Budding examples in animals. Asexual reproduction. New explanatory and word-formative dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova
home budding , one of the types of asexual reproduction, found in both protozoa and multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with the simultaneous formation of many buds). Simple P. is a modification of division into two, from which it differs Ch. arr. inequality of fission products. Whereas during division the individual splits into two daughter individuals of equal size, with P. the original individual, called the maternal one, separates from itself a certain small part (the daughter individual), which only gradually grows and reaches the size of the maternal one: simple P There is an uneven division. Most often, P. has an external character, consisting in growing almost on the surface of the maternal organism, and the main germinal layers of the maternal individual usually continue into the bud. In other cases, P. consists of the isolation of certain groups of cells inside the budding organism (internal P.), which groups then form a developing bud; these are gemmuli (see) in sponges, statoblasts in bryozoans. The exit of the internal buds to the outside is often preceded by the death and disintegration of the mother’s body. P. can take place either at any point of the body of the organism or only at certain very specific places, such as for example. the budding zone surrounding the body of the hydra, or the so-called bud stolon [a special outgrowth on the ventral side of the body of many tunicates (ascidians and barrelworts), which has enhanced growth and is the site of bud formation]. Some authors consider strobilation to be a special type of budding, which consists in the sequential separation of a number of buds from one end of the mother individual; this includes P. scyphistoma or the polypoid stage of scyphomedusae, and it may also be the formation of a number of segments in the strobila of tapeworms. - Very often, correct alternation of P. with sexual reproduction is observed, as a result of which The animal acquires the character of alternating generations (coelenterates, barrelworts among tunicates, etc.). The resulting buds either immediately develop into an organism similar to the maternal one, or complete this process only after a certain period of time - resting buds (gemules of sponges, statoblasts of bryozoans). If P. is not completed, it leads to the formation of colonies, for example. in sponges, hydroid and scyphoid polyps, bryozoans And some others. V. Dogel.See also:
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- right-handedness, the preferred use of most people right hand when performing motor acts such as writing, drawing, etc. Similar to left-handedness, right-handedness can be congenital and forced. Forced P. happens in...
Reproduction is the ability of all organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity and acceptability of life. The main methods of reproduction are presented:
Asexual reproduction is based on cell division through mitosis, in which two equal daughter cells (two organisms) are created from each mother cell (organism). The biological role of asexual reproduction is the emergence of organisms identical to the parents in the content of hereditary material, as well as anatomical and physiological properties (biological copies).
The following are distinguished: methods of asexual reproduction: division, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative propagation.
Division- a method of asexual reproduction characteristic of single-celled organisms, in which the maternal individual is divided into two or large quantity daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.
Budding- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), or they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).
Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the maternal individual breaks up ( annelids, sea stars, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.
Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygotic twins).
Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is typical for many groups of plants and is used in gardening, vegetable gardening, and plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).
Sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. Controversy- specialized cells, in most species they are formed in special organs - sporangia. U higher plants Spore formation is preceded by meiosis.
Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from common ancestor by asexual reproduction. The basis for obtaining a clone is mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).
During sexual reproduction in prokaryotes, two cells exchange hereditary information as a result of the passage of a DNA molecule from one cell to another along a cytoplasmic bridge.
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Meaning of the word budding
budding in the crossword dictionary
Dictionary of medical terms
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
budding
budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction through buds (see bud 1 in 2) or gradually increasing cell outgrowths.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
budding
Wed
Asexual reproduction through buds (1*2) or a gradual increase in the number of cells.
budding
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
Budding
one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother’s body—an outgrowth from which a new individual develops. Among plants, some marsupial fungi are capable of reproduction (for example, yeasts, for which reproduction is the main method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, and liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoans (some flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans), sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which buds are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial P., when buds are formed on special outgrowths - stolons (some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P., a new individual develops from a separate internal part of the mother’s body; These are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily for survival in winter or dry conditions, when the maternal organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body; as a result, colonies arise, consisting of many individuals (see Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various influences on the mother's body, for example, burns or cuts.
A. V. Ivanov.
Wikipedia
Budding
Budding- type of asexual or vegetative propagation animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism. Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, tunicates, some flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans). In a number of animals, budding does not reach completion; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body. In some cases, this leads to the formation of colonies. For example, when yeast budding, a thickening forms on the cell, which gradually turns into a full-fledged daughter yeast cell.
Examples of the use of the word budding in literature.
Katya had to see a lot of these wretched VIR-dramas, both in the form of plot-thematic pictures and scenes that required her direct personal participation, and all of them represented the resulting budding genics in the form of polarly different characters from one or another fairy tale.
Of course, many geneticists were born as a result budding, but this could only mean that they had the same set of DNA in the nuclei of their cells, but did not imply a complete coincidence of thoughts, goals or ideas.
A colony results from reproduction budding one polyp.
Since, however, the cult of her perfection dominated, they even tried to extol such automorphic distortions - they say, the tireless budding and spreading out best expresses the nature of Proteus man.
They also reproduce in different ways - by rubbing, pollination, budding, and sometimes, although unheard of rarely, by the so-called tongue-and-groove, to which on Enzia, a completely normal planet, the matter, thank God, did not reach.
The ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity of life, is called reproduction. Asexual reproduction characterized by the fact that a new individual develops from non-sexual, somatic (bodily) cells. IN asexual reproduction only one original individual is involved. In this case, the organism can develop from one cell, and the resulting descendants are identical in their hereditary characteristics to the maternal organism. Asexual reproduction is widespread among plants and is much less common in animals. Many protozoa reproduce by normal mitotic cell division ( by dividing the mother cell in half (bacteria, euglena, amoebas, ciliates) ) . Other single-celled animals, such as Plasmodium falciparum (the causative agent of malaria), tend to sporulation. It consists in the fact that the cell disintegrates into big number individuals, equal to the number of nuclei previously formed in the parent cell as a result of repeated division of its nucleus. Multicellular organisms are also capable of sporulation: in fungi, algae, mosses and ferns, spores and zoospores are formed in special organs - sporangia and zoosporangia.
In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, the method of asexual reproduction is also budding For example, in yeast fungi and some ciliates. In multicellular organisms (freshwater hydra), the kidney consists of a group of cells from both layers of the body wall. In multicellular animals, asexual reproduction is also carried out by dividing the body into two parts (jellyfish, annelids) or by fragmenting the body into several parts (flatworms, echinoderms). In plants, vegetative reproduction is widespread, i.e., reproduction by parts of the body: parts of the thallus (in algae, fungi, lichens); with the help of rhizomes (in ferns and flowering plants); sections of the stem (the tendrils of strawberries, blueberries, layering of gooseberries and grapes in fruit bushes); roots (root shoots of raspberries) leaves (begonias). During the process of evolution, the plant formed special bodies vegetative propagation: modified shoots (onion, potato tuber), modified roots - root vegetables (beets, carrots) and root tubers (dahlias).
TABLE (T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)
| Reproduction method | Features of reproduction | Examples of organisms |
| Cell division in two | The body of the original (parent) cell is divided by mitosis into two parts, each of which gives rise to new full-fledged cells | Prokaryotes. Unicellular eukaryotes (sarcodae - amoeba) |
| Multiple cell division | The body of the original cell divides mitotically into several parts, each of which becomes a new cell | Unicellular eukaryotes (flagellates, sporozoans) |
| Uneven cell division (budding) | A tubercle containing a nucleus is first formed on the mother cell. The bud grows, reaches the size of the mother, and separates | Single-celled eukaryotes, some ciliates, yeast |
| Sporulation | A spore is a special cell, covered with a dense shell that protects from external influences | Spore plants; some protozoa |
| Vegetative propagation | An increase in the number of individuals of a given species occurs by separating the viable parts of the vegetative body of the organism | Plants, animals |
| - in plants | Formation of buds, stem and root tubers, bulbs, rhizomes | Lily, nightshade, gooseberry, etc. |
| - in animals | Ordered and unordered division | Coelenterates, starfish, annelids ^^^^"SB""S8^saK;!i^^S^aa"^e"^"3ii^s^^ |
Characteristics of forms of reproduction
| Indicators | Forms of reproduction | |
| asexual | sexual | |
| Number of parents that give rise to a new organism Source cells |
One individual One or more somatic non-reproductive cells |
Usually two individuals Specialized cells, sex cells - gametes; the union of male and female gametes forms a zygote |
| The essence of each form | In the hereditary material of descendants, genetic information is an exact copy of the parent |
Association of descendants in the hereditary material genetic information from two different sources - gametes of parent organisms |
| Basic cellular mechanism of cell formation | Mitosis | Meiosis |
| Evolutionary significance." | Promotes the preservation of the greatest fitness in unchanging environmental conditions, enhances the stabilizing role of natural selection | Promotes genetic diversity individuals of a species due to crossing over and combinative variability; creates prerequisites for the development of diverse habitats, provides evolutionary prospects for species |
| Examples of organisms that have in different forms reproduction | Protozoa (amoeba, green euglena, etc.); unicellular algae; some plants; coelenterates | Plants, algae, bryophytes, lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and seeds; all animals, mushrooms, etc. |
Reproduction- the ability of living organisms to reproduce their own kind. There are two main reproduction method- asexual and sexual.
Asexual reproduction occurs with the participation of only one parent and occurs without the formation of gametes. The daughter generation in some species arises from one or a group of cells of the mother’s body, in other species - in specialized organs. The following are distinguished: methods of asexual reproduction: division, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative propagation.
Division- a method of asexual reproduction characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the mother is divided into two or more daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.
Budding- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), or they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).
Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the maternal individual breaks up (anneli, starfish, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.
Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygotic twins).
Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is typical for many groups of plants and is used in gardening, vegetable gardening, and plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).
| Vegetative organ | Method of vegetative propagation | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Root | Root cuttings | Rosehip, raspberry, aspen, willow, dandelion |
| Root suckers | Cherry, plum, sow thistle, thistle, lilac | |
| Aboveground parts of shoots | Dividing bushes | Phlox, daisy, primrose, rhubarb |
| Stem cuttings | Grapes, currants, gooseberries | |
| Layerings | Gooseberries, grapes, bird cherry | |
| Underground parts of shoots | Rhizome | Asparagus, bamboo, iris, lily of the valley |
| Tuber | Potatoes, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke | |
| Bulb | Onion, garlic, tulip, hyacinth | |
| Corm | Gladiolus, crocus | |
| Sheet | Leaf cuttings | Begonia, gloxinia, coleus |
Sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. Controversy- specialized cells, in most species they are formed in special organs - sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.
Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from a common ancestor through asexual reproduction. The basis for obtaining a clone is mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).
Sexual reproduction carried out with the participation of two parent individuals (male and female), in which specialized cells are formed in special organs - gametes. The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis, the main stage of gametogenesis is meiosis. The daughter generation develops from zygotes- a cell formed as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. Recombination is an obligatory consequence of sexual reproduction. genetic material in the daughter generation.
Depending on the structural features of the gametes, the following can be distinguished: forms of sexual reproduction: isogamy, heterogamy and oogamy.
Isogamy(1) - a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes (conditionally female and conditionally male) are mobile and have the same morphology and size.
Heterogamy(2) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female and male gametes are motile, but female gametes are larger than male ones and less mobile.
Ovogamy(3) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female gametes are immobile and larger than male gametes. In this case, female gametes are called eggs, male gametes, if they have flagella, - spermatozoa, if they don’t have it, - sperm.
Oogamy is characteristic of most species of animals and plants. Isogamy and heterogamy occur in some primitive organisms (algae). In addition to the above, some algae and fungi have forms of reproduction in which sex cells are not formed: hologamy and conjugation. At hologamia single-celled haploid organisms merge with each other, which in this case act as gametes. The resulting diploid zygote then divides by meiosis to produce four haploid organisms. At conjugation(4) the contents of individual haploid cells of filamentous thalli merge. Through specially formed channels, the contents of one cell flow into another, a diploid zygote is formed, which usually, after a period of rest, also divides by meiosis.
Go to lectures No. 13“Methods of division of eukaryotic cells: mitosis, meiosis, amitosis”
Go to lectures No. 15"Sexual reproduction in angiosperms"