Presentation of methods and laws of rational use of natural resources. Rational use of natural resources. Rational use of natural resources is a system of activities designed to ensure the economical exploitation of natural resources and
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Rational use of natural resources Nature is the environment for human existence. Man satisfies his needs at the expense of nature and adapts to the environment
But man also changes it: Drains swamps, Extracts minerals, Irrigates the earth. Often changes nature unintentionally, without expecting the end results. The degree of impact on nature depends on which component is influenced by a person, with what force and how long this impact lasts.
The biggest PC change in cities. By acting on the PC, a person receives natural resources (RR). PR exhaustible inexhaustible renewable non-renewable Land and soil Aquatic Biological Recreational Mineral resources
The process of human influence on nature is complex and contradictory 1. On the one hand: Human activities are aimed at using natural resources. 2. On the other hand: Human activity harms nature, leads to negative impact.
Over the past 30 years, as many natural resources have been used in the world as in the entire previous history of mankind. Thus, two interrelated problems arose: 1. Rational use of natural resources 2. Environmental protection
Nature management - the compatibility of measures taken by society in order to study the protection, development and transformation of the environment.
Nature management Rational Irrational Rational use of natural resources Development and implementation of "clean" production technologies Organization of broad industrial cooperation in environmental protection Public control Towards predatory nature management Placement of "dirty" industries (assumes that society can manage its interactions with nature) (occurs due to the dependent attitude of man to nature, the desire to squeeze out of it as much material wealth as possible)
Rational use of natural resources study development transformation protection 1. Creation of protected areas 2. Protection of rare and endangered species of plants and animals 3. Creation of a favorable habitat 1. Integrated and economical use of natural resources 2. Ensuring the reproduction of renewable natural resources 3. Using the advantages of the environment and adaptation to unfavorable conditions 1. Increasing the resources of the PTC 2. Improving the quality of the habitat
Forecasting also plays a very important role. Making a geographic forecast is a very difficult task. Types of geographic forecasts By time By scale By content 1. Long-term (for 15-20 years) 2. Medium-term (for 5 years) 3. Short-term (from 2 to 10 hours) 1. Global 2. Regional 3. Local 1. Industry 2 . Complex
The key areas of research in solving the problems of interaction between man and nature are currently: Based on the materials of the expertise, special measures for the protection of nature and the economic organization of the territory are being developed; control over the state of the environment; geographical forecast; ecological and geographical expertise
The problem of rational use of natural resources is closely related to the problems of nature conservation and transformation, which leads to the creation of specially protected areas.
Reserves, national parks, natural monuments have been created on the territory of Russia. Name Location Features Ilmensky Reserve Ural, Ilmensky Ridge A unique accumulation of minerals (more than 200), rare and precious (topaz, garnets, sapphires). Pechora-Ilychsky Reserve Northern Ural, Western Slopes Biosphere Reserve: typical and well-preserved territories of the taiga are protected with constant monitoring of the state of nature. "Sounding Mountain" - a natural monument Caspian lowland The mountain makes sounds - "sings". Air jets revolve in the cracks of a mountain of grains of rocks. A river that changes its course - a natural monument (Volokhov) The Volkhov river flows out of Lake Ilmen and flows into Lake Ladoga. has a very small slope. Lake Baikal South of Eastern Siberia, the belt of mountains of Southern Siberia The deepest lake with a uniquely pure water in chemical composition and an endemic organic world. Volcanoes of Kamchatka. World Natural Heritage Site of Kamchatka Peninsula, Far East A cluster of active volcanoes (more than 30) and more than 130 extinct volcanoes. One of the highest volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the Valley of Geysers.
Topic: "Nature management and scientific and technical progress" 1. Concept, types and forms of nature management. Basic principles of rational environmental management 2. Directions of greening scientific and technical progress 3. Waste from production and consumption: their types, transportation and destruction
Can you name any kind of activity that does not have environmental consequences or is not based on the use of natural resources? Is it possible in principle such a way of human development that would not lead to changes in the natural environment around it?
Citizens' rights to a healthy environment human rights to a clean, healthy and favorable for life natural environment the right of citizens to protect their health from the harmful effects of the environment, altered by anthropogenic activities The rights of citizens are defined by Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Article 11 of the Law on Environmental Protection and are divided into two groups :
Rational use of natural resources is an integrated scientifically grounded use of natural resources, in which the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential is achieved with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-recovery. Irrational use of natural resources - consumption leading to depletion (up to the disappearance) of natural resources, even renewable ones; violation of the ecological balance of natural systems; pollution of the environment.
Basic principles of rational environmental management Principle of a systematic approach Principle of optimization of environmental management Principle of advancing the rate of harvesting and extraction of raw materials by the rate of yield of useful products Principle of integrated use of natural resources and concentration of production Principle of harmonizing relations between nature and production
Costs Concentration of pollution Ratio of environmental and economic optima of investments in environmental protection 1 - the curve of expenses for the elimination of damage from pollution; 2 - the curve of costs for environmental protection activities; 3 - total costs; 4 - the lowest total MPC costs
According to the UN, in order to prevent an environmental catastrophe, the level of environmental costs should be 8-10% of GNP. To maintain the current state - 4-5% of the GNP. In the Russian Federation, the amount of damage from pollution is 8-9% of the GNP, and the cost of environmental protection is 1-2% of the GNP
Unified, interdependent progressive development of science and technology. Scientific and technical progress first began to converge in centuries, when manufacturing, the needs of trade, and navigation demanded theoretical and experimental solutions to practical problems; the second stage is associated with the development of machine production from the end of the 18th century; the modern stage is determined by scientific and technological revolution, it covers, along with industry, agriculture, transport, communications, medicine, education, and everyday life.
Directions of NTP ecologization 1. Study of safe limits of anthropogenic impact on the environment 2. Increasing the degree of extractability of minerals from the bowels of the Earth and useful substances from extracted ore 3. Reducing resource losses in the process of processing them into a finished product and bringing them to the consumer 4. Reducing the weight of finished products. products through the use of new technologies (energy- and resource-saving, low- and waste-free) and replacement of materials 5.Creation of new materials in various industries 6.Wide use of clean and inexhaustible energy sources
Waste-free technology is the practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to ensure the most rational use of natural resources and energy and protect the environment within the framework of human needs.
Tasks of low-waste and non-waste technologies Complex processing of raw materials using all its components based on the creation of new non-waste processes Creation and release of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse Recycling of production and consumption waste to obtain marketable products or any useful use thereof without disturbing the ecological balance Use closed systems of industrial water supply Creation of waste-free territorial-industrial complexes and economic regions
Waste classification AGGREGATE STATE solid liquid gaseous ORIGIN industrial biological household radioactive CHEMICAL STATE combustible non-combustible TOXICITY extremely hazardous (CHO) highly hazardous (VO) moderately hazardous (UO) low hazard (MO) non-toxic (NT) compressed
Radioactive waste is not only a product of nuclear power plants, but also waste from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry, agriculture and science. Collection, storage, disposal and burial of wastes containing radioactive substances are regulated by the following documents: SPORO-95 (Sanitary rules for radioactive waste management. M .: Ministry of Health of Russia, 1995) Rules and standards for radiation safety in nuclear power. T. I. M .: Ministry of Health of Russia, 1996 OSP 72/95 (Basic Sanitary Rules) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on the neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste 1149-g from Russia has developed a system "Radon", consisting of 16 landfills for the disposal of radioactive waste
Literature T. A. Akimova, V. V. Khaskin, "Ecology", UNITI, M., 1998 T. A. Demina, "Ecology, nature management, environmental protection", M., "Aspect Press", 2000 R. And . Zakharenkova, V. I. Savchenkov, "Stories about energy and resource saving", Smolensk, "Smyadyn", 2001 V. I. Kormilitsin, "Fundamentals of ecology", M, "Interstyle", 1997 N. N. Lukyanchikov, I. M.Potravny, “Economics and Organization of Nature Management”, UNITI, M., 2002 A.M. Nikonorov, M.A.Khoruzhaya, “Global Ecology”, M., “PRIOR”, 2000 T.P. Trushina, “Ecological fundamentals of nature management ", Rostov-on-Don, 2001 LI Tsvetkova, MI Alekseev et al.," Ecology ", M," Khimizdat ", 2001 Journals:" Ecology and Life "," Science and Life " , "Echo of the Planet"
Contents 1. Natural resources and their classifications 2. Specially protected natural areas 3. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence 4. The main aspects of rational nature management. The main aspects of rational nature management
1. Natural resources and their classification Natural resources Natural resources are elements of nature, formed in the natural environment as a result of natural natural processes. They consist of PU and PR proper (elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere), which are used to meet the various needs of society and social production.
Natural resources are the main object of nature management, during which they are exploited and further processed. PR, deprived of natural ties as a result of the impact of labor, pass into the category of natural raw materials that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes. Natural resources are the main object of nature management, during which they are exploited and further processed. PR, deprived of natural ties as a result of the impact of labor, pass into the category of natural raw materials that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes.
Consumer goods - plant and animal resources, drinking water, air oxygen sources of energy - wind energy, hydropower, reserves of fossil fuels and objects of labor - with their help, social production is carried out and all products (minerals, wood) are produced recreational resources - means of ensuring recreation and restoration of health and working capacity of a person
The classification of natural resources is understood as the division of objects, objects and natural phenomena into groups according to functionally significant characteristics. Taking into account the natural origin of resources, as well as their enormous economic value, the following classifications of PR have been developed:
Classification of natural resources of natural resources by sources of origin biological resources mineral resources By the use of resources in production in production land fund forest water resources ecological classification inexhaustible Inexhaustible non-renewable exhaustible renewable Economic classification classification replaceable irreplaceable Classification by use industrial agricultural industrial non-production resources extracted from the natural recreational aesthetic scientific
According to the criterion of exhaustion (ecological classification) According to the criterion of exhaustion (ecological classification) Natural resources are exhaustible inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) Renewable (water, soil, forest, animal world) non-renewable (minerals)
Inexhaustible PR Inexhaustible PR are natural and physical phenomena and bodies, the quantity and quality of which practically does not change or changes only imperceptibly in the process of long-term use of natural resources. Exhaustible PR Exhaustible PR are natural and physical bodies and phenomena, the quantity and quality of which change significantly in the process of long-term use of natural resources. The third feature of the classification The third feature of the classification is the renewability of exhaustible resources. On this basis, exhaustible resources are divided into: - renewable; - non-renewable; - relatively renewable.
Non-renewable Non-renewable - formed in the bowels of the earth for millions of years (ore and non-metallic minerals, long-term use of which leads to the depletion of their reserves, the replenishment of which is practically impossible.) Relatively renewable Relatively renewable - capable of reproduction at a rate lagging behind the rate of consumption (black soil , ripe wood)
Classification of resources according to their use in production Land fund - all lands within the country and the world, included by their purpose in the categories: agricultural, settlements, non-agricultural purposes (industry, transport, mining, etc.); Forest fund - a part of the land fund of the Earth on which a forest grows or can grow, allocated for agriculture and the organization of specially protected natural areas; Water resources - the amount of ground and surface water that can be used for various purposes in the economy; Hydropower resources - the resources that the river, the tidal activity of the ocean, etc .; Fauna resources - the number of inhabitants of waters, forests, sandbanks that a person can use without disturbing the ecological balance; Minerals - a natural accumulation of minerals in the earth's crust, which can be used on the farm.
Resources of industrial production Resources of industrial production of production of energy fuels minerals hydropower resources sources of bioenergy (wood) sources of nuclear energy (uranium) non-energy minerals (ore and non-metallic) waters used for industrial production lands occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure industrial biological resources
Agricultural production resources combine those types of resources that are involved in the creation of agricultural production. products: agroclimatic - heat and moisture resources necessary for the production of cultivated plants and grazing; soil and land - the earth and its top layer - the soil, which has a unique property to produce biomass; plant biological resources - food resources; water resources - water used for irrigation, etc.
Classification by the nature of trade in natural resources resources of strategic importance, trade in which should be limited, because leads to the undermining of the power of the state by the defense (uranium ore and other radioactive substances) resources that have wide export value and provide an inflow of foreign exchange earnings (oil, diamonds, gold, etc.) resources of the domestic market, which are ubiquitous (mineral, construction raw materials, etc.)
Private classifications of PR have also been developed: Geological and economic classification fuel and energy raw materials (oil, gas, coal) ferrous and refractory metals (ores of iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, etc.) noble metals (gold, silver, platinoids) chemical and agronomic raw materials (potash salts, phosphorites, apatites, etc.) technical raw materials (diamonds, graphite, etc.)
The use of various classifications of PR allows: to reveal the patterns of formation of groups of resources and their genetic characteristics, to determine the possibilities of economic use; to draw conclusions about the degree of their knowledge, as well as directions of rational use and protection.
Share of protected areas in different countries Countries Area of protected areas,% of total area New Zealand 16.0 Austria 15.08 Costa Rica 11.1 Norway9.2 Panama8.64 Venezuela8.40 Iceland8.05 Ecuador7.35 United Kingdom6.11 Bolivia3.96 Colombia3, 47 Peru 3.34 USA 3.33 Paraguay 3.04 Finland 2.85 Hungary 2.82 Sweden 2.61 Netherlands 2.35 Russia 2.22 Canada 1.45 Brazil 1.25 Italy1.12 France 0.70 Nicaragua 0.12
Reserve Reserve is a specially protected area in which any economic activity (including tourism) is completely prohibited in order to preserve natural complexes, protect animals and plants, as well as monitor the processes taking place in nature.
With the help of reserves, three main tasks are solved: 1 - Protection of flora, fauna and natural landscapes with strictly limited or completely prohibited stay on its territory 2 - Research and control of the state of ecosystems and their populations of animals and plants (reserves are scientific institutions where they work biologists of various profiles)
State nature reserves State nature reserves - temporarily protected natural complexes are intended for the preservation, reproduction and restoration of some PR in combination with the limited and rational use of others. State nature reserves State nature reserves are temporarily protected natural complexes intended for the preservation, reproduction and restoration of some natural reserves in combination with the limited and rational use of others.
National natural parks National natural parks are used for nature conservation, recreational, scientific and cultural purposes, as a rule, they include unique natural objects, unique landscapes, historical monuments and other attractions.
Rational nature management - Rational nature management is an integrated, scientifically grounded, environmentally safe and sustainable use of natural resources, with the maximum possible preservation of the natural resource potential and the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation. 3. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence
Irrational use of natural resources Irrational use of natural resources does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by a violation of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems. Consequently, rational use of natural resources is a conscious regulation of environmental relations on an economic basis. It is based on a comprehensive accounting and assessment of PR.
The concept of rational use of natural resources includes the main elements: economic efficiency of use means obtaining the maximum amount of a high-quality product with minimum production costs and economical use of the resource itself; the protection of natural resources and wasps involves the implementation of preventive and preventive measures before and during the production process, the implementation of protection measures included in the technological process and measures to restore the properties and quality of natural resources disturbed as a result of economic activities; the reproduction of natural resources means the renewal of the size of exploited resources and their reserves, the restoration of the lost properties and qualities.
Basic principles of rational nature management Principles Study of resources, obtaining reliable information, accounting and assessment development forecast development of management and use systems Resource protection, maintenance of productivity Resource development (introduction of advanced technologies) Reproduction of natural resources Resource transformation Reforestation; Reclamation of soils; reclamation Changes in characteristics during optimization of parameters (quantity and quality of enrichment)
Main measures for rational water use INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY REDUCING THE CONSUMPTION OF FRESH WATER REDUCING SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION CIRCULAR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES WATER PRODUCTS PRODUCTION OF WATER PRODUCTS AND LOW PRODUCTS
Protection of water resources Field of activity Construction of structures for water intake from reservoirs Construction and operation of recycling water supply systems Utilization of valuable substances from wastewater Construction of main canals and water pipelines Wastewater treatment Collecting sunken wood Construction of onshore ballast water treatment plants and oil tankers Collecting oil, garbage and other solid and liquid waste from the territory of ports and water areas Desalination of sea and highly saline waters Construction of reservoirs Construction of water protection zones
Rational use of forest resources Selective harvesting, elimination of overcuts during timber harvesting, reforestation, increase in biological productivity and improvement of the qualitative composition of forest protection (pest control, fire fighting) use of secondary wood waste during processing, reduction of losses during transportation
Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational nature management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydraulic engineering (irrigation, drainage), chemical (liming, gypsum plastering), physical (sanding, claying). Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational nature management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydraulic engineering (irrigation, drainage), chemical (liming, gypsum plastering), physical (sanding, claying).
Reclamation Reclamation - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation cover, disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, etc .: - restoration of reliefs - restoration of soil and vegetation - reforestation - creation of new landscapes Reclamation Reclamation - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation cover disturbed by mining, road and canal construction, etc .: - relief restoration - soil and vegetation restoration - reforestation - creation of new landscapes
Rational nature management is distinguished by the following features Rational nature management is distinguished by the following features: - use of PR should be accompanied by their restoration - integrated use of PR - secondary use of PR - environmental protection measures - introduction of the latest technologies in order to reduce anthropogenic load on the environmental protection system.
Integrated use of PR - direction of rational nature management; should be carried out, first of all, for exhaustible PR at the production stage. processing, purification of emissions, monitoring of environmental protection) Conducting environmental protection measures: measures: should be carried out by industrial enterprises, and state bodies responsible for environmental protection activities should monitor their implementation socio-economic essence of rational environmental management
4. The main aspects of the rational use of natural resources 4. The main aspects of the rational use of natural resources The problem of nature protection is closely related to politics, ideology and the social sphere, which makes it necessary to consider this problem in various aspects.
The main aspects of rational environmental management Quality of environment and human health The most important for human health is the quality of air, drinking water, food, as well as the level of noise, electromagnetic oscillations, radiation background, etc. technological processes, with the help of which it is possible to organize a gradual transition to low-waste, waste-free closed cycles, etc. The ecological and economic economy, in its striving to find ways of profitable management of the economy, did not take into account the costs of damage to nature. Until now, the allocated funds for environmental needs significantly lag behind the needs for them, which leads to a significant excess of the amount of damage caused to the national economy by unreasonable nature, over the costs of its rationalization. Socio-hygienic aspect Health protection and preservation of favorable hygienic conditions for the life of the population: measures to improve the OS, which include social and hygienic studies, on the basis of which a socio-hygienic forecast of the future state of the OS can be determined.
Socio-political aspect of the problem of nature protection on the scale of all mankind in the presence of different social systems: the indivisibility of the biosphere, regardless of the territory of the state borders; the inability to solve the problem with the help of one country. Conservation aspect: preservation of the species diversity of organisms on Earth, because without this, the evolution of the biosphere is not possible. The economic development of formerly protected areas poses a great danger. Legal and international aspects: RP and environmental protection activities are controlled, regulated by the state through the system of natural legislation. Only when environmental laws are legalized in the form of binding laws will they get a real chance of being implemented. However, it is not enough to improve only one's own legislation, it is necessary to promote the development of international legislation regulating the joint efforts of all countries in the case of OP since the biosphere is one. Aesthetic aspect: a person's natural desire for nature should be based on the education of a respectful attitude towards it. Great damage is caused by fires, "wild" tourism, which leads to huge ecological and economic losses. Without sufficient attention to the ecological education of the population, it is impossible to hope for the implementation of scientifically grounded programs for the preservation of the biosphere.
"Environmental pollution" - Low-waste technologies. Factors of radioactive contamination of the biosphere. Electromagnetic pollution is associated with high voltage lines. Types of pollution. Environmental pollution. Results. Chemical pollution. Radiation emission. Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins. Waste-free production. Thermal pollution is the heating of water, air, or soil. The main objects of environmental pollution.
“My own game” on ecology ”- The first Red Book was published in 1966. AIDS. Day of the fight to protect the ozone layer. How the intensity or strength of the noise is measured. Moles and mice make large reserves - for the harsh and snowy winter. Name the day and month when it is celebrated - Children's Day. Food or food webs. Who are the synanthropic organisms? In animals inhabiting colder parts of the range, protruding parts of the body (limbs, tail, ears, etc.) are less than in representatives of the same species from warmer places.
“Environmentalists” - And I walk, I walk on the Earth. Tourist. Doctor. Ecologist. Biologist. Biochemist. Formation of students' ideas about the anthropogenic factor. Specialist in the study of human relationships with the environment. Representative of the Committee for Nature Protection. Beginning of work.
"Rational use of natural resources" - Global ecological crisis. 1 hectare of spruce forest provides 10 kg of oxygen. Development of nature and society. Libyan Desert. Study of the basic laws of nature management. Group work. Chemical elements. Wood. Barry Commoner's first law. Human. Automobile transport. Nature management in the history of mankind. Biological resources. Analysis of the questionnaire. Nitrates in vegetables. Application form. You have to pay for everything.
"Water quality and health" - Chemical analysis of water. What is water quality. Poll results. Home water purification and filters. Water in nature. Product quality. Recommendations. Work schedule. A. Saint-Exupery. Water and health. Human vital processes. Wonderful laboratory. Water reserves on Earth. Influence. Indicators of water quality. Biological indicators of water. Sociological survey. Practical methods.
"Law and Ecology" - Laws on the protection of nature and the environment. Beauty will save the world. You can't live here. The fruits of our life. Consequences of thoughtless behavior of mankind. Participants in environmental legal relations. Our beloved animals. Environmental offense. The concept of environmental law. National natural parks. Objects of environmental protection. International treaties. The beauty. Ecology and Law. Objects subject to special protection.
- Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
- The use of natural resources is the activity of a human society aimed at satisfying its needs through the use of natural resources.
- Rational use of natural resources is a system of nature management, in which: - the extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources is reduced; - the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured; - production wastes are used fully and repeatedly. The environmental management system can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming.
- Rational use of natural resources is a type of relationship between human society and the environment, in which society controls its relationship with nature and prevents unwanted consequences of its activities. An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; application of technologies allowing for more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of production waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of reserves, etc.
- Examples: the creation of cultural landscapes, nature reserves and national parks (most of such territories are in the USA, Australia, Russia), the use of technologies for the integrated use of raw materials, processing and use of waste (most developed in Europe and Japan), as well as the construction of treatment facilities, application of technologies for closed water supply of industrial enterprises, development of new, economically clean types of fuel.
- Irrational use of natural resources is a system of nature management in which: - in large quantities and usually not fully used the most easily available natural resources, which leads to their rapid depletion; - a large amount of waste is produced; - the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational use of natural resources is characteristic of an extensive economy.
- Irrational use of natural resources is a type of relationship with nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude to nature). Examples of such an attitude are excessive grazing of livestock, slash-and-burn agriculture, the extermination of certain species of plants and animals, radioactive, thermal pollution of the environment. Also, the environmental damage is caused by the rafting of forests along the rivers with separate logs (molar rafting), drainage of swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, mining by open methods, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants is a more environmentally friendly fuel than bituminous or brown coal.
- Examples: the use of slash-and-burn agriculture and overgrazing (in the most backward countries of Africa), deforestation of equatorial forests, the so-called "lungs of the planet" (in Latin America), uncontrolled discharge of waste into rivers and lakes (in the countries of Foreign Europe, Russia) , as well as thermal pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, the extermination of certain species of animals and plants, and much more.
- Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational use of natural resources, special bodies for environmental protection have been created, environmental programs and laws are being developed.
- ... Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most famous type of pollution is chemical (the release of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the climate of nature), and noise are no less potential threat. Basically, environmental pollution is associated with human economic activities (anthropogenic pollution of the environment), however, pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are subject to pollution.
- The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) is polluted as a result of the entry of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Only garbage from big cities is annually taken out up to 12 billion tons. Mining leads to the destruction of the natural soil cover on huge areas.
- The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuels, emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, radioactive compounds
- The hydrosphere is polluted by wastewater from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical), wastewater from fields and livestock complexes, and municipal wastewater from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and oil products get into the waters of the World Ocean every year.
- As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and at the global level (global warming, decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of natural resources).
- The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment facilities and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, re-profiling of production facilities, transferring them to a new location in order to reduce the "concentration" of pressure on nature.
- Specially protected natural areas (SPNT) refer to objects of national heritage and represent areas of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and recreational significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
- According to the available estimates of leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. At the same time, the total number of national parks approached 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
- Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts.