Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants. What is budding: the essence of the process, meaning and examples How budding occurs

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Reproduction is the ability of all organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity and acceptability of life. The main methods of reproduction are presented:

Asexual reproduction is based on cell division through mitosis, in which two equal daughter cells (two organisms) are created from each mother cell (organism). The biological role of asexual reproduction is the emergence of organisms identical to the parents in the content of hereditary material, as well as anatomical and physiological properties (biological copies). The following are distinguished: methods of asexual reproduction

: division, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative propagation. Division - a method of asexual reproduction, characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the maternal individual is divided into two or large quantity

daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed. Budding

- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), or they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps). Fragmentation (4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the maternal individual breaks up (, annelids sea ​​stars

, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate. Polyembryony

- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygotic twins).- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is typical for many groups of plants and is used in gardening, vegetable gardening, and plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

Sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. Controversy- specialized cells, in most species they are formed in special organs - sporangia. U higher plants Spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from common ancestor by asexual reproduction. The basis for obtaining a clone is mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).

During sexual reproduction in prokaryotes, two cells exchange hereditary information as a result of the passage of a DNA molecule from one cell to another along a cytoplasmic bridge.

Budding Budding

one of the methods vegetative propagation, carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother’s body - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. P. is characteristic of certain marsupial fungi, a number of basidiomycetes, as well as hepatic mosses, which reproduce the so-called. brood buds. Among animals, sponges, coelenterates, certain ciliates, worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce through P. In animals, P. is external and internal. The first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial, when the kidneys are formed on a special. outgrowths - stolons (in some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P. a new individual develops from a separate internal.

.part of the mother's body - these are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily. for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end - the young individuals remain connected to the maternal body, as a result of which a colony arises. P. can be induced artificially. adverse effects on the maternal body, e.g. burn or cut. (Source: Biological encyclopedic Dictionary

A method of vegetative reproduction of organisms, when an outgrowth is formed on the mother’s organism - a bud, from which a new organism develops. Some fungi, mosses, as well as ciliates, sponges, coelenterates, worms and a number of other invertebrate animals reproduce by budding. Budding in animals can be external, when the buds are formed on the mother’s body, and internal, when the buds are separated from the internal part of the mother’s body. In the case when budding does not reach completion and the young individuals are connected to the maternal organism, a colony is formed.

.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)

See what “BUNDING” is in other dictionaries:

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (buds). Budding is characteristic of many mushrooms, liver mosses and animals... ... Wikipedia

A type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the mother’s body (buds). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

budding, a method of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of the parent. For example, hydras (small freshwater polyps) often reproduce by budding in spring summer period. A small... ... is formed on the parent individual. Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

budding, budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction through buds (see bud1 in 2 digits) or gradually increasing cell outgrowths. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

A method of vegetative propagation typical of yeast and some bacteria. It consists of the formation of a protrusion of the mother cell, which develops into a new cell (bud). The kidney can separate from the mother cell or remain... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 reproduction (31) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

budding- Budding, one of the types of asexual reproduction, found in both protozoa and multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with simultaneous ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

budding- A form of vegetative propagation: the formation of an outgrowth (bud) on the mother’s body, from which a daughter individual develops; P. is characteristic of some fungi, liver mosses, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ciliates;... ... Technical Translator's Guide

daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.- * pachkavanne * budding 1. One of the forms of vegetative (asexual) reproduction (). 2. In bacteria, yeast and plants, the process of bud formation. 3. Enveloped viruses (e.g. influenza virus, Sindbis virus) have a type of exit from the host cell in which ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

I; Wed Biol. Asexual reproduction through the formation of buds (1.P.; 2 digits). Study of budding processes. Polyps reproduce by budding. * * * budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from body outgrowths... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Big medical encyclopedia. volume 27 Budding - Psoriasis, N.A. Semashko. The Great Medical Encyclopedia sets itself the task of being not only a scientific reference book on all issues of medicine and related fields, but also giving the reader information with which he…

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants.

Some species of unicellular organisms are characterized by a form of asexual reproduction called budding.

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism, that is, buds.

A daughter cell - a bud - is usually smaller than the mother cell; it requires some time to grow and complete the missing structures, after which it takes on the appearance characteristic of a mature organism.

Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses, and protozoa - ciliates, tunicates, sporozoans and some types of worms .

In a number of animals, budding does not reach completion, and young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body. In such cases, this leads to the formationcolonies.

Outwardly, this resembles the development of a plant shoot from a bud - hence the name of this method - budding.

When reproducing by budding, genetically homogeneous offspring are always formed, an exact copy of the maternal organism, since budding processes are based on mitoses, in which daughter cells receive equal genetic material. This breeding, carried out in artificial conditions in order to obtain genetically homogeneous offspring is called cloning, and the resulting descendants are called clones (from Greek word“clone” - twig, shoot, offspring).

Hydra reproduces by budding. This usually happens during the summer. On the body in the middle part of the hydra there is a budding belt on which tubercles - buds - are formed. Several cells begin to divide, and gradually a small hydra grows on the mother, which forms a mouth with tentacles and E. coli associated with the intestinal cavity of the “mother”. If the mother catches prey, then some of the nutrients are shared with the mother. The daughter individual, while hunting, also falls into the small hydra. Soon the small hydra separates from the mother's body and usually, but not always, is located next to her. The bud grows and a mouth and tentacles form at its apex, after which the bud laces at the base, separates from the mother's body and begins to live independently.

The starfish reproduces by “budding,” which occurs by dividing the disk or lacing its rays. This can be clearly seen in the photograph of the starfish.

Yeast also reproduces by budding. The process of yeast budding consists of a tubercle appearing on the cell - thickening, which gradually increases in size and turns into a full-fledged daughter yeast cell(sometimes there are several of them). This tubercle is called the kidney. As the bud grows, a constriction forms between it and the producing cell. The channel connecting the newly forming daughter cell with the old, mother cell gradually narrows and, finally, the young cell separates and begins to live independent life. Under favorable conditions, this process lasts about two hours.

In some cases, especially on the surface of liquid media, where yeast cells are always more elongated, budding aggregates resemble the mycelium of molds. However, this is false mycelium, which is a thin film that is easily destroyed by shaking the liquid. Only some wild ones (living in natural conditions) the so-called filmy yeast forms more or less thick wrinkled films on the surface of liquids, which are firmly held during shaking. Such yeast causes spoilage of wine, beer and pickled vegetables.

An unusual form of budding is found in the houseplant Kalanchoe. Along the edges of its leaves, the buds form miniature plants with roots, which then fall off and turn into small independent plants.

Budding bacteria include a number of aquatic and soil bacteria. This species is found in stagnant waters,

baths in the laboratory. Similar to them in appearance a purple bacterium that has a characteristic shape and undergoes a complex development cycle.

Rods with two polar flagella are attached by the pole on which the flagellum is located to solid surfaces, including other bacteria. Then a stalk grows from this pole. The cell undergoes normal division, after which the daughter cell at the free pole again forms a flagellum.

Upon careful examination of algae, crustacean shells and inhabitants of the water surface, strangely shaped bacteria were found - “stem” bacteria. The bacteria sit on stalks consisting of mucus, which is a bean-shaped cell. On the concave side it secretes mucus, which, as seen under a microscope, forms a spirally convoluted ribbon. This bacterium is known as iron bacterium. It is found in bodies of water containing iron (streams, sewers), and, especially in spring, grows in large quantities on the surface of ponds, swamp ditches and in sewage.

“Stem” bacteria on crayfish shells and algae.

The ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity of life, is called reproduction. Asexual reproduction characterized by the fact that a new individual develops from non-sexual, somatic (bodily) cells. IN asexual reproduction only one original individual is involved. In this case, the organism can develop from one cell, and the resulting descendants are identical in their hereditary characteristics to the maternal organism. Asexual reproduction is widespread among plants and is much less common in animals. Many protozoa reproduce by normal mitotic cell division ( by dividing the mother cell in half (bacteria, euglena, amoebas, ciliates) ) . Other single-celled animals, such as Plasmodium falciparum (the causative agent of malaria), tend to sporulation. It consists in the fact that the cell disintegrates into big number individuals, equal to the number of nuclei previously formed in the parent cell as a result of repeated division of its nucleus. Multicellular organisms are also capable of sporulation: in fungi, algae, mosses and ferns, spores and zoospores are formed in special organs - sporangia and zoosporangia.

In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, the method of asexual reproduction is also budding For example, in yeast fungi and some ciliates. In multicellular organisms ( freshwater hydra) the kidney consists of a group of cells from both layers of the body wall. In multicellular animals asexual reproduction It is also carried out by dividing the body into two parts (jellyfish, annelids) or by fragmenting the body into several parts (flatworms, echinoderms). In plants, vegetative reproduction is widespread, i.e., reproduction by parts of the body: parts of the thallus (in algae, fungi, lichens); with the help of rhizomes (in ferns and flowering plants); sections of the stem (the tendrils of strawberries, blueberries, layering of gooseberries and grapes in fruit bushes); roots (root shoots of raspberries) leaves (begonias). During the process of evolution, the plant formed special bodies vegetative propagation: modified shoots (onion, potato tuber), modified roots - root vegetables (beets, carrots) and root tubers (dahlias).

TABLE (T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)

Characteristics of forms of reproduction

BUNDING, one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother's body - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. Among plants, certain marsupial fungi are capable of P. (for example, yeast, for which P. - main. method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, as well as liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoa (certain flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans), sponges, coelenterates, certain worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial P., when the kidneys are formed on a special. outgrowths - stolons (certain coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P. a new individual develops from a separate internal. area of ​​the mother's body; These are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily. for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body; as a result, colonies appear consisting of many individuals (see. Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various influences on the mother’s body, for example, burns or cuts. A. V. Ivanov