Determinative clause: examples. Sentences with attributive clauses: examples. Exercises: Determining types of subordinate clauses. Grade 9 Complex sentence with main and subordinate clauses
home There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type: subordinate clauses definitive, explanatory And circumstantial;
the latter, in turn, are divided into several types. Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main(proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing(unverbal
subordinate clauses). For determining the type of subordinate clause
It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation,
which is somehow related to the subject. Like definitions in a simple sentence, In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of an object depend on the noun (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns(which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs(where, to where, from where, when).
In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends. [For example: One of the contradictions , (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)
- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),]. Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into definitive, explanatory basic (which, which, whose) non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign
attributive clauses. The village where (wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)
- [noun, (where),]. I remembered today a dog that (which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)
- [noun], (what).(in which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that, such, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who definitive, explanatory What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (what).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that I remembered today a dog that came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the defined noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was an ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences definitive, explanatory connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
Explanatory clauses answer questions about indirect cases. The main part needs semantic explanation; the main part without a subordinate clause looks unfinished.
Examples: Still, it seems to me that you do not have the right to do this. (it seems that?)
It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses answer the question which?; delivered not from the main part, but from the noun. In an explanatory clause there is always the word “which” or a word that can be replaced with it.
Examples: She sang tunes that moved me to tears. (what are the motives?)
Subordinate adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses answer adverb questions. Since there are many adverb questions, we will divide adverbial clauses into subtypes:
The purpose clause answers the question “for what purpose?” The subordinate clause always contains the word “so that”
Examples: In order for the New Year to come sooner, we moved the clock hands forward.
Subordinate concession. In a subordinate clause there is always a conjunction “although” or another synonym (despite the fact that, that neither, no matter how...)
Examples: The prince has a stupid face, although many considered him a dull person.
Subordinate clause. The subordinate clause always contains the conjunction “so that”. A comma must be placed before so.
Examples: The boat had no oars, so we had to row it with a board.
Additional reasons. The subordinate reason always contains the conjunction “because” or its synonym (since, because)
Subordinate conditions. There is a conjunction “if”, but sometimes the conjunction “if” can be played by the conjunction “when”.
Examples: If I had known all the consequences, I would not have gotten into the water.
Subordinate modus operandi. Answers the question “how?”, indicates the method of action.
Examples: He ate as if he had not eaten for three days.
Measures and degrees.
Examples: It was so dark that I couldn't see anything.
Subordinate clause of comparison.
Examples: The air occasionally trembled, like disturbed water trembles.
Subordinate clause of time. There is always the question “when?”
Examples: When I woke up, it was already dawn.
Subordinate place. Answers the questions “where? Where? where?"
REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.
Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.
Example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. — This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.
In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. These are complex sentences with subordinate clauses.
Such subordinate clauses contain an additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of the complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.
The means of communication in them are the conjunctive words that, why, why, why, as a result of which, etc., which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.
For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be one and the same thing, honored him this way and that. (A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked journey by three miles. (A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to pose a question to connecting subordinate clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.
Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause
1). Determine the main part of a complex sentence.
2). Identify the reference word in the main part (if there is one).
3). Ask the question from the main part to the subordinate clause:
- from the content of the main part as a whole;
- from the predicate in the main part;
- from a noun or pronoun in the main part;
- It is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjuncts and comparatives).
4). Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).
), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
- connecting.
Subordinate clauses
Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.
Examples
- [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang()].
- which my grandmother gave me (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question[The house burned to the ground]. House (Where I was born).[House(
- where I was born ) burned to the ground].[A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate).
- [A.S. Pushkin( (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question(When I understood everything). [In that day( when I understood everything
Explanatory clauses
) my life has changed]. Refers to a verb. Answer case questions ().
Join using allied words: Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.
And also unions: who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much
Examples
what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc.
- Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets. [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what? (In that the Earth has the shape of a ball).)].
- [I'm sure( that the earth is spherical[He found out]. Found out What?)].
- (How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). that the earth is spherical[He found out( , how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
[They understood]. Got it
(Why did I do this).
| [They understood( | why did I do this | Adverbial clauses | Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types: | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subordinate clause type | Questions it answers | Linking using conjunctions |
|
|
| [I walked through the freshly fallen snow]. Shel | How? | (So that the snowflakes crunched under my feet). | [I walked through freshly fallen snow( |
|
| [He ate a lot of apples]. Ate | Where? Where? where? | how much? |
|
|
| [I got tired of everything and left]. I went | Where? | (Where I could finally rest). |
|
|
| When? how long? since when? How long? | when, while, while, as soon as, since, until | [The moon rises]. Rising |
|
|
| Goals | For what? for what purpose? | so that (so that) |
|
|
| Causes | Why? from what? | because, because, since, for |
|
|
| [He has changed | That's why | that there was no reason to stay the same | Conditions |
|
| (If it is not poisoned). | And..? hence..? | So |
|
|
| , so I had no reason to worry | Mode of action | Comparative |
|
Subordinate clauses
[She fluttered around the apartment(
like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly Apply to the entire main part.
Join with the help of allied words:
Examples
- what, where, where, where, when, how, why They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.).
- He was worried( , that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully).
My brother never opened the book during all this time(
that didn't give me peace of mind
see also
- Notes
- Links
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms
the latter, in turn, are divided into several types. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries: - SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. See main sentence...
Dictionary of literary terms
APPENDIX, weave, m. Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ... The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ...
Literary encyclopedia- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Literary encyclopedia subordinate clause - linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence...
Dictionary of many expressions- (following paragraph, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Riemann's Dictionary of Music
Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
The means of connecting sentences are all syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in studying Russian syntax.
Subordinate clause: definition
An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a part that is dependent on the main one. There was white snow in the fields when they went to the village. Here is the main offer There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence because it has a predicative basis. However, being associated with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This distinguishes the main part of a complex sentence from a subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is part of a complex sentence, dependent on the main part.
Subordinate clause: types
There are four types of subordinate clauses. The type of dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main clause.
| Name | Meaning | Example |
| Definitive | One word in the main sentence asks a question (or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question | At that time he led the ensemble where Ilyin played. (ensemble (which?) where Ilyin played) |
| Explanatory | From one word in the main sentence the question of the indirect case is asked: what? what? how? about what? whom? to whom? by whom? about whom? | Imagine how happy she will be! (can you imagine (what?) how happy she will be) |
| Circumstantial | From one word in the main sentence the question of circumstance is asked: Where? When? where? How? For what? and others | He did what cowards do. (acted (how?) as cowards act) |
| Connection | Any question is asked from the entire main sentence. | There was a strong wind, which is why the flights were cancelled. (flights were canceled (why?) because there was a strong wind) |
Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task facing the student.
Subordinate clause
Determinatives, examples of which are given in the table, consist of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive clause refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun.
A attributive clause is an example of the formation of attributive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part agrees with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (which one?), in the vastness of which a ship appeared).
Subordinate clause: features
There are some peculiarities in IPPs with attributive clauses. Examples from the table will help you understand.
| Peculiarities | Examples |
| A subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, usually with a conjunctive word ( whose, which, what, where, which and others). | He was shocked by the picture (what?) that hung in the living room. The city (which one?) where magnolias grow, he remembered forever. |
| In the main part of the dictionary there may be demonstrative pronouns associated with allied words that, that, such and others. | In the city (which one?) where we were vacationing, there are many historical monuments. The apple orchard gave off such an aroma (what?) that only happens on warm May days. |
| The attributive clauses must follow immediately after the word being defined. | The photograph (which one?) that is in his notebook was given to him by Olga. Everyone remembered the day (what?) when they met. |
| Subordinate clause (examples of sentences with a conjunction word which) can be separated from the main word by other parts of sentences. | The room within which the gallery was located was well lit. In the evenings in the resort town you could hear the sound of the sea, with seagulls screaming in the background. |
Correlative clauses
Complex sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the SPP the subject or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by a defining or demonstrative pronoun on which the subordinate attributive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronominal-definitive). That is, sentences in which there is a relationship between a pronoun in the main part and in the dependent part are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.
Examples: They only told him what happenednecessary(ratio that+what). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(the ratio so + that). The answer was the same as the question itself(ratio such + as). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the entire unit immediately heard and formed(the ratio such + that). A distinctive feature of pronominal clauses is that they can precede the main clause: Anyone who has not been to Lake Baikal has not seen the true beauty of nature.
Subordinate clause: examples from fiction
There are many options for complex sentences with a subordinate clause.
Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A Bunin: The northern provincial town (which one?), where my family remained,... was far from me. At the early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you would open the window...
A.S. Pushkin: In one minute the road skidded, the surroundings disappeared into the darkness (what?)..., through which white flakes of snow flew... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) with which a chained bear bows to his masters on the orders of his leader.
T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... The feelings (what?) that an outcast experiences came flooded into her.
The subordinate attributive clause (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of meaning to the main word, having a broad descriptive ability, allowing the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object.
Impaired construction of sentences with attributive clauses
In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where the attributive clause is used incorrectly. An example of a similar task: H An investor came to the city who was responsible for financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.
It is necessary to see the mistake and use the attributive clause correctly. Example: The official who was responsible for financing the project came to the city. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in the creative works of students, there are other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.
| Example | Characteristics of errors | Corrected version |
| She was helped out by someone she had helped in the past. | Unreasonable omission of the demonstrative pronoun | She was rescued by someone she had helped in the past. |
| Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. | Incorrect agreement of the allied word with the main word | Narwhal is a unique animal that lives in the Kara Sea. |
| People opened their mouths in surprise, amazed at the action taking place. | Logical and semantic connections are not observed | People who were amazed by the action taking place opened their mouths in surprise. |
Determinative clause and participle phrase
Sentences containing a participial clause are semantically similar to a complex sentence containing a subordinate clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak tree that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to the participial phrase, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.
1. Questions: comparative clauses answer the questions: How? like what? However, it is not always possible to ask exactly these questions about a comparative clause. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to their means of communication.
2. Communications: comparative clauses are attached to the main clause unions: as, as if, as if, as if, just like that(meaning “how”), as if, no matter what, just as, just like, than, rather than, than if, than... then and etc.
Complex sentences with comparative conjunctions in the main clause may have demonstrative words with the meaning of measure and degree:
Wind vomited overcoat So [How?], as if he wanted to tear her in two(Telpugov).
Such subordinate clauses combine the meaning of comparison with the meaning of manner of action and degree. In a number of manuals they are referred to as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree.
A special group among sentences with comparative clauses are those in the main clause of which there is an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree, and the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the conjunctions than, rather than:
Your mind contains far more thoughts, feelings, and poetic power than you realised.(Paustovsky); The young man received more from home than he should have expected(Pushkin); Rather than go to the bridge, let's look for a ford(Krylov).
Instead of the comparative degree form, the pronouns other, other, and the pronominal adverb otherwise are also used:
Of course, Crimea turned out to be completely different than I thought about it(Paustovsky).
This group of complex sentences is distinguished not only by its special structure, but also by its special meaning. In a number of manuals, such constructions are distinguished as independent types of subordinate clauses.
A special place in the system of complex sentences is also occupied by sentences with the double conjunction than... that. It is difficult to distinguish between the main and subordinate clauses in them, since both parts cannot exist independently. Traditionally, a subordinate clause is considered to have the first part with the than part of the conjunction, while the second part (with the the part of the conjunction) is considered the main clause:
The less we love a woman, the easier it is for her to like us(Pushkin).
3. Place in a sentence: comparative clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.
Serve me[How?], how did you serve him(Pushkin).
, (How- union).
With dull sounds[like what?], as if someone hits a cardboard box with their palm, grenades explode(Perventsev).
[ , (as if- union),].
The closer the day's shooting comes to an end, the more grumpy and becomes more unceremonious surveyor(Kuprin).
(how), [those ].
Note!
1) As already noted, comparative clauses are close in meaning to clauses of manner and degree. Sometimes you can ask both of them the same question: how? . In the main clause of complex sentences with such subordinate clauses there may be the same demonstrative words, first of all - the demonstrative word so. Therefore, to distinguish between these types of subordinate clauses, it is necessary to take into account the totality of all features. Please also note that both in the subordinate clause of manner of action and degree it is a conjunctive word, and in the comparative clause it is a conjunction.
2) Comparative clauses are often incomplete sentences.
Wide shadows walk across the plain like clouds across the sky(Chekhov) - predicate omitted walk.
It is necessary to distinguish an incomplete subordinate clause from a comparative clause. In a comparative clause, the predicate may be omitted - it is already named in the main clause (see example above). Since in a subordinate clause with an omitted predicate, the subject and secondary members remain, grammatically dependent on the predicate (adverbial, complement), the predicate can be easily restored.
Wed: His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg in a shell.(Chekhov). - His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg concluded into the shell.
If in a comparative construction there are no members of the sentence that depend on the predicate, then it turns into a comparative phrase.
They drank grandma's liqueurs, yellow as gold, dark as tar, and green(M. Gorky).
3) The means of communication than, than... that in comparative clauses are conjunctions, not allied words (these are not pronouns in the instrumental case!).