ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation Deputy Chief of the Military

THEMATIC PLANNING BY HISTORY. CLASS 9. 102 HOURS Teacher: Barsukov M.S. Lesson topic Number of hours Date 1 Industrial society at the beginning of XX 1 1.09 century: introduction 2 Industrial society

List of topics of seminars Part I Topic 1. Fundamentals of the theory of international relations 1. The concept of international relations, problems of definition, approaches, schools. 2. International politics as a category of theory

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1945-1953 1953 The beginning of the "cold war" Lecturer A. A. Kiyashchenko Increasing the role of the USSR in the world 1. After the victory over Germany, the USSR had the largest and most powerful army in

Contradictions in the policy of peaceful coexistence Lecturer A. Kiyashchenko The main directions of the foreign policy of the USSR Relations with the USA and NATO Relations with the "socialist camp" Relations with countries

A. K. Kislov, A. V. Frolov RUSSIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL WEAPONS MARKET IDEOLOGY AND PRACTICE Moscow 2008 CONTENTS Introduction 3 SECTION I CREATION OF A MODERN MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND SOVIET EXPORT EXPERIENCE

Class: 9 Hours per week: 3 Total hours: 102 (32 + 70) I trimester. Total weeks 11, total hours 33 4. Thematic planning Subject: "History" p / p Section. Lesson topic. 1. Topic 1. Recent history. The first

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF FOLK ECONOMY AND STATE SERVICE under the PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"

Contents PART THREE. THE EAST DURING THE DOMINATION OF COLONIALISM (SER. XIX SER. XX CENTURIES) Chapter 1. Colonialism in the traditional East The period of colonialism in the East The origins of colonialism Genesis of European

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL 1" BOLOGOE, TVER REGION "Approved" Director of MBOU "Secondary school 1": GP Serova Order of 2016. "Agreed" with the deputy

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 of the city of Gvardeysk" 238210, Kaliningrad region, tel / fax: 8-401-59-3-16-96 mountains. Gvardeysk, st. Telman 30-a, E mail: [email protected]

Homework for group 15-24: Make a detailed synopsis on the topic "The world socialist system and its contradictions", answer questions to 32 (32, pp. 261-268, V.P. Smirnov, L.S. Belousov, O. N.

Calendar-thematic planning in history in the 9th grade n / a 1 State and Russian society in the end of the xix - n. XX century Study and solution of the project demo version of the OGE 2018 Lesson topic Calendar terms D / Z plan

PLANNED RESULTS OF THE COURSE DEVELOPMENT. "HISTORY (UNIVERSAL HISTORY)" As a result of studying history at a basic level, the student must know / understand the basic facts, processes and phenomena that characterize the integrity

Explanatory note The work program of the subject "History (general history)" is drawn up in accordance with the Basic educational program of secondary general education of the municipal general education

Final test on general history grade 11. Option 1 Part A 1. Dates of the First World War 1) 1914-1917 2) 1914-1918 3) 1915-1918 4) 1914-1919 2.In August 1945, the USSR declared war: 1)

Extract from the calendar-thematic planning of lessons in the history of anti-corruption orientation for the 2014 2015 academic year Grade 5 Establishment of the rule of Rome throughout the Mediterranean in the II century. BC. Roman

APPROVED Order of the Minister of Education of the Republic of Belarus 03.12.2018 836 Tickets for the exam as an external student when mastering the content of the educational program of secondary education on

B1.B.8 "Political history of foreign countries" Goals and objectives of the discipline (module): The main goal of mastering the discipline B1.B.8 "Political history of foreign countries" is to prepare students of higher

Explanatory note The curriculum of the subject "History" (basic level) at the level of secondary general education for students of 11 "A", 11 "B" classes is developed in accordance with the requirements of: federal

KTP on history grade 9 1. The world by the beginning of the twentieth century. Recent history: the concept of periodization. 2. Peace in 1900-1914: technical progress, economic development. Urbanization, migration. 3. Situation of major groups

Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Krasnoyarsk Territory regional state budgetary educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution) "Krasnoyarsk

Annotation of the work program of discipline B3.V.DV.11.1 "International relations in Europe during the Cold War" Direction of preparation 031900.62 "International relations" Profile "International relations

EXPLANATORY NOTE to the work program on the recent history of foreign countries (grade 9) Educational area “Social disciplines. History "is included in the invariant (unchanging) part of the structure of the basic

(102 hours). 3 hours a week. Textbook: 1) N.V. Zagladin General history late 19th early 21st century Textbook for grade 11. M .: "Russian Word" 2014. 2) N.V. Zagladin, S.I. Kozlenko, S.T. Minakov, Yu.A.

2 CONTENTS p. 1. PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE TRAINING DISCIPLINE 4 2. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE TRAINING DISCIPLINE 6 3. CONDITIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE TRAINING DISCIPLINE 15 4. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

WORKING PROGRAM for the academic subject (course) History for grade 9 for the 208-209 academic year Chudinova Lyudmila Efimovna Kalininskoe 208 Requirements for the level of training You must know: the dates of the main events,

Industrial society and political development at the beginning of the twentieth century What ideology proclaimed traditionalism, order and stability as its main values? 1) liberalism 2) conservatism 3) nationalism

The program of the academic discipline "History" is developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter FSES) for the training of mid-level specialists Commerce and an exemplary program,

А / 454310 Basic facts about the United Nations The book was published for and on behalf of the UN WHOLE "WORLD Publishing house Moscow 2005 _; ^ CONTENTS; ^ [; _._ 1 ^ -.] Sites of the United Nations in the network

Agreed at the meeting of the MO "Agreed" 201_y "Approved" 201_y Minutes from the Head of the MO: / / Deputy Director for O&M: / Lapteva I.V. / Director of MBUSOSH N106: / Borovskaya O.S. / WORKING PROGRAM

Final control work on general history 1. Give a definition of the concepts: Pacifism is Fascism is Anschluss is Militarism is Colony is 2. Name two or more events (processes) that have occurred

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF TRAINING OF STUDENTS As a result of studying history at the basic level of secondary (complete) education, the student must: - know / understand: the basic facts, processes and phenomena that characterize

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION TRADE UNIONS "ACADEMY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS" Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies (branch name) Department of History of State and Law and Constitutional

SPECIFICATION of the test in the academic subject "World History" (modern times) for centralized testing in 2018 1. The purpose of the test is an objective assessment of the level of training of persons,

Explanatory note The working program of the general history course was developed on the basis of the Federal State Standard, the Model Program of Basic General Education in History and copyright programs

Calendar-thematic planning on the history of Russia and recent history. Grade 9, 68 hours Date Content Total number of hours per section Section. Russia at the end of the XIX beginning of the XX century. 4.09 Socio-economic

1 THEMES OF THE CANDIDATE MINIMUM ON NEW AND MODERN HISTORY Austria 1. Austrian monarchy in the second half of the XVIII century. Enlightened absolutism. 2. Revolution of 1848 in Austria. 3. Austrian political crisis

List of disciplines included in the entrance exam program 1. history of international relations; 2. foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan; 3.Introduction to regional studies The purpose of the introductory

Molodyakov V.E., Molodyakova E.V., Markaryan S. B. History of Japan. XX century. - M .: IV RAS; Kraft +, 2007 .-- 528 p. The collective work of the leading Russian Japanese scholars is the first for many years in the Russian

Work program on history Grade 11 Basic level Explanatory note The work program on history (basic level) is compiled on the basis of the Federal component of the state educational

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "LIPETSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

International economic integration (2014, 2nd semester Russian, by Rasulova Saodat Kasymovna) Author: Rasulova Saodat Kasymovna 1. Conclusion of preferential trade agreements between several states

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution Gymnasium 69 named after S. Yesenin in Lipetsk

The purpose of the publication is to provide a systematic coverage of the development of international relations. Our approach is called systemic because it is based not only on a chronologically verified and reliable presentation of the facts of diplomatic history, but on showing the logic and driving forces of the most important events in world politics in their not always obvious and often not direct interconnection. In other words, international relations for us are not just a sum, a set of some separate components (world political processes, foreign policy of individual states, etc.), but a complex, but unified organism, the properties of which, as a whole, are not limited to the sum of properties , inherent in each of its components separately. Bearing in mind just such an understanding to designate the whole variety of processes of interaction and mutual influence of the foreign policy of individual states among themselves and with the most important global processes, we use in this book the concept of the system of international relations. This is the key concept of our presentation.

Section I. FORMATION OF THE MULTIPOLAR STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

Chapter 1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF COMBAT ACTIONS (1917 - 1918).

The final stage of the world war was characterized by three fundamental features.

First, there were clear signs of economic exhaustion on both sides of the front line. The logistical, financial and human resources of the belligerents were at their limit. This primarily concerned Russia and Germany as the countries that most intensively spent their vital resources in the course of hostilities.

Secondly, both in the Entente and in the Austro-German bloc there were quite serious sentiments in favor of ending the war. This created a real possibility of attempts to conclude a separate peace in one configuration or another. The problem of the destruction of the united allied front was so acute that on August 23 (September 5), 1914, France, Great Britain and Russia signed in London a special Agreement on the non-conclusion of a separate peace, which was supplemented there on November 17 (30), 1915 with a separate Declaration of the allied powers, including Italy and Japan, not to conclude a separate peace. But even after that, keeping the Romanov empire in the war remained the most important international political task of the bloc of Germany's opponents, because - this was obvious - without the support of Russia, only the West European members of the anti-German alliance were unable to provide themselves with the necessary military-power advantage over the Quadruple Alliance.

Thirdly, in Russia, and partly in Germany and Austria-Hungary, during the world war there was a sharp exacerbation of the socio-political situation. Under the influence of military difficulties, the working classes, national minorities, as well as a significant part of the elite strata, opposed both the war in general and their own governments, which showed inconsistency in achieving military victory. The growth of anti-government sentiments in these countries significantly influenced their foreign policy and the general international situation. The war turned out to be an unbearable pregnancy for the economies and socio-political systems of the warring parties. Their ruling circles clearly underestimated the danger of social explosions.

Foreword
Introduction. SYSTEM BEGINNING AND POLARITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE XX CENTURY
Section I. FORMATION OF THE MULTIPOLAR STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Chapter 1. International relations at the final stage of hostilities (1917 - 1918)
Chapter 2. The main components of the Versailles order and their formation
Chapter 3. The emergence of a global political and ideological split in the international system (1918 - 1922)
Chapter 4. International relations in the zone of the near perimeter of the Russian borders (1918 - 1922)
Chapter 5. Post-war settlement in East Asia and the formation of the foundations of the Washington order
Section II. PERIOD OF STABILIZATION OF THE MULTIPOLAR STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD (1921 - 1932)
Chapter 6. Struggle to strengthen the Versailles order and restore European equilibrium (1921 - 1926)
Chapter 7. "Small detente" in Europe and its extinction (1926 - 1932)
Chapter 8. Peripheral subsystems of international relations in the 20s
Section III. DESTROYING THE POST-WORLD REGULATION SYSTEM
Chapter 9. The Great Depression of 1929-1933 and the Collapse of the International Order in Pacific Asia
Chapter 10. Crisis of the Versailles order (1933 - 1937)
Chapter 11. The elimination of the Versailles order and the establishment of German hegemony in Europe (1938 - 1939)
Chapter 12. Aggravation of the situation in East Asia. Dependent countries and the threat of world conflict (1937 - 1939)
Chapter 13. Peripheral subsystems of international relations in the 30s and during the Second World War
Section IV. SECOND WORLD WAR (1939 - 1945)
Chapter 14. The beginning of World War II (September 1939 - June 1941)
Chapter 15. The entry into the Second World War of the USSR and the USA and the initial stage of anti-fascist cooperation (June 1941 - 1942)
Chapter 16. Questions of coordinated regulation of international relations in the anti-fascist coalition (1943 - 1945)
Chapter 17. International relations in the Pacific zone and the end of World War II
Conclusion. COMPLETION OF THE FORMATION OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM OF WORLD POLITICAL RELATIONS
Chronology
Name index
About the authors

Qualifications and education

Honorary titles and awards

Badge of Honor of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (2012)

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (2009)

Diplomatic rank -1st class advisor

Foreign languages- English, Japanese, German

Basic professional experience

30 years of experience in the analysis and research forecasting of international relations, foreign and domestic policy of the United States and Russia; preparation of operational and analytical materials for political structures (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the State Duma, the President's Office, the Security Council, the Federal Grid Company, the Defense Ministry, the General Staff Office, the State Council of the Russian Federation);
18 years of experience in scientific and pedagogical work in higher educational institutions in Russia and the United States;
18 years of experience in administrative work in state scientific and educational institutions;
15 years of experience in the management of international educational and scientific programs in non-state structures;
10 years of experience in professional political journalism and political analysis in the media system
8 years of experience in individual operational and analytical support and consulting of public and political figures;

Specialization

political analysis, theory and history of international relations, contemporary international politics, foreign and domestic policy of Russia, Russian-American relations, the situation in East Asia.

Publications

More than 200 author's publications in scientific and scientific journalistic press, including four individual monographs and 20 chapters and sections in collective works, published in Russia, USA, Japan, Germany, France, South Korea, Italy. Common volume of individual publ. - about 200 pp.

Title editing of more than 20 collective works and collections with a total volume of more than 250 pp.

Awards and grants

Scientific and pedagogical work

Research career

Research and teaching abroad

Work in the private sector

Political journalism

2003-2006 presenter of the column "Nezavisimaya Gazeta" (http://www.ng.ru/)
1998-2002 political columnist for the weekly newspaper "Vek"

Other experience in administrative work and departmental consulting

Social activity

1998 - Member of the Council of Founders of the Russian-Japanese Committee of the XXI century.
1994-1997 - Member of the Central Board of the Association of Japanese Studies of Russia;
1985-1990 - Member of the Board of the USSR-Japan Society.

Personal data
Born on May 24, 1954 in Nalchik (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia), Russian, citizen of Russia, married

Address
Official: 119454, Moscow, Vernadsky prospect. 76. MGIMO MFA of Russia

Biobibliographic data
included in the following publications and electronic databases:

• Faces of Russia. Russia 2000. Contemporary political history. 1985-2000. M .: RAU-University, 2000. In two volumes. Resp. ed. A.I. Podberezkin T. 2, p. 109.http: //www.srvl.nasledie.ru/
• International research in Russia and the CIS. Directory. Compiled by Yu.K. Abramov, A.I. Agayants, A.D. Voskresensky, A.A. Kasyanova. M .: Moscow worker, 1999, p. 173-174.
• Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations. Compiled by E.A. Ivanyan. M., 2001.S. 86
• Bibliographic Dictionary of Russian Orientalists. Compiled by S.D. Miliband. 2nd ed. T. 1.M .: Nauka, 1995, p. 169.
• Database of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation http://www.humanities.edu/
• Database of the Russian Association for International Studies http://www.rami.ru/
• Internet encyclopedia "Wikipedia" http://ru.wikipedia.org
• Japanese Studies in Europe. Japanese Studies Series XXXII. Vol. I, Directory of Japan Specialists. Tokyo: Japan Foundation, 1999, p. 279.
• Who Is Who In the Japanese Studies. Russia and East-Central Europe. Tokyo: Japan Foundation, 1985.

M .: 2010 .-- 520 p.

This tutorial is a development of the second volume of the two-volume "Systemic history of international relations" edited by A.D. Bogaturov. The corrected and supplemented, restructured presentation of the material is given in accordance with the needs of the teacher and student on the experience of the educational process at MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. The book is reinforced with methodological appendices (chronology, index), the text gives definitions to key concepts.

The textbook retains a systematic approach to the study of the history of international relations, emphasizes the development and gradual degradation of the Yalta-Potsdam order, the consequences of the collapse of the USSR and the formation of a new world order. The development of the situation in regional subsystems is also considered - in Europe, East Asia, the Near and Middle East, in Latin America. In the period after 1991, priority has been given to Russia's foreign policy.

The publication is addressed to a wide range of readers, primarily students, undergraduates and graduate students who are preparing for the exam in the history of international relations, as well as everyone who is interested in the history of Russian foreign policy.

Format: pdf

The size: 52 MB

Download: yandex.disk

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Introduction 12
Section I FORMATION OF THE BIPOLAR SYSTEM (1945-1953)
Chapter 1. Main features of the Yalta-Potsdam order (Yalta-Potsdam system) 15
Chapter 2. Formation of the foundations of world economic and political regulation after World War II 19
Chapter 3. Decisions of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition on the German question in 1945 24
Chapter 4. Foreign policy strategy of the USSR after the war. Ideology and Reality 28
Chapter 5. The first crises of the Cold War (Greece, Turkey, Iran) 30
Chapter 6. The origin of the concept of "containment of the USSR" and its formalization in the "Truman Doctrine" 35
Chapter 7. The situation in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II 38
Chapter 8. The fall of the colonial system in Southeast Asia 47
Chapter 9. The German question in 1946-1947. and peace treaties with Germany's former allies in Europe 50
Chapter 10. The emergence of India and Pakistan. First Indo-Pakistani War 53
Chapter 11. The Palestinian problem after World War II and the formation of the State of Israel 57
Chapter 12. The Marshall Plan and Its International Political Significance 61
Chapter 13. Communization of Central and Eastern Europe by the end of the 1940s 66
Chapter 14. The emergence of security structures in the West (1947-1949) (Western European Union, NATO) 74
Chapter 15. “The First Berlin Crisis” and Its International Significance 78
Chapter 16: The Education of the PRC and the Split in China: 82
Chapter 17. Consolidation of the split in Germany: the formation of the FRG and the GDR 87
Chapter 18. The beginning of European integration: the ECSC and the Pleven plan. The problem of Germany's inclusion in Western security structures 88
Chapter 19. Prospects for the national-communist revolution in Asia. The Korean War and Its International Consequences 93
Chapter 20. Preparation of the San Francisco Conference and its results 100
Section II CONTRADICTIONS OF THE BIPOLAR SYSTEM: OFFENSIVE STRATEGIES AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE (1953-1962)
Chapter 21. Development of new approaches of the USSR in foreign policy after the change of power. Anti-communist demonstrations in the GDR 107
Chapter 22. The concept of "discarding communism". Its political and military components 112
Chapter 23. Creation of the ATS and Germany's entry into NATO (1955) 116
Chapter 24. Bandung and Belgrade conferences. Asian-African Solidarity Movement and Non-Aligned Movement 120
Chapter 25. The concept of "peaceful coexistence" and the crisis in the socialist community 123
Chapter 26 The Suez Crisis and Its International Consequences 132
Chapter 27. Treaty of Rome and the creation of the EEC. Integration processes in Western Europe 135
Chapter 28 Second Berlin Crisis. Soviet-American Relations ... 138
Chapter 29. The concept of flexible response 145
Chapter 30. The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Consequences 149
Section III THE FIRST STAGE OF CONFRONTATION STABILITY: DISCHARGE AND STABILIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (1962-1975)
Chapter 31. Formation of confrontational stability in the 1960s. Arms Control Negotiations 1963-1968 155
Chapter 32. The turn of France and Germany to the East. France's withdrawal from the NATO military organization and the "new eastern policy" of Germany .... 162
Chapter 33. Contradictions of Western European integration and the first expansion of the EEC 170
Chapter 34. The Middle East conflict in 1967-1973. and the first "oil shock" 174
Chapter 35. The situation within the socialist community in the 1960s. Events in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the "doctrine of socialist internationalism" 185
Chapter 36: Soviet-American Agreements 1969-1974 191
Chapter 37. The Soviet-Chinese conflict in the 1960s. China's place in the world in the 1960s - early 1970s 197
Chapter 38. Normalization of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Japan and the position of the USSR on the Joint Declaration of 1956 .. 204
Chapter 39. Pan-European process and the main provisions of the Helsinki Act 208
Chapter 40. The US Vietnam War and Its International Consequences (1965-1973) 216
Section IV SECOND STAGE OF CONFRONTATION STABILITY: DISCHARGE CRISIS AND RESTORATION OF BIPOLAR CONFRONTATION (1975-1985)
Chapter 41. Formation of mechanisms of world political regulation in the conditions of the "energy crisis" (1973-1974). World petrodollar cycle 225
Chapter 42. Creation of a network of partnership relations between the USSR and African countries. Expansion of the military-political presence of the USSR in the world 230
Chapter 43. Human rights issues and their impact on Soviet-American relations and the general European process ... 236
Chapter 44. The role of Vietnam in Indochina. Conflicts between China and Vietnam, Cambodia conflict 243
Chapter 45. Formation of "triangular" relations between the USSR-USA-China and the situation in East Asia in the late 1970s 247
Chapter 46. Formation of a special foreign policy line of the countries of Southeast Asia: neutralism and economic regionalism 250
Chapter 47. Conflicts over Palestine and Lebanon 256
Chapter 48. Escalation of conflicts in the Middle East: Iran and Afghanistan in 1977-1980. Foreign interference problem 263
Chapter 49. The collapse of detente and the NATO “double solution” 271
Chapter 50. Conflicts within the zones of influence of the superpowers: the Polish crisis and the Central American conflict 275
Chapter 51. US foreign policy approaches in the first half of the 1980s. Foreign policy strategy of the USSR 280
Chapter 52. A new round of the arms race and the economic and ideological depletion of the USSR 287
Section V DECAY OF THE BIPOLAR SYSTEM (1985-1996)
Chapter 53. New political thinking and international relations of the Soviet Union 294
Chapter 54. The pan-European process and the change in the attitude of the USSR to human rights issues 298
Chapter 55: The Roll Back of Soviet Foreign Policy Activity: Resolving the Central American, Afghan and African Conflicts 302
Chapter 56. The new policy of the USSR in East Asia 308
Chapter 57. The Doctrine of Non-intervention by M. S. Gorbachev and Anti-Communist Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe 313
Chapter 58. The complex of international agreements on disarmament (RIAC, CFE, START-1) 321
Chapter 59. International consequences of the self-destruction of the USSR and the emergence of the CIS 325
Chapter 60. Middle East Peace Settlement in the Late 1980s - First Half of the 1990s 335
Chapter 61: Accelerating European Integration: The Maastricht Treaty 341
Chapter 62. Conflicts in the post-socialist space: the collapse of Yugoslavia and the civil war in Afghanistan 344
Chapter 63. Formation of the CIS. The problem of the nuclear legacy of the USSR 352
Chapter 64. Conflicts in Tajikistan, Transcaucasia and Moldova 357
Chapter 65. The concept of "expanding democracy". The UN crisis and mechanisms of informal regulation of international relations 371
Chapter 66. Russian-American relations in the 1990s. Conflict in Bosnia and the first NATO intervention in the Balkans 375
Section VI FORMATION OF A UNIPOLAR WORLD (1996-2008)
Chapter 67. Globalization and humanitarian intervention 385
Chapter 68. Changes in Russia's international positions in connection with the first NATO enlargement 392
Chapter 69. Freezing conflicts on the territory of the CIS 396
Chapter 70. Conflict in the Serbian province of Kosovo and the second NATO intervention in the Balkans, inter-ethnic conflict in Macedonia 404
Chapter 71. Problems around the CFE Treaty, Russia-NATO relations and the growing disagreements on the problem of creating a missile defense system in Europe 410
Chapter 72. Caucasian knot of conflict: Chechnya, Russian-Georgian relations and the "five-day war" of August 2008 419
Chapter 73. Deepening Russian-Chinese cooperation and the development of the SCO 427
Chapter 74. Development of conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia 430
Chapter 75. Religious extremism and transnational terrorism. September 2001 events in the USA 440
Chapter 76. Integration Trends in the Americas 445
Chapter 77. The third and fourth enlargement of the EU and the development of European integration in the 2000s 457
Chapter 78: The Situation on the Korean Peninsula 464
Chapter 79. American strategy of "regime change" and the change in the situation in the Persian Gulf as a result of the destruction of Saddam Hussein's regime 470
Application. Timeline 478
Author Index 510
Recommended Sites 519