Presentation on the topic of diversity of mushrooms. Presentation "the diversity and importance of mushrooms." Mushrooms with a fruiting body rising above the soil

General characteristics of mushrooms Mushrooms are a separate kingdom of organisms, numbering over 80 thousand species, different in lifestyle, structure and appearance. It is believed that there are only one and a half million species of mushrooms on Earth. Currently, they are classified as a separate kingdom of eukaryotes. Unlike plants, fungi do not have chlorophyll and feed heterotrophically. On the other hand, fungi have a rigid cell wall, and most of them, like plants, are not able to move. The science that studies mushrooms is called mycology.

Edible mushrooms: White mushroom WHITE MUSHROOM (boletus) is a tubular mushroom of the order of agaricaceae. The cap is brown above, spongy below, white, greenish-yellow. The leg is thick, white with a mesh pattern. In deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests mainly the Northern Hemisphere. Best mushroom for drying

Edible mushrooms: Boletus grows from mid-summer to autumn in mixed forests and aspen forests in Eurasia and North America. It forms mycorrhiza with aspens and birches, less often with oak, poplar, pine, and spruce. There are many known forms of this mushroom, differing in the intensity of the color of the cap. The flesh of the boletus is white, at the break it first turns blue, then turns black. Boletus is a tasty edible mushroom; young fruiting bodies are especially good. Old fruiting bodies are usually always affected by dipteran larvae

Edible mushrooms: The abundance of proteins in mushrooms explains not only their common name - forest meat, but also the method of use: mushrooms are actually consumed instead of meat, and not as a replacement for vegetables. There are approximately two times fewer carbohydrates in mushrooms than proteins, and this is why they differ from green plants, which have the opposite ratio. An essential feature of the carbohydrate composition of macromycetes is the presence of specific fungal mycosis sugar and the complete absence of starch, instead of which glycogen accumulates in fungal cells. Edible mushrooms are rich in vitamins. Vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D and PP were found in their fruiting bodies. There is especially a lot of vitamin A in chanterelles and saffron milk caps; here it is represented by carotene (provitamin A), which gives these mushrooms their bright color. In terms of thiamine (vitamin B1) content, many mushrooms are not inferior to grain products. There is approximately as much nicotinic acid (vitamin PP) in mushrooms as in the liver. In terms of the presence of minerals, mushrooms are close to fruits. The composition of fungal cells includes salts of potassium, phosphorus (almost as much as in fish), sodium, calcium, and iron. Mushrooms contain zinc, copper, fluorine and other trace elements, although not higher than the norm usual for plant products. Studies of the biochemical composition of mushrooms have shown that many of them are sources of biologically active and medicinal substances. It is known that some mushrooms are used in folk medicine. To date, over 40 biologically active substances contained in mushrooms have been isolated.

Mushroom Foraging: Foraging is one of the oldest human activities. Nowadays mushroom picking is called quiet hunt, a lot of people have this passion. This cannot be done without technical improvements. How are dogs and mushrooms related? The Pointer is a highly specialized hunting dog, bred in England about 200 years ago to hunt partridges. Her advantage is her superior instinct. In fact, it turns out that the pointer finds any game - from quail to fox and raccoon dog. And besides this, the pointer is excellent at finding mushrooms. It is worth showing the mushroom, saying Look!, and after a while the dog makes a stand over the find. Half of the mushrooms in the picture were found by the pointer Dilly.

Poisonous mushrooms: Red fly agaric Amanita - genus lamellar mushrooms order agaricaceae. The fruiting body of young fly agarics is enclosed in the so-called. a blanket that breaks and remains in the form of a film or scales on the surface of the cap. OK. 100 species, widely distributed. Many fly agarics are poisonous, especially the toadstool and red fly agaric. Gray-pink fly agaric, floater (there is no ring on the stem) and Caesar mushroom are edible.

Poisonous mushrooms: Pale toadstool Pale toadstool is the most poisonous lamellar mushroom of the fly agaric genus. The cap is green or greenish to white, with white plates. Leg with a membranous ring and a sac-like vagina. In deciduous trees, less often coniferous forests Eurasia and North. America

Poisonous mushrooms: There are a number of poisonous and inedible mushrooms that can cause poisoning. These are, first of all, fly agarics and toadstools, false honey mushrooms, etc. There are reliable methods to distinguish edible and poisonous mushrooms does not exist; They are often part of the same family, so you should only collect mushrooms that you are sure of. Poisoning can also be caused by conditionally edible mushrooms - morels and strings, uncooked pigs, unsalted volushki, white mushrooms and other mushrooms with a pungent taste. The cause of poisoning can also be overgrown fruiting bodies in which decay products have accumulated. Mushroom poison is dangerous because its effect appears only 12–24 hours after poisoning, when it is almost impossible to neutralize it.

Conditionally edible mushrooms: Some mushrooms, such as morels, strings and sow mushrooms, are conditionally edible because they contain small amounts of toxic substances. Before eating, they should be boiled several times, adding fresh water each time.

Symbiosis of mushrooms and trees: Symbiotrophic mushrooms are widespread in nature, which obtain the organic substances necessary for life through symbiosis with higher plants(mycorrhiza or fungal root). When found in the soil with small lateral roots of trees or shrubs, the mycelium entwines them, and a mushroom cap develops on the surface of the root. The suction hairs on the root die off and their function is taken over by the mycelium. Abundantly branching, far-extending hyphae absorb moisture from the soil over their entire huge surface and supply their symbiont no worse, and in some cases thousands of times better, than lost hairs. In turn, through mycorrhiza, the plant supplies the fungus with the organic substances it needs, mainly carbohydrates. Mycorrhiza using the example of pine. On the right is a mushroom root. On the left is a pine root that does not participate in the symbiosis. In Fig.

The significance of mushrooms: The significance of mushrooms is not limited to their use as food. Saprotrophic fungi play important role in the cycle of substances in nature. Destroying plant residues in order to obtain the necessary for life nutrients, saprotrophs return some of these substances to the soil, making them available for absorption by other plants. Typically, fungi begin to decompose the remains; the final stages of this process are completed by bacteria. If we take into account the fact that the bulk of organic matter is formed by plants, the enormous role that saprotrophs play in the constant enrichment of the soil with organic matter becomes even more expressive. In addition, by destroying various remains, fungi, together with bacteria, serve as orderlies, clearing forests of annual litter.

The purpose of the lesson is: to study the structure and diversity of mushrooms; talk about their significance in nature and for humans.

The presentation presents general characteristics mushrooms Mushrooms are a separate kingdom of organisms, numbering over 80,000 species, different in lifestyle, structure and appearance. Fungi are separated into a separate kingdom - the kingdom of eukaryotes. These are organisms whose cells have a nucleus.

Mushrooms are neither animals nor plants. They have a unicellular and multicellular structure. Fungi participate in the cycle of substances in nature.

Fungi share similarities and differences with plants and animals. Common characteristics with plants: immobility, unlimited growth, absorption rather than ingestion of food. Have general signs also with animals. For example, the content of chitin in the cell membrane, there is a reserve product glycogen and a metabolic product - urea. Mushrooms have their own characteristics in their structure: a stem and a cap (fruiting body) and a mycelium.

Mushrooms are very diverse and can be found everywhere. There are microscopic mushrooms, and there are huge mushrooms; there are also yeast mushrooms, penicillium mushrooms and a fungus that settles on a living organism.

Cap mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar. Tubular mushrooms They have small tubes on the back of the cap. These mushrooms include White mushroom, boletus, boletus, etc. Lamellar mushrooms include mushrooms that have plates on their caps, such as champignons, milk mushrooms, russula, etc.

Some fungi form a close relationship with plant roots - symbiosis.

Cap mushrooms absorb water and organic matter from the ground.

The most known to each of us are macromycetes, which are mushrooms with caps. These may be different in their systematic position and morphological features species united by the presence of fruiting bodies are sufficiently large sizes, visible to the naked eye.

Most macromycetes settle on all kinds of plant debris - fallen needles and leaves, on twigs and cones, on the stems of annual grasses and other elements of forest litter; in the litter these are litter saprophytes.

Saprotrophs include molds: penicillium, mucor, which settle on soil, bread, rotting fruit and yeast.

Fungi are widespread in nature - symbiotrophs, which obtain the organic substances necessary for life through symbiosis with higher plants. Probably most terrestrial plants are capable of entering into such a relationship with soil fungi.

Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs when specialized cells merge. A asexual reproduction- This is reproduction by spores, parts of mycelium and budding.

Mushrooms are divided into edible and inedible. Edible mushrooms - porcini mushroom, boletus, russula, boletus, boletus, line, chanterelle, honey mushrooms, champignons... Inedible mushrooms - fly agaric, tinder fungus, cobweb, puffball, toadstools...

Mushrooms produce enzymes necessary for humans. Without kefir grains you cannot make kefir, without yeast you cannot make bread and wine. Mushrooms also play negative role: mold on products, fungal diseases of humans and agricultural crops.

There are various mushroom signs: 1) the fluff has flown from the aspen - go for the boletus; 2) the pine blossomed - a grainy oil can appeared; 3) the oats have reached waxy ripeness and the first leaves of the birches have turned yellow - get ready to take honey mushrooms; 4) alder and birch have bloomed - morels and lines appear; 5) the bird cherry is pouring snow - the first boletuses appear; 6) they reap rye - the second harvest of boletus begins.

There are proverbs and sayings about mushrooms:

Berries love day, and mushrooms love night and shade.

Spring is red with flowers, and autumn is red with mushrooms

Where there are oaks, there are mushrooms

Quiet rain without wind - to the mushrooms

Rain in the evening - expect mushrooms in the morning

They love to lead mushrooms by the nose

When it's damp, there are a lot of mushrooms

Mushrooms don’t grow before chanterelles

Diversity of mushrooms Completed by: student of MBOU secondary school No. 3 of the Aleksandrovsky district, grade 6-B Dmitry Kruglikov Supervisor: biology teacher Kirillova O.P.

Cap mushrooms

Riddle What kind of mushroom is standing on a hummock in a red velvet scarf?

Boletus B c grows often, sometimes very abundantly throughout the forest zone under young trees and in deciduous small forests, abundantly in aspen thickets, in dry summers - in damp, shady high-trunked aspen forests, and grows in the tundra among shrubby birches.

Riddle This mushroom lives under a spruce tree, Under its huge shadow, A wise bearded old man, His name...?

Boletus Boletus is the most delicious and most valuable edible mushroom in terms of its nutritional qualities. It has firm white aromatic flesh with a sweetish taste. Its size is slightly larger than other mushrooms. There are cases when boletus grew up to 1 kg in weight. The pulp of such mushrooms is loose and old. Such specimens of boletus are of little value. On the contrary, the dry matter of the pulp of a young boletus contains 45% protein, 3.4% fat, 50% carbohydrates and extractives. The boletus mushroom received its second name “white mushroom” for its ability to remain white after drying.

Boletus The most valuable is the common boletus, it is found most often and has the best taste among its relatives. The common boletus has a cap up to 15 cm in diameter, light brown (for young ones) and dark brown (for mature ones). The pulp is white, dense, and does not change color. Found in birch forests, on the edges of clearings, and in young birch trees. The common boletus has all the advantages edible mushroom: It has nice smell and great taste. Very good for frying, suitable for drying and pickling.

Types of cap mushrooms tubular lamellar

oiler May russula moss fly

Riddle There is a mushroom and not in the forest: In dough, beer and kvass

Yeast Yeast is one of the richest sources of organic iron. Yeast is an excellent source of protein and an excellent source of natural B vitamins, one of the richest sources of organic iron, minerals, trace elements and amino acids. They can reduce cholesterol levels (in combination with lecithin), prevent gout and relieve pain from neuritis. Exist various sources yeast. For example, brewer's yeast (obtained from hops as a by-product of beer production); whey, a by-product of milk and cheese processing (the most palatable and strongest type of yeast); liquid yeast from Switzerland and Germany, grown on herbs, honey malt liquor and oranges or grapefruits.

powdery mildew ergot smut fruit rot

Polypore fungi These fungi settle on trees and take organic matter, and the mycelium also spreads in the wood. The tree dies.

Molds These fungi settle on food products. The penicillium mushroom produces a substance that kills bacteria, so it is bred to produce medicine.

Thank you for your attention!

The diversity and importance of mushrooms

GROUPS OF MUSHROOMS

CAP MUSHROOMS

MOLD MUSHROOMS

SINGLE CELL FUNGI

CAP MUSHROOMS

Cap mushrooms are multicellular fungi that live mainly in forests and have a special fruiting body consisting of a stalk and a cap with spores.

Mushrooms with a fruiting body rising above the soil

Mushroom with underground fruiting body

CHANTERELLES

ASPENS

TRUFFLE

OIL CAN

Russula

TUBULAR MUSHROOMS

PLATE MUSHROOMS

BOROVIKI

CHAMPIGNON

Russula

BOROTOVIKOV

EDIBLE MUSHROOMS

INEDIBLE MUSHROOMS

FLY AKOMOR

DEATH CAP

CHANTERELLES

ASPENS

MOLD MUSHROOMS

MUKOR

PENICILLIUM

Spores develop in black heads on stalks extending from the mycelium.

It is used to obtain a valuable medicine that kills bacteria - the antibiotic penicillin.

Dangerous for humans and animals and causes poisoning or allergies.

SINGLE CELL FUNGI

Appearance of yeast under a microscope.

Yeast reproduces by budding, forming large colonies.

BREWING

BAKERY

EXAMPLES:

Ergot and smut

Affects wheat and rye, completely destroying the crop

RYE AND WHEAT AFFECTED BY ERGOT AND Smut

PHYTOPHORA

Feeds on the tissues of potatoes and tomatoes, in a short time leading to the loss of the entire crop

TOMATO AND POTATO AFFECTED BY PHYTOPHORA