Presentation on biology, inorganic substances of cells. Presentation on the topic "inorganic substances of cells." Abstract for the presentation

Their role in the body is not always established - U (uranium) Au (gold) Hg (mercury) Be (beryllium) Se (selenium)

A presentation on the topic “Inorganic substances of cells” has been prepared for display in biology lessons in the tenth grade. The work introduces new material, shows the unity of the composition of living matter, and talks about the significance of each element for the body. Development develops the ability to analyze information, compare, and draw conclusions.

Slide 3

Biogenic elements - chemical elements that are part of cells and perform biological functions (H, O, N, C, P, S)

Serotonin molecule, the secret code of happiness

Slide 4

Content of chemical compounds in the cell

Slide 5

1. An ionic bond, which is formed when an atom gives up one of several electrons to another atom.

Three types of chemical bonds play an important role in living organisms

Slide 6

2. A covalent bond formed when two atoms have a shared pair of electrons - one electron from each atom.

Slide 7

3. A hydrogen bond, the formation of which involves a hydrogen atom connected to some other atom by a polar covalent bond. Compared to an ionic or covalent bond, a single hydrogen bond is weak. It breaks easily, but many such connections can generate a force on which, in the literal sense, all living things “rest.”

Slide 8

Water is one of the most abundant substances on Earth; it covers most of the earth's surface and is part of all living organisms.

Slide 10

• With the loss of most of the water, many organisms die, and a number of unicellular and even multicellular organisms temporarily lose all signs of life (anabiosis):
• With a loss of water up to 2% of body weight (1-1.5 l), thirst appears, with a loss of 6-8%, a semi-fainting state occurs,
• With a deficiency of 10%, hallucinations appear and swallowing is impaired.
• With a loss of water of 12% of body weight, a person dies.
• At 20% water loss, DEATH occurs!
• A high water content in a cell is the most important condition for its activity.

Slide 11

Structure of a water molecule

Water consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom and is electrically neutral. But the electric charge inside the molecule is distributed unevenly. Therefore, a water particle is a dipole.

Slide 12

The properties of water are quite unusual and are associated with the small size of the water molecule, the polarity of its molecules and their ability to connect with each other through hydrogen bonds.

Slide 13

The importance of water in a cell

Water is a good solvent

Water is an excellent solvent for polar substances (salts, sugars, simple alcohols). Substances that dissolve in water are called hydrophilic.

Water does not dissolve or mix with absolutely non-polar substances such as fats or oils, since it cannot form hydrogen bonds with them. Substances that are insoluble in water are called hydrophobic.

Slide 14

Continuation. The importance of water in a cell

2. Transport. Water ensures the movement of substances into the cell, out of the cell, as well as within the cell itself and the body.

3. Metabolic. Water is the medium for all biochemical reactions in the cell.

a) hydrolysis reactions

b) In the process of photosynthesis, water is an electron donor and a source of hydrogen atoms. It is also a source of free oxygen. Photolysis of water - the splitting of water under the influence of light into H+ and O2

Slide 15

4. Structural.

a) The cytoplasm of cells contains from 60 to 95% water. In plants, water determines the turgor of cells, and in some animals it performs supporting functions, being a hydrostatic skeleton (round worms, echinoderms).

Slide 16

b) Water is involved in the formation of lubricating fluids (synovial in the joints of vertebrates; pleural in the pleural cavity, pericardial in the pericardial sac) and mucus (which facilitate the movement of substances through the intestines and create a moist environment on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract). It is part of saliva, bile, tears, sperm, etc.

Slide 17

Thermoregulation. Water has a high specific heat capacity. This property ensures the maintenance of the body's thermal balance during significant temperature changes in the environment. In addition, water has high thermal conductivity, which allows the body to maintain the same temperature throughout its entire volume.

Slide 18

Nutrients

Salt molecules in an aqueous solution break down into cations and anions.

• Dissociation

Slide 19

Mineral salts cells

The difference between the amounts of cations and anions on the surface and inside the cell ensures the occurrence of an action potential, which underlies the occurrence of nervous and muscle excitation.

The difference in ion concentrations on different sides of the membrane determines the active transfer of substances across the membrane, as well as energy conversion.

Slide 20

Continuation. Meaning of salt ions

Cell-to-cell adhesion (Ca2+)

Cell buffering – the ability to maintain pH at a constant level (7.0)

Ions of some metals are components of many enzymes, hormones and vitamins (Fe in the composition of blood hemoglobin, Zn in the insulin hormone, Mg in the composition of chlorophyll)

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and other inorganic substances are used for the synthesis of organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.)

Slide 21

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Abstract

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

Biology lesson in 9th grade

TARGET

TASKS

EQUIPMENT

LESSON of new material.

PRESENTATION

DURING THE CLASSES:

Organizing time

Teacher: Slide 1Environmental factors

New material

Teacher: three abiotic factors Slide 3.

TEMPERATURE. Slide 4.

(Student message).

Student 1:

Distinguish animal organisms:

Slide 5.

Slide 6

Teacher:

LIGHT Slide 7.

ultraviolet radiation

wavelength more than 0.3 µm -

(photosynthesis)

By plant's relationship to light divided into: Slide 8.

light-loving Slide 9

shade-loving Slide 10

shade-tolerant Slide 11

Student 2: Slide 12 – photoperiod.

Plant movements phototropism.

Student 3:

Slide 13

Animals, whose activity depends depending on the time of day, there are - with Slide 14

Teacher:

HUMIDITY Slide 15

By plant's relationship to water divide: Slide 16

aquatic plants high humidity

semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic

land plantsSlide 17

succulents Slide 18

In relation to to water animals divide: Slide 19

moisture-loving animalsSlide 20

intermediate groupSlide 21

dry-loving animalsSlide 22

Student 4:Slide 23 Types of adaptations:

1. warm-blooded –

2. hibernation – long lasting

3. suspended animation –

4. frost resistance

5. state of rest -

6. summer peace

Student 5:

Active path

Passive way –

Student 6:

Teacher

Teacher

(Annex 1)

1. TASK cold-blooded (i.e. with inconsistent body temperature) Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

4. TASK Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

5. Lesson conclusions

Let's do it conclusion,

Ratings. Thank you for the lesson!. Slide 30

Annex 1

1. EXERCISE: calm-blooded

2. TASK: Of the animals listed, name warm-blooded

3. TASK

light-loving– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, a lot of pigment – ​​cereals. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.

shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading

4. TASK: Select animals that are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular.

5. TASK plant's relationship to water divide:

1. aquatic plants high humidity

semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic

land plants

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought

succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

6. TASK to water animals divide:

moisture-loving animals

dry-loving animals

1.temperature

3.humidity

4.salt concentration

5.pressure

8.movement of air masses

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LIVING ORGANISMS

Biology lesson in 9th grade

Biology teacher of the highest category MBOUSOSH No. 2

ZATO Bolshoy Kamen Primorsky Krai

Kovrova Tatyana Vladimirovanna

TARGET: reveal the features of abiotic environmental factors and consider their impact on living organisms.

TASKS: introduce students to environmental environmental factors; reveal the features of abiotic factors, consider the influence of temperature, light and moisture on living organisms; identify different groups of living organisms depending on the influence of different abiotic factors on them; complete a practical task to identify groups of organisms depending on the abiotic factor.

EQUIPMENT: computer presentation, group assignments with pictures of plants and animals, practical assignment.

LESSON DURATION: 45 min

LESSON of new material.

PRESENTATION

DURING THE CLASSES:

Organizing time

Updating knowledge. Defining lesson objectives.

Teacher: All living organisms inhabiting the Earth do not live in isolation; they are constantly influenced by environmental environmental factors. In this lesson we will look at what environmental factors can be identified and how they affect living organisms. Slide 1Environmental factors- these are individual properties or elements of the environment that affect living organisms directly or indirectly, at least during one of the stages of individual development. Environmental factors are manifold. There are several qualifications, depending on the approach. This is based on the impact on the life activity of organisms, the degree of variability over time, and the duration of action. Let's consider the classification of environmental factors based on their origin. (Look at the screen showing a diagram of environmental factors) Slide 2.

New material

Teacher: We will consider the influence of the first three abiotic factors environment, since their influence is more significant - temperature, light and humidity. Slide 3.

For example, in the May beetle, the larval stage takes place in the soil. It is influenced by abiotic environmental factors: soil, air, indirectly humidity, chemical composition of the soil - it is not affected by light at all.

For example, bacteria are able to survive in the most extreme conditions - they are found in geysers, hydrogen sulfide springs, very salty water, at the depths of the World Ocean, very deep in the soil, in the ice of Antarctica, on the highest peaks (even Everest 8848 m), in the bodies of living organisms.

TEMPERATURE. Slide 4.

Most species of plants and animals are adapted to a fairly narrow range of temperatures. Some organisms, especially in a state of rest or suspended animation, are able to withstand fairly low temperatures. Basically, organisms live at temperatures from 0 to +50 on the surface of sand in the desert and up to -70 in some areas of Eastern Siberia. The average temperature range is from + 50 to – 50 in terrestrial habitats and from + 2 to + 27 in the oceans. For example, microorganisms can withstand cooling down to -200, certain types of bacteria and algae can live and reproduce in hot springs at temperatures of +80, +88. (Look at the presentation screen showing different groups of animals) (Student message).

Student 1:

Distinguish animal organisms:

with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded)

with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).

Organisms with unstable body temperature (fish, amphibians, reptiles)Slide 5.

Organisms that live in temperate latitudes and are exposed to temperature fluctuations are less able to tolerate constant temperatures. Sharp fluctuations - heat, frost - are unfavorable for organisms. Animals have developed adaptations to cope with cooling and overheating. For example, with the onset of winter, plants and animals with unstable body temperatures enter a state of winter dormancy. Their metabolic rate decreases sharply. In preparation for winter, a lot of fat and carbohydrates are stored in animal tissues, the amount of water in fiber decreases, sugars and glycerin accumulate, which prevents freezing. This increases the frost resistance of wintering organisms.

In the hot season, on the contrary, physiological mechanisms are activated that protect against overheating. In plants, moisture evaporation through the stomata increases, which leads to a decrease in leaf temperature. In animals, water evaporation increases through the respiratory system and skin.

Organisms with a constant body temperature. (birds, mammals)Slide 6

These organisms underwent changes in the internal structure of their organs, which contributed to their adaptation to constant body temperature. This is, for example -

4-chambered heart and the presence of one aortic arch, ensuring complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow, intensive metabolism due to the supply of tissues with arterial blood saturated with oxygen, feathers or hair of the body, helping to retain heat, well-developed nervous activity). All this allowed representatives of birds and mammals to remain active during sudden temperature changes and to master all habitats.

In natural conditions, the temperature very rarely remains at a level favorable for life. Therefore, plants and animals develop special adaptations that weaken sudden temperature fluctuations. Animals such as elephants have larger ears than their ancestor, the mammoth, which lived in cold climates. In addition to the hearing organ, the auricle serves as a thermostat. To protect against overheating, plants develop a waxy coating and a thick cuticle.

Teacher:

LIGHT Slide 7.

Light provides all life processes occurring on Earth. For organisms, the wavelength of the perceived radiation, its duration and intensity of exposure are important. For example, in plants, a decrease in day length and light intensity leads to autumn leaf fall. (We look at the multimedia screen, which shows the diagram of the light component)

ultraviolet radiation

Visible rays infrared rays wavelength more than 0.3 µm -

(main source (causes mutations) 10% of radiant energy. In

life on Earth) the main source of small quantities

wavelength 0.4-0.75 microns thermal energy needed (vitamin D)

45% of the total quantity 45% of the total quantity

radiant energy on earth radiant energy on earth

(photosynthesis)

By plant's relationship to light divided into: Slide 8.

light-loving– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, a lot of pigment – ​​cereals. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics. Slide 9

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. Slide 10

shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading Slide 11

Student 2: Slide 12 The duration and intensity of exposure to light plays an important role in regulating the activity of living organisms and their development. – photoperiod. In temperate latitudes, the development cycle of animals and plants is confined to the seasons of the year, and the signal for preparation for temperature changes is the length of daylight hours, which, unlike other factors, always remains constant in a certain place and at a certain time. Photoperiodism is a trigger mechanism that includes physiological processes that lead to plant growth and flowering in the spring, fruiting in the summer, and shedding of leaves in the fall in plants. In animals, the accumulation of fat by autumn, the reproduction of animals, their migration, the migration of birds and the onset of the resting stage in insects.

Plant movements associated with reactions to light, for example phototropism. Ecological significance - assimilating organs try to occupy a position in which the plant will receive the optimal amount of light. The leaves “turn away” from excess light, and in shade-tolerant species, on the contrary, they “turn” towards it.

Student 3: Light for animals, including humans, has primarily informational value. They need it for orientation in space. Even the simplest organisms have light-sensitive organelles in their cells. With their dance, bees show their brothers the flight path to the food source. It has been established that the dance figures (figure eights) coincide with a certain direction in relation to the Sun. The innate navigational orientation of birds, developed in the process of natural selection during long evolution, has been proven. During spring-autumn migrations, birds navigate by the stars and the Sun. Bioluminescence is widespread in the aquatic environment - the ability of individuals (fish, cephalopods) to glow to attract prey, individuals of the opposite sex, scare away enemies, etc. Animals and single-celled organisms move towards the highest (positive) or lowest (negative) illumination to achieve the most suitable habitat. For example, moths fly into the light in search of a partner.

In addition to seasonal changes, there are also daily changes in lighting conditions; the change of day and night determines the daily rhythm of the physiological activity of organisms. An important adaptation that ensures the survival of an individual is a kind of “biological clock”, the ability to sense time. Slide 13

Animals, whose activity depends depending on the time of day, there are - with day, night and twilight lifestyle.Slide 14

Teacher:

HUMIDITY Slide 15

Water is a necessary component of the cell, therefore its quantity in certain habitats is a limiting factor for plants and animals and determines the nature of the flora and fauna of a given area.

Excess moisture in the soil leads to waterlogging and the appearance of marsh vegetation. Depending on soil moisture, the species composition of vegetation changes. Broad-leaved forests give way to small-leaved forests, then forest-steppe vegetation, then short grass, and desert. Precipitation may not fall evenly throughout the year; living organisms have to endure long-term droughts. The intensity of vegetation cover, as well as the intensive nutrition of ungulates, depends on the rainy season.

Plants and animals have developed adaptations to different humidity levels. For example, in plants, a powerful root system is developed, the leaf cuticle is thickened, the leaf blade is reduced or turned into needles and spines. In saxaul, photosynthesis occurs in the green part of the stem. Plant growth stops during drought. Cacti store moisture in the expanded part of the stem; needles instead of leaves reduce evaporation. By the beginning of summer, after a short flowering, ephemeral plants can shed their leaves, the above-ground parts die off, and thus experience a period of drought. At the same time, the bulbs and rhizomes are preserved until the next season.

Animals have also developed adaptations that allow them to tolerate a lack of moisture. Small animals - rodents, snakes, turtles, arthropods - obtain moisture from food. The source of water can be a fat-like substance, for example in a camel. In hot weather, some animals - rodents, turtles - hibernate, which lasts for several months. (We look at the screen with the presentation, which shows different groups of plants and animals)

By plant's relationship to water divide: Slide 16

aquatic plants high humidity

semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic

land plantsSlide 17

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought

succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body Slide 18

In relation to to water animals divide: Slide 19

moisture-loving animalsSlide 20

intermediate groupSlide 21

dry-loving animalsSlide 22

Student 4:Slide 23 Plants and animals have developed adaptations to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light. Types of adaptations:

1. warm-blooded – maintaining a constant body temperature by the body;

2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in the winter season;

3. suspended animation – a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all visible signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals and in animals in winter and during hot periods);

4. frost resistance b – the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures

5. state of rest - adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of ground shoots in herbaceous forms of plants and the fall of leaves in woody forms;

6. summer peace– adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts;

Student 5: With all the diversity of forms and mechanisms of adaptation of living organisms to the effects of adverse environmental factors, they can be grouped into three main ways: active, passive and avoidance of adverse effects. All these paths take place in relation to any environmental factor, be it light, heat or humidity.

Active path– strengthening resistance, developing regulatory abilities that make it possible to go through the life cycle and produce offspring, despite deviations of environmental conditions from optimal ones. This path is characteristic of warm-blooded organisms, but is also manifested in a number of higher plants (acceleration of the rate of growth and death of shoots, roots, rapid flowering).

Passive way – subordination of the vital functions of the body to external conditions. It consists of economical use of energy resources when living conditions deteriorate, increasing the stability of cells and tissues. It manifests itself in a decrease in the intensity of metabolic processes, a slowdown in the rate of growth and development, summer shedding of leaves, and minimization of plants. Expressed in plants and cold-blooded animals, in mammals and birds (only in some species that have the ability to hibernate).

Avoidance of unfavorable environmental conditions is characteristic of all living beings. The passage of life cycles at the most favorable time of year (active processes - during the growing season, in winter - a state of dormancy). For plants - protection of renewal buds and young tissues by snow cover and litter; reflection of the sun's rays.

Student 6: Many small plants tolerate low winter temperatures, wintering under snow, without any adaptive features in the form of changes in organs or cells. An example is the overwintering of small plants under a layer of litter and snow, the dwarf cedar branches lodging with the onset of frost to the surface, taking a horizontal position and lying on the ground. In spring, the opposite process occurs, but faster. The tortuosity of the trunks of stone birches is also interpreted by some researchers as an adaptation of the species to the cold. “Wriggling”, the tree trunk lingers for some time in the warmer ground layer. This occurs both in the European North and in the North of the Far East.

Animals also have several states of rest. Hibernation - summer - due to high temperatures and lack of water, winter - due to cold. Metabolic processes in mammals do not always slow down during winter sleep - brown and polar bears give birth to cubs in winter. Anabiosis is a state of the body in which life processes freeze so much that there are no signs of life. The body becomes dehydrated and can therefore tolerate very low temperatures. Anabiosis is typical for spores, seeds, dried lichens, ants, and unicellular protozoa.

All animals actively move to places with more favorable temperatures (in the heat - in the shade, on cold days - in the sun), crowd together or disperse, curl up in a ball during hibernation, choose or create shelters with a certain climate, and are active at certain times of the day.

Teacher: Historically adapting to abiotic environmental factors, entering into relationships with each other, plants, animals and microorganisms are distributed in space across various environments, forming a wide variety of ecosystems (biogeocenoses), ultimately uniting into the Earth’s biosphere.

4. Consolidation of acquired knowledge

Teacher: To consolidate the knowledge gained in the lesson, we will conduct practical work in groups. The class is divided into 6 groups, the guys from two desks form a group. Each group receives a worksheet with a task.

PRACTICAL TASKS IN GROUPS:(Annex 1)

Slide 24

2. TASK: Of the animals listed, name those that are warm-blooded (i.e., with a constant body temperature) Slide 25

3. TASK: choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Slide 26

Slide 27

5. TASK: select plants belonging to different groups in relation to water. Slide 28

6. TASK: select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Slide 29

After 3 - 4 minutes of preparation, each group of guys gives an oral answer to their task.

5. Lesson conclusions

Let's do it conclusion, for all living organisms, i.e. Plants and animals are affected by abiotic environmental factors (factors of inanimate nature), especially temperature, light and moisture. Depending on the influence of factors of inanimate nature, plants and animals are divided into different groups and they develop adaptations to the influence of these abiotic factors.

Ratings. Thank you for the lesson!. Slide 30

LIST OF REFERENCES USED:

Kamensky A.A. Kriksunov E.A. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. Introduction to general biology and ecology. – M., Bustard, 2005.

Fedoros E.I. Nechaeva G.A. Ecology in experiments: a textbook for students in grades 10–11 of general education institutions, - M., Ventana-Graf, 2007.

Fedoros E.I. Nechaeva G.A. Ecology in experiments: workshop for students of grades 10 - 11 of general education institutions, - M., Ventana-Graf, 2007.

Annex 1

1. EXERCISE: Name x of the following animals calm-blooded(i.e. with inconsistent body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel.

2. TASK: Of the animals listed, name warm-blooded(i.e. with a constant body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear.

3. TASK: Choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Chamomile, spruce, dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern.

light-loving– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, a lot of pigment – ​​cereals. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.

shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading

4. TASK: Select animals that are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular.

Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly.

5. TASK: Select plants that belong to different groups in relation to water. By plant's relationship to water divide:

1. aquatic plants high humidity

semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic

land plants

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought

succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

Dandelion, ranunculus, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula

6. TASK: Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. In relation to to water animals divide:

moisture-loving animals

intermediate group (aquatic-terrestrial group)

dry-loving animals

Monitor lizard, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver.

Environmental factors affecting the body

Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)

1.temperature

3.humidity

4.salt concentration

5.pressure

8.movement of air masses

Biotic factors (wildlife)

1. the influence of organisms or populations of the same species on each other

2. interaction of individuals or populations of different species

Anthropogenic factors (related to human impact on nature)

1.direct human impact on organisms and populations, ecological systems

2.human impact on the habitat of various species

Chemical elements. The cell contains the overwhelming amount of all chemical elements found in nature (81) The cell contains the overwhelming amount of all chemical elements found in nature (81) 12 elements are called structural (or macroelements) => 99% of the elemental composition of the human body (C, O, H , N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, P, F, Cl). 12 elements are called structural (or macroelements) => 99% of the elemental composition of the human body (C, O, H, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, P, F, Cl). the main building materials are four elements: C, O, H, N. the main building materials are four elements: C, O, H, N. The remaining elements are found in the cell in small quantities and play an important role in maintaining its vital functions. The remaining elements are found in the cell in small quantities and play an important role in maintaining its vital functions. 99% of the elemental composition of the human body (C, O, H, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, P, F, Cl). 12 elements are called structural (or macroelements) => 99% of the elemental composition of the human body (C, O, H, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, P, F, Cl). the main building materials are four elements: C, O, H, N. the main building materials are four elements: C, O, H, N. The remaining elements are found in the cell in small quantities and play an important role in maintaining its vital functions. The remaining elements are found in the cell in small quantities and play an important role in maintaining its vital functions.">

Macroelements Make up the bulk of the cell - 99%. The concentration of 4 elements is especially high: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. They make up the bulk of the cell - 99%. The concentration of 4 elements is especially high: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. Found in the cell in the form of ions. Macroelements include: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chlorine ions. Found in the cell in the form of ions. Macroelements include: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chlorine ions.

Macroelements. Calcium ions take part in the regulation of a number of cellular processes, Calcium ions take part in the regulation of a number of cellular processes, The concentration of magnesium ions is important for the normal functioning of ribosomes. The concentration of magnesium ions is important for the normal functioning of ribosomes. Magnesium is part of chlorophyll and supports the normal functioning of mitochondria. Magnesium is part of chlorophyll and supports the normal functioning of mitochondria.

Macroelements. Potassium and sodium ions are involved in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the cell, regulate osmotic pressure in the cell, and ensure the transmission of nerve impulses. Potassium and sodium ions are involved in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the cell, regulate osmotic pressure in the cell, and ensure the transmission of nerve impulses. Chlorine in the form of anions is involved in creating the salt environment of animal organisms (for plants, chlorine is a trace element). Chlorine in the form of anions is involved in creating the salt environment of animal organisms (for plants, chlorine is a trace element).

Microelements Microelements These include mainly heavy metal ions that are part of enzymes. These are elements such as copper, manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc, as well as boron, fluorine, chromium, selenium, aluminum, silicon, molybdenum, iodine and others. These include mainly heavy metal ions that are part of enzymes. These are elements such as copper, manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc, as well as boron, fluorine, chromium, selenium, aluminum, silicon, molybdenum, iodine and others. Participate in redox reactions Participate in redox reactions

Ultramicroelements: Concentration in the cell does not exceed 0.000001%. The concentration in the cell does not exceed 0.000001%. Act as enzyme inhibitors. Act as enzyme inhibitors. Ultramicroelements include uranium, radium, gold, mercury, beryllium, cesium, selenium and other rare elements. Ultramicroelements include uranium, radium, gold, mercury, beryllium, cesium, selenium and other rare elements.

Answer to the question: Water is an excellent solvent for many substances of a living organism, i.e. water is the medium in which most chemical reactions associated with metabolism take place. Water is an excellent solvent for many substances of a living organism, i.e. water is the medium in which most chemical reactions associated with metabolism take place. With the help of water exchange, thermoregulation occurs. With the help of water exchange, thermoregulation occurs. Toxic substances are removed from cells with water. Toxic substances are removed from cells with water.

The role of water in the cell: providing cell elasticity. The consequences of cell loss of water are wilting of leaves, drying out of fruits; acceleration of chemical reactions due to the dissolution of substances in water; ensuring the movement of substances: the entry of most substances into the cell and their removal from the cell in the form of solutions; participation in a number of chemical reactions; participation in the process of thermoregulation due to the ability to slowly heat up and slowly cool down.

Mineral salts. In addition to water, the cell's inorganic substances also contain salts. Salts are either dissociated or solid. In addition to water, the cell's inorganic substances also contain salts. Salts are either dissociated or solid. The osmotic pressure in the cell and its buffering properties depend on the salt concentration. The osmotic pressure in the cell and its buffering properties depend on the salt concentration.

Buffer systems are biological fluids of the body. - These are biological fluids of the body. They perform a protective function - they help maintain a constant pH in the cell. They perform a protective function - they help maintain a constant pH in the cell.

The buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => from a strong acid " title="Mechanism of action of buffer systems. If it enters the cell: If it enters the cell: + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => it is formed from a strong acid weak acid + strong acid => buffer system reacts => from strong acid" class="link_thumb"> 23 !} Mechanism of action of buffer systems. If it enters the cell: If it enters the cell: + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. The same thing happens with bases. The same thing happens with bases. the buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. + strong acid => buffer system reacts => from strong acid "> buffer system reacts => from strong acid a weak acid is formed. + strong acid => buffer system reacts => from a strong acid a weak acid is formed. The same thing happens with bases . The same thing happens with bases."> the buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => from a strong acid " title="Mechanism of action of buffer systems. If it enters the cell: If it enters the cell: + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => it is formed from a strong acid weak acid + strong acid => buffer system reacts => from strong acid"> title="Mechanism of action of buffer systems. If it enters the cell: If it enters the cell: + strong acid => the buffer system reacts => a weak acid is formed from a strong acid. + strong acid => buffer system reacts => from strong acid"> !}

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GENERAL BIOLOGY GRADE 10

Are the statements true? 1. Organisms of different kingdoms of living nature consist of different chemical elements 2. The main components of all organic compounds are O, C, H, N. 3. Phosphorus is a component of all membrane structures. 4. Organogens – O, C, H, Mg, Na, K. 5. Ultramicroelements include Au, Be, Ag.

True statements 2 3 5

“Hot chair” Element Substance Ion Hydrolysis Water

INORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF CELLS

Fill in the blanks: “Properties of water” Property Processes in living organisms provided by this property Universal solvent Maintaining thermal equilibrium between all parts of the body Incompressibility Protection from overheating due to evaporation Viscosity Movement of blood in capillaries, ascending and descending transport of substances in plants

Using knowledge about the cations and anions of the cell, create formulas for the mineral salts that make up living organisms. Name the salts.

Creative task The basis of any organic substance is carbon, it is found in all organisms. Its closest neighbor in the group in the periodic table is silicon, the most common element in the earth’s crust, but it is not found in living organisms. Explain this fact based on the structure and properties of the atoms of these elements.

Homework P.33 -36 (p) P. 37 (c)

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Chemical organization of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. (integrated lesson: biology + chemistry)

Every person needs a holistic worldview and a system of values ​​that guides his life. After all, modern man lives in a multidimensional space of culture, and his being...

An integrated lesson on the topic "Chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances and their role in the cell" was compiled for 10th grade students (basic level - 1 hour per week) according to the program of V.V. Pasechnik....

Inorganic substances that make up the cell
Author: Nikiforova E.N. biology teacher, MBOU boarding school No. 1, Sarov
Purpose of the lesson: Consider the structural features of the water molecule, properties, and the importance of water for living organisms. Study the importance of mineral salts in the life of a cell. V O D A Water, you have no taste, no color, no smell. They enjoy you without knowing what you are... You are life itself! Antoine de Saint-Exupéry What determines the amount of water in a cell?
The average amount of water in the cells of living organisms is 75 – 85%
Water content in living organisms: 1. In tooth enamel cells - about 10% water;2. In the cells of the developing embryo - more than 90%; 3. In brain cells – 85%;4. In the body of a jellyfish - 98% of the water molecule is a dipole.
+
–
Such simple - complex water. Let us recall the structure of the water molecule. Scheme of the formation of connections between individual dipoles of water Properties of water 1. Water can be in three states of aggregation Hydrophilic –
Hydrophobic –
soluble in water (alcohols, sugars, salts)
insoluble in water (fats, fiber, some proteins)
2. Universal solvent
Substances in relation to water 2. Has good thermal conductivity and high heat capacity
One of the main components of the cell. Participates in metabolism Plays an important role in the thermoregulation of living organisms Habitat of many organisms
Significance for organisms Mineral salts Mineral salts
in ionic state
in solid form
cations
anions
K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+
Сl-, HCO3-, H2PO42-, HPO42-
stimulation of nerve cells
The concentration of ions in the cell and its environment are different. contraction of muscle fibers Buffering is the ability of a cell to maintain the slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level. Mineral salts in solid insoluble form. Homework Read the text of the textbook on pp. 105 – 107 Create your own presentation on the topic you have studied.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

The presentation will help in explaining the concept of carbohydrates in the topic "Organic substances that make up the cell"...

Lesson topic: “Chemical organization of the cell. Inorganic substances that make up the cell." Lesson objectives: to study the chemical composition of the cell, to identify the role of inorganic substances. Objectives...

Organic substances that make up a cell. Proteins, structure, functions.

A 10th grade biology lesson using Singaporean learning structures. The lesson was created on the basis of a program for general education institutions to a set of textbooks created under...

Lesson objectives: 1. Find out how the chemical elements of a cell are classified and their role in living organisms. 2. Consider the structural features of water molecules in connection with its most important role in the life of the cell. 3. Reveal the role of cations and anions in the life of the cell.

Lesson plan 1. Updating knowledge. 2. Classification and content of chemical elements in the cell. 3. Structure, properties and biological role of water in the cell. 4. The importance of mineral salts in the life of the cell. 5. Conclusions. Check of knowledge. 6. Reflection.

Elements that make up the cell Macroelements 99% of the total mass of the cell O, C, H, N, S, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, Cl. Microelements ions of heavy metals that are part of enzymes, hormones 0.0001% Cu, Zn, I, F. Ultramicroelements concentration in the cell 0.000001% Au, Ra, Cs, Be, U, Hg, Se. Question. Using the textbook material, tell me what is the role of the elements in a cell?

Functions of chemical elements in a cellElement Function Function 1) O, H Part of water; a) environment for biochemical reactions to occur; b) electron donor during photosynthesis; c) determines the pH of the environment; d) transport of substances; e) universal solvent; f) thermal conductivity, heat capacity. 2) C, O, H, N are part of proteins, fats, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides. 3) K, Na, Cl conduct nerve impulses. 4) Ca is a component of bones and teeth, necessary for muscle contraction, a component of blood clotting, an intermediary in the mechanism of action of hormones. 5) Mg is a structural component of chlorophyll, supports the work of mitochondria and mitochondria 6) Fe is a structural component of hemoglobin, myoglobin. 7) S in the composition of sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins. 8) P in the composition of nucleic acids, bone tissue. 9) B is necessary for some plants 10) Mn, Zn, Cu are enzyme activators, affect the processes of tissue respiration 11) Co is part of vitamin B12 12) F composition of tooth enamel 13) I composition of thyroxine

Let's check the completion of the table “Properties of water and its biological role” Properties of waterRole in the life of the cell. 1. The ability to dissolve substances in oneself. - all biochemical reactions occur in aqueous solutions; -medium for transport of various substances (homeostasis); 2. High heat capacity and thermal conductivity. -maintaining thermal balance; Uniform distribution of heat between all parts of the body. 3. High intensity of evaporation - leads to rapid loss of heat, - protects against overheating 4. Incompressibility of water - maintaining the shape of the cell. 5. High surface tensile force of water Provides ascending and descending transport of substances in plants and blood movement in capillaries.

13 Draw conclusions from the lesson. 1. One of the main common characteristics of living organisms is the unity of their elemental chemical composition. 2. About 90 chemical elements have been discovered in living nature. All bioelements are divided into macroelements, microelements and ultramicroelements. 3. The composition of the cell includes organic and inorganic substances. 4. Inorganic substances include water and mineral salts, which play an important role in the cell.