Ending nouns in the genitive case. Genitive plural nouns: rules and examples. Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

homeHow to correctly: accountants,or accountants,accountants, turners accountants,turner, contracts

agreement. In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings (-A ) -I or (-s ) .

-And or (-s ): Most masculine nouns have a plural ending in the nominative casefactory s, con And In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings (-A ) :. However, a number of nouns in this case end in stressedaddress A, kra . I In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings (-A ) Nowadays, the growth of forms by In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings(-A) –or(-s continues intensively. However, the use of some of them in literary speech is non-normative. If available

) the former retain a colloquial or even colloquial character.

When choosing one of the options, you need to take into account a number of factors. The main ones are the following. Word structure and stress: ending-and I) have, as a rule, monosyllabic words and words with singular stress on the first syllable: l eaddress s – forestaddress ; , evening - evening towards the end-s(s) polysyllabic (and some trisyllabic) words with stress on the middle syllable tend to be:: l library: l kar-libliot kari. or(-s Forms on ) they also prefer words with stress on the final syllable:Great Danes OGreat Danes r – dogov: l ry (not a contract!), boxing: l r-box

ry. Origin of the word: words of French origin (with stressed suffixes-er/-er ) and words of Latin origin (in), -tor In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings (-A): denoting inanimate objects, have in one case director, professor towards the end:, and in others kari. In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings(-A) authors, instructors. or(-s) are formed from words of widespread use that have lost their bookish character, and forms based on remain in words that retain a bookish tone:address doctorfactory .

, but lecturer Stylistic differentiation: – or(-s), in the presence of doublet forms, it is necessary to delimit the forms that are normative for a modern general literary language, characteristic of bookish, mainly written speech, into In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings(-A):from colloquial, colloquial or professional, sometimes with a touch of obsolescence, forms toaddress accountantaddress , choiceaddress , contractaddress , driveraddress .

, coffin Options with ending-and I) are widespread in speech, but it should be remembered that they are often facts of common speech and are unacceptable from the point of view of linguistic norms, for example: accountant, thermos, sentence. Some words with endings are acceptable only in colloquial or professional speech (for example, compressor, contract, report), and in a more formal communication situation, you should use the option with -s/-s (compressors, contracts, reports).

With the accented ending -а (-я) are used:

fan, director, doctor, professor,

boats, clovers, feed, boxes, bodies,

seine, vacations, passports, haystacks,

watchman, outhouse, stable, ramrod,

stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

With an unstruck endingor (-s ) are used:

elections, treaties, verdicts, handwriting,

engineers, drivers, accountants, editors,

doctors, lecturers, proofreaders, grooms,

tractors, ports, mines, fronts,valves

Equal options are the words:

mechanics and mechanics, bakers and bakers, workshops and workshops,

inspectors and inspectors, paramedics and paramedics.

They differ in the meaning of the form:

housing(military formations) – buildings(torso);

image(icons) – images(literary and artistic);

reasons(reins) – reasons(motivations);

belts(piece of clothing) – belts(sentinels);

teachers(teachers) – teachers(ideological);

sable(fur) – sables(animals), etc.

Noun endings in the genitive plural

In modern literary language, nouns have the largest number of endings in genitive plural .

1. Masculine nouns of the 2nd declension

homebox of tomato accountants,a box of tomatoes, three Bulgarians accountants,three Bulgarians, without shoulder straps accountants,without shoulder straps, ten hectares accountants,ten hectares

For most masculine nouns of the 2nd declension, the standard endings in this form are -ov/-ev , if the stem ends with a hard non-sibilant consonant or th (orange– oranges, beehive– hives), And -to her , if the stem ends with a soft or sibilant consonant (ruble– rubles, ball– balls).

Some nouns in the genitive plural form have zero ending. These nouns belong to the following semantic groups.

1 . Names of some peoples, nationalities, tribes, inhabitants of the area. Zero-ending forms are normative in the following cases: English– (many who?) British, Armenians– Armenians, Bashkirs– Bashkirs, Bulgarians– Bulgarians, Georgians– Georgians, Lezgins– Lezgins, Moldovans– Moldovans, Ossetians– Ossetians, Romanians– Romanians, Tatars– Tatars, Turks– Turks, Khazars–Khazars, gypsies– Gypsy. Sometimes both endings are correct: Karelians– Karelian And Karelians, Buryats– Buryat And Buryats, Turkmens– Turkmen And Turkmens. In other cases, only the ending should be used -s accountants, -to her : Hungarians– Hungarians, Kalmyks– Kalmyks, Uzbeks– Uzbeks, Tajiks– Tajiks, Yakuts– Yakuts, Chuvashs– Chuvash, Chukchi– Chukchi etc. Names of residents, formed from geographical names and in the nominative plural ending in -but not , in the genitive case it should be used with zero ending: Kyivians– residents of Kiev, Khabarovsk– Khabarovsk residents etc.

Names of some paired items(mainly shoes and clothing items). Remember: boots– (without what?) boot, boots– boots, felt boots– felt boots, moccasins– moccasin, shoulder straps– shoulder straps, boots– boot, stockings– stocking, epaulettes– epaulet. Sometimes both endings are used: bots– bots and acceptable bot;– sneakers and acceptable sneakers– sneakers; And high boots unt -s untov.– In some cases, only the ending is correct– : knee socks

golf socks, clips clips. Names of persons according to military formations. In modern speech, many of the words of this group have passed into the passive dictionary: midshipman, grenadier, hussar, dragoon, cuirassier, cadet, lancer;.

this also includes forms soldier, submarine, partisan, janissary 4. Names of units of measurement. -ov/-ev Options with a zero ending are acceptable if these words are used in combination with numerals, for example: two hundred volts, ten amperes, five microns etc. In other combinations, it is more correct to use the ending And : consists of amperes, watts calculation, volts calculation etc. For words -s kilograms grams in the genitive plural the preferred ending is(accounting kilograms, grams). Forms with zero endings are acceptable in combination with numerals in colloquial and professional speech(two hundred kilograms, five hundred grams). -s Word

hectares

Some words with endings

It is recommended to use only with the ending

(hectares).

Them. P.

vase, nanny

□ | -o, -e

crane, field

-ies

abundance

-and I

Some words with endings

Genus. P.

—, con

crane, field

-s/-s

vases, nannies

tap, fields

abundance

-ii

Dat. P.

-e

-s

vase, nanny

-y / -yu

—crane, field

-yu

abundance

II

Vin. P.

Them. P.

vase, nanny

□ | -o, -e

vase, nanny

-у/-у

vase, nanny

□ | -o/-e

TV P.

-oh/-ey

abundance

vase, nanny

-om / -em

—crane, field

-iem

abundance

abundance

abundance

yeah

-s

vases, nannies

Suggestion P.

vases, nannies

1.1. about the vase, about the nanny —about the tap, about the field about abundance —Words on and I —Words on should be distinguished from words on abundance ya

(Marya, Natalya, Sophia). Words on are declined according to the rules of the first declension and have the ending : l in the dative and prepositional cases singular. Compare: Dat. P. - , con;

Pigweed , But: : l in the dative and prepositional cases singular. Compare: Marie , con

Suggestion P. - about Mary» - « about Marie This also applies to pairs like “ doctrine study

", "doubt" - "doubt". The first option is inclined as words to - no , the second - as words of the second declension. -And. For example : to forget , con.

1.2. Nouns on —th, —about the tap, about the field With monosyllabic stem(i.e. consisting of more than one syllable) in the prepositional singular case in unstressed position end with —: l.

For example:

cue - about cues, Viy - about Viya, serpent - about the serpent, Leah - about Leah

Under stress at the end it says “ —, con ».

crush - about crush

1.3. Unstressed nouns —b, kra And —ye have a genitive plural ending - th or ev : warbler Words on- warbler th, bad weather ye- bad weather th; mouth ye- ust ev, kel Words on- kel , conth,

And for the drums - Words on And —yo - ending —to her . For example: rouge yo- rouge to her ,stat Words on- stat to her, seven Words on- seven to her (But: cop yo- cop th ).

1.4 Contrary to the basic rule, the following words with a non-monosyllabic stem V unstressed position have an ending —, con , but not abundance :

1. Masculine and neuter words in - th And - doctrine(lithium, position) in the singular prepositional case: about lithi , con , about the situation , con .
2. Feminine words for —about the tap, about the field (Switzerland) in the prepositional and dative singular: to Switzerland , con, about Switzerland , con .

1.5. In masculine and neuter nouns with a suffix —search- —: l , for feminine nouns - ending —address . For example:
A) oak - oak looking for, fence - fence looking for, miracle - miracle looking for;
b) jet- stru looking for, heat - heat looking for.

In the nominative plural of such feminine and masculine words the ending is written —, con , and the average —address .

1.6. For nouns with suffixes -ushk-, -yushk-, -yshk-, -ishk- -chic- in the nominative singular case it is put:
a) ending —address - for masculine words that name animate objects, and for feminine words, for example: son address, boy address, sudarushk address, raspberry address, old lady address, edge address;
b) ending —Great Danes - for masculine words that name inanimate objects, and for neuter words: cover Great Danes, little boat Great Danes, column Great Danes, chest Great Danes, golden Great Danes.

1.7. In animate nouns of the masculine and general gender after the suffix —l— in the nominative singular case there is an ending —address , For example: chudi la, devils la ; the neuter gender has an ending —Great Danes , For example: bedspread Great Danes , took O.

1.8. Names of settlements on -ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yn have a singular ending in the instrumental case -ohm : Pavshin, Rumyantsev, Maryin, Erin. These words must be distinguished from surnames, which in this case will have the ending -th: Pavshin, Rumyantsev, Maryin etc.

Note. Now for toponyms on - ovo, -evo, -ino, -ino two options are normative: indeclinable and indeclinable, but indeclinable refers to strict literary speech and it is advisable to use it in official speeches, etc.

But: these toponyms don't bow in the presence of a generic word, for example: from district Brateevo, from villages Yegorovo. But without it, declination is already possible : from Brateev, from Egorov.

Table of plural endings

Short version:

Detailed version with examples for the plural:

Case	1st declension	2nd declension	3rd declension	on -ies	na-iya
hectares	-s | -And -and I	-s, -i, -a, -i cranes, apples, haystacks, fields	-s	-A -s/-s	-s
-ies	vaz, nyan	-ov, -ey, □ cranes, fields, suns	speeches	abundance	mantles
tap, fields	-am | -yam vases, nannies	-am, -yam cranes, fields	-am, -yam speeches, days	-yam abundance
-yu	-ы/□ | and/□ vases / mums | nannies/hands	-s, -i, -a, -i cranes, apples, haystacks, fields	-s	-A -s/-s	vases, nannies
-у/-у	-ami | -yami vases, nannies	-ami, -yami cranes, fields	-ami/s speeches, days	-yami abundance	-yami robes
-iem	-ah | -I about vases, about nannies	-ah, -yah about cranes, about fields	-ah, yah about speeches, about days	-s Suggestion P.	-I about robes

2.1 . For homonyms, the ending in the nominative plural sometimes depends on the meaning of the word: frame factory (body, torso) - frame address (buildings), order factory (communities, organizations) - order address (awards), fur , con (air supply device) - fur address (skin material)

2.2. For feminine nouns ending in In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings , in the genitive plural the soft sign is not placed after sibilants: mother-in-law (mother-in-law), nag (nag), chasch (thicket), dacha (dacha).

2.3. In the genitive plural of nouns —nya with a preceding consonant, a soft sign is not written at the end, for example: , cherriesnya- cheresh en, smokehouse nya- smoked en, anvil nya- anvil en.
Exceptions: young ladies b, hawthorn b, villages b, kitchen b.

2.4 . Some words have the suffix “ EU" before ending. For example, the words “ miracle» - « miracles», « sky» - « heaven».

Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns include the words “ path», « child"and 10 words on -me: « crown», « tribe», « banner», « seed», « udder», « time», « burden», « stirrup», « Name», « flame" These words have endings characteristic of different declensions. In the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular they end in -s .

Case
Them.		paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children
Genus.		paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children
Dat.	path, flame, seed, stirrup, child	paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children
Vin.	path, flame, seed, stirrup, child	paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children
TV	by way, flame, seed, stirrup, child	paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children
Suggestion	(about) path, flame, seed, stirrup, child	paths, flames, seeds, stirrups, children

Table 1 - Case endings of singular nouns

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-and I wives address, earth , kra	, -o, -e horse, sat down Great Danes, floor : l	night, horse
R. p.	-s, -i wives factory, earth , con	-and I con , kra, sat down address, floor , kra	-s night , con, horses , con
D. p.	abundance wives : l, earth : l	-u, -yu con Yu, sat down at, floor Yu	-s night , con, horses , con
V. p.	-u, -yu wives at, earth Yu	, -a, -i, -o, -e con , kra, sat down Great Danes, floor : l	night, horse
etc.	-oh (-oh), -ey (-her) wives Ouch, earth to her	-om, -eat con eat, sat down ohm, floor eat	-yu night yu, horses yu
P. p.	abundance wives : l, earth : l	-e, -i con : l, sat down : l, floor : l	-s night , con, horses , con

In singular case endings it is written:

1. letter : l : in the dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the 1st declension and in the prepositional case of the 2nd declension (except for words in crane, field , -th , vase, nanny ), For example: to factories : l, to factories : l, to the ground : l, about the battery : l, to become : l; to factory : l, to the machine : l; about pestilence : l; all L : l;
2. letter , con :
   • in the genitive case of nouns of the first declension, for example: at the factories , con, near the ground , con, near the battery , con, from becoming , con;
   • in the prepositional case of nouns of the II declension on vase, nanny , -th , For example: in the lecture hall , con, in excitement , con, about worldview , con ;
   • in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the first declension in crane, field , nouns of the third declension and heterodeclinable neuter nouns on -me , For example: from the collection , con, to the collection , con, in the collection , con; from overcoats , con, to the overcoat , con, in an overcoat , con; at the banners , con, to the banners , con, about the banner , con.

It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on vase, nanny And no , For example: be in thought , con, be fully prepared , con (ending -s ); be in thought : l, be on the coast : l (ending abundance ).

Case endings in surnames and titles

In Russian surnames -in(-yn) and on -s(-s) in the instrumental case the singular is written -th (like adjectives), for example: with Vyacheslav Demin th, with Rostislav Sinitsyn th, with Kirill Kolosov th . The ending is written in foreign surnames -ohm , For example: Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm .

In the names of settlements on -in(-yn) , -s(-s) , -ino(-ino) , -ovo(-evo) in the instrumental case the singular ending is written -ohm (as in nouns), for example: near the city of Kashin ohm, Borodin village ohm, the city of Dmitrov ohm .

Case endings for plural nouns

Table 2 - Case endings of plural nouns

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-s, -i wives factory, earth , con	a, -i, -s, -i con , con, sat down address, floor , kra	-s night , con, horses , con
R. p.	wives, lands	-ov, -ey, con to her, sat down, floor to her	-to her night to her, horses to her
D. p.	-am, -yam wives am, earth yam	-am, -yam con yam, sat down am, floor yam	-am, -yam night am, horses yam
V. p.	-s, -i, wives, land , con	-a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov con to her, sat down address, floor , kra	-and, -ey night , con, horses to her
etc.	-ami, -yami wives ami, earth yami	-ami, -yami con yami, sat down ami, floor yami	-ami, -yami night ami, horses yami
P. p.	-ah, -yah wives Oh, earth I	-ah, -yah con I, sat down Oh, floor I	-ah, -yah night Oh, horses I

1. In the genitive plural, after the sibilants, the letter b is not written, for example: solution tasks, repair dwellings.
2. In the genitive plural of nouns, -ya And no in unstressed position it is written -th , under stress - -to her , For example: liar th(liar), delusion th(meditation), But stat to her(article), scam to her(bench). Exceptions: Rouge to her(gun), dress ev(dress), ust ev(mouth), upper reaches ev(upstream), downstream ev(lower reaches).
   In nouns -and I , vase, nanny in the genitive case it is always written -th , For example: lin th(line), built th(building).
3. If nouns in the genitive plural end in -en , then the soft sign is not written, for example: songs, cherries ( Wed apple trees, kitchens). After -en letter in the genitive case b written in words villages b, young ladies b .

Declension of nouns

Declension is the change of words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) according to cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are reflected in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

Declension type	Explanations and examples	Note
1st declension	Feminine, masculine and general nouns with the ending -а / -я in the nominative singular case: wife, earth, servant, young man, bully.	Nouns in -ia (army, Greece) have the ending -i in the dative and prepositional singular cases.
2nd declension	Masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular and neuter nouns with the ending -о/-е in the nominative singular: law, horse, village, field.	Nouns ending in -i and -i (genius, mood) have the ending -i in the prepositional singular case.
3rd declension	Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular: spruce, mouse, daughter, horse, joy.	For nouns ending in the nominative and accusative cases with a sibilant, a soft sign is always written at the end: mouse, daughter.

In the plural, there are practically no differences between types of declension, so we can separately talk about the special declension of plural nouns.

On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances. So, the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question is where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to the lecture, to the lesson); question is where? assumes the prepositional case (in the forest, at the lecture, at the lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions.

(3rd grade) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called the indirect cases.

	1st declension	2nd declension	3rd declension	Declension in plural
		mood
		mood
		mood		times
		mood
	bully-oh	law, in the mood		laws from time to time
	about the army	about the law mood		time-ah

Variants of endings for the nominative plural of masculine nouns authors/shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have a stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silk, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc.;

2) many two-syllable nouns that have an accent on the first syllable in the singular form, for example: shore - shores, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, it is impossible to find strict patterns in the distribution of nouns by variant endings, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow a double formation of the nominative plural:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural have different meanings. Here are the most common words:

teeth (in mouth) roots (of plants) body (torso) camps (socio-political) sheets (iron, paper) bellows (blacksmith's) images (artistic) orders (knightly, monastic) belts (geographical) seeing off (someone) omissions (oversights) abacus (device) sables (animals) sons (of the Motherland) tones (sound) brakes (obstacles) flowers (plants) breads (baked)

teeth (teeth) roots (dried vegetables) corps (buildings, military units) camps (military, children's) leaves (of plants) furs (cured skins) image (icon) orders (insignia) belts wires (electrical) passes (documents) invoices (documents for payment) sable (fur) sons (mother) tones (shades of color) brakes (device) colors (paints) bread (cereals).

Variants of genitive plural endings for nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​the tongue. We present in the table the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

with ending -	with ending -ov(-ev)	with ending -ee
British, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmen, Gypsies, Turks; partisans, soldiers, hussars, dragoons, cuirassiers; felt boots, boots, stockings, boots, shoulder straps, epaulettes; ampere, watt, volt, ohm, arshin, micron, hertz, x-ray; knees, shoulders, numbers, chairs, logs, linens, fibers, ribs, cores, rods, kitchens, poker, shutters (shutter), fables, songs, gossip, domain (blast furnace), cherries, slaughterhouse (slaughterhouse), young ladies, hawthorns , villages, blankets, towels, saucers, waffles, shoes, roofings, shafts, weddings, estates, nannies, affairs; splashes, trousers, beads, vacations, pasta, money, darkness, stretchers, sleds.	Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts; dresses, mouths, apprentices, socks; meters, grams, kilograms, hectares, rails; oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, lemons; swamps, kopyttsev, troughs, laces, windows; frosts, clavichords, rags, rags, scum.	guns, joules, candles (but: The game is not worth the candle); skittles, sakleys, strife, rickshaws, pashas, ​​young men; everyday life, mites, mangers, yeast, firewood, people, bran, sleighs.

Indeclinable nouns

The divergent nouns include ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the masculine noun path. They are called heterodeclinable because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em/-em.

Nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive plural case - (seeds, stirrups).

We show the changes in differently inflected nouns in the following table.

	Singular	Plural
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, put-i
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	times, seeds, ways
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	time-am, seed-am, put-yam
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, put-i
	time, seed, way	times, seeds, ways
	about time-and, seed-and, put-and	about times, seeds, ways

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign language nouns with vowel stems (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign language feminine nouns with a consonant (Miss, Mrs., Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko’s poem, read about Zhivago, with Durnovo) and compound words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) your coat; You will be hot in this (which? in what? - prepositional) coat.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if there are any), by the verb (if there is one) or by the context, for example: These (which are the plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the store.

Indeclinable nouns mainly belong to the neuter gender: popsicle, metro, muffler, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes to the masculine gender: coffee, penalty. The gender of many of these nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue is a type of street), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi is a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi is a city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: a wonderful Youth Theater (theater for young spectators), a new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than the cake (sweeter than the cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).

Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's give him a bath in warmer water (definition).

The superlative degree denotes the superiority of a given subject compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.

The simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wisest

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We approached the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is taller than everyone else in school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words

Adjective.
In a sentence it often acts as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).	In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He draws (how?) more beautifully than anyone else in school (circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate). At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate).

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Numerals denoting whole numbers change by case and for the most part do not have gender or number.

Only the numerals two and one and a half change by gender. They have two forms of gender: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half bags, sat - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

	Masculine singular	Neuter singular	Feminine singular	Plural
	one-year mom'shandkerchief	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coats	one of their sleighs mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	one-year mom'shandkerchief	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mother's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	about one year mother's scarf	about one village mom's ring	about one book mom's fur coat	about one of their sleighs mother's fur coats

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as third declension nouns.

	Declension
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	about five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred have only two case forms.

The cardinal numerals denoting integers contain many complex words formed by adding stems, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numerals from fifty to eighty and From two hundred to nine hundred both parts decline. If numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and composite numerals denoting integers in the following table.

	Declension
	sixty, three hundred-, five hundred- forty seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty seven
	about sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty-seven

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers denote several objects as one whole. Unlike numerals, which denote whole numbers, and from fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without being combined with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two-thirds).

Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numerals from two up to ten using the suffixes -oi- (two (double-e), three (troy-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They are combined:

1) with nouns denoting male persons: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting young animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only a plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numbers vary by case. In oblique cases they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two forms of gender: the form oba in combination with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form oba in combination with feminine nouns (both girls). In oblique cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems obo- and obo-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (subject).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

The 2nd person pronouns your, your indicate belonging to the interlocutor(s): Your car has broken down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette, the pronoun Vash, written with a capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

The 3rd person pronouns his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider(s): His pen does not write; Her friends went to the seaside; Their child began to cry.

The general person pronoun his indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general persons (my, ours, yours, yours, yours) change according to gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

	Masculine, singular	Neuter gender, singular	Feminine, singular	Plural
	mom's wow	mom's wow
	mommy	mommy
				mom's
	about mom's	about mom's	oh mommy	about mom's

The 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, their do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative case forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by question and by their role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) her (addition) - the accusative case form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) she is not (addition) - the genitive case form of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - 3rd person possessive pronoun her.

We show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative case from possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs.

Verb conjugations. Heterogeneously conjugated verbs and special conjugations

Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change for persons and numbers in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two different verb conjugations.

The I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

II conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

On the spelling of personal endings of verbs, see: Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs.

In addition, in the Russian language there are heterogeneously conjugated verbs want, run, honor, dawn, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, dawn, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.

						disdain
						Note: due to the peculiarities of its meaning, this verb cannot have 1st and 2nd person forms.

Note 1. In the literary norm, it is also permissible to conjugate the verb to honor as a verb of the second conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

I burn - I burn,

you burn - you burn,

burns - burns.

Verbs formed from it using prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, cauterize, burn. The forms you burn, burn, burn, burn, common in oral speech are not normative.

Special conjugations include the verbs give, create, eat, as well as all verbs formed from them using prefixes (give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

yes-m yes-im yes yes yes yes yes-st-dad-ut	created by created by create it, create it created-st created-ut	e-st ed-ite e-st ed-yat

Some verbs of the first conjugation can have double forms of the present and future perfect tense: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -о / -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than anyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (smaller) manifestation of a characteristic, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-ee (beautiful-ee)

wisely - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sincerely - sincerely (sincerely)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - neither and-e

thin - thinner

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (smallest) degree of manifestation of a characteristic, for example: He jumped the furthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of simple superlative adverbs have practically disappeared from the language. There are only three outdated words left from the speech etiquette of the past: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

The compound superlative is formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to adverbs most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of all is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of a given class.

This light bulb shines brightest (of all things that shine).

This light bulb shines brighter than all (all other light bulbs).

He laughed more fun than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same: quieter, more beautiful; quietest, most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by their role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adverbs, adjectives and condition words

	Adjective
In a sentence it is more often used as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).	In a sentence it refers to a verb and is used as an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He's drawing(How?) the prettiest girl in school(circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will(what?) even hotter(predicate). This time of year(what?) the dirtiest thing is on the street(predicate).

The genitive case is necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); an action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), an action and its object (building a house), an action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

Nouns in the genitive case have the meaning:
duration of action	course of action	scene	reasons for action	action goals
after lunch in the middle of the day until the evening	without sadness without enthusiasm without a light	from the city near school from under a bush	with joy out of curiosity out of resentment	for work for study

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as adverbials.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?

If someone has these questions, it’s normal.

The biggest headache is the genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive case

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined by the initial form before the end (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form also in most cases has a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?
no Englishmen, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldovans, Mohicans, Mordvins, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, elders, soldiers, partisans, gypsies,	there are no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, tsars, princes, youths, guys	no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, midshipmen, Bedouins, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons, lancers, apprentices
with a collective meaning - a squadron of hussars, a regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; grenadier company, cadet squad
items
stocking, boot, felt boot, oporok, shoulder strap,	paths, roots	roots, boots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, key rings,
units
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, kopecks, 5 carats	seven spans, 100 rubles	10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters, meters, millimeters, centimeters, poods, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugrs, sterling
product names
no pasta		a lot of apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, lemons, tangerines,

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.