Interjections in Russian. Information and reference system for supporting the education of foreign citizens using modern information technologies Interjections expressing generally accepted forms of greeting
10th grade
"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjections
Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, and the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.
DURING THE CLASSES
Teacher's opening speech.
Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection “an unclear and foggy category”, “an unfortunate misunderstanding,” meaning the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. subsequently worked in this direction. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. Academician V.V. made a great contribution to the study of interjections. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech. The originality of interjections by V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech.
N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from parts of speech.
In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.
Updating basic knowledge.
– What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)
– What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on certain characteristics.)
– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)
– What two groups are parts of speech divided into? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and auxiliary.)
– Which part of speech occupies a special place, not relating to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)
Studying the topic of the lesson.
- So, what is an interjection? (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and auxiliary parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)
– How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (An interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)
– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections “have a semantic content realized by the collective.” How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradova? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fee, what disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, I'm tired of it!), interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired of you!).)
– Right. The attachment of a certain content to one or another interjection is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “Rumor”:
More powerful than an organ and louder than a tambourine
Word of mouth - and one for everyone:
Oh - when it’s difficult and ah - when it’s wonderful,
But it’s not given - oh!
What is the difference between interjections and functional parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)
– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From a morphological point of view, interjections are lexical units that do not have inflectional forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not interact with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. As part of a sentence, interjections always remain separately, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation mark on the letter.)
– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; Fathers, that's it, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)
– Give linguistic commentary to the following examples:
1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) ooh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, come on.
1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.
2) The repetition may be incomplete.
3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a reversal of the vowel and consonant.
4) Individual interjections can be combined with a pronominal you, imperative plural ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)
– What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: yeah, wow, shoo, kys-kys, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh there are no vowel sounds. In interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)
– Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and function words. And on the basis of interjections significant words can be formed: gasp, akanye, gasp, nook, nook etc.)
– According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try dividing the interjections below into two groups and establishing a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, fie, hurray, fathers, hello, Lord, shh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, fathers, Lord, phi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, and serve to identify a person’s attitude to reality and to the speech of the interlocutor.
Interjections bis, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)
- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections; those belonging to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Ouch ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Ouch can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)
– Determine which category the following interjections belong to: That's enough, well, let's go, march. (These are incentive interjections.)
– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include interjection in various speech situations Well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)
– Some linguists identify well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections – etiquette ones: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking about whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.
The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative meanings of their components.
Expressions goodbye (those), forgive (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are verbs in the imperative mood. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:
– I won’t go to the cinema today.
- Hello, you promised.
Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest or disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, sorry.)
- Well done! And now I will name several verbal complexes. You've certainly heard them: Lord my God, Mother Queen of Heaven, please tell me... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)
– Scientists note their structural dismemberment, phraseology, and semantic integrity. Try to continue this series of examples. (My father, my God, the devil knows what, that’s it, it’s a waste of time, that’s a miracle, damn it, pray tell, that’s a pound, etc.)
– Make up sentences using these examples.
Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see or meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And are you here?, How did you get here? You didn't intend to come here. Who do I see?!, or maybe with one interjection: Bah!
You can call for silence and calm down with the following sentences: Quiet please, I can't hear anything or maybe with one interjection: Shh!)
Practical part of the lesson.
Exercise 1. Vocabulary dictation crossword puzzle on the topic “Feelings”. The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, students write down the word corresponding to this lexical meaning.
Supreme satisfaction, delight. – Delight.
Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. – Anger.
The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. – Astonishment.
A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what is going on. – Confusion.
Feeling of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. – Annoyance.
A feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being or success of another. – Envy.
A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. – Pleasure.
A strong objection to something. – Protest.
Expression of disapproval, condemnation. – Condemnation.
Task 2 . Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Students were given sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled in. Interjections to choose from: ehma, chur, uh, fu, uf, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, chick, eh. Come up with examples of using interjections in speech.
When finished, the table will look like this:
| No. | Interjection | Expressed interjection meaning |
Examples use in speech |
| 1 | Sha | An exclamation meaning “it’s time to finish, that’s enough” | Let's run - and sha! |
| 2 | Hey | Expresses distrust and ridicule | Hey, what did you want! |
| 3 | Chu | Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, unclear or distant sound | Chu! Something crackled in the garden. |
| 4 | E | Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings | Eh, how did you end up here? Eh, I don't agree. |
| 5 | Wow | Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings | Wow, fidget! Wow, you'll get it from your grandmother! |
| 6 | Chur | 1. An exclamation that demands compliance with some condition. 2. An exclamation (usually in children's games), which is forbidden to touch something or go beyond some limit. | Just don't touch me! It's not me! |
| 7 | U | Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions | Wow, how tanned you are! Ooh, shameless! |
| 8 | Tsyts | A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or be silent | Tsits, Valentin! |
| 9 | Eh | Expresses regret, reproach, concern | Eh, what can I tell you after everything! |
| 10 | Ugh | Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief | Phew, how hard! |
| 11 | Ehma | Expresses regret, surprise, determination and other similar feelings | Ehma, I didn't expect this. |
| 12 | Ugh | Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust | Ugh, I'm tired of it! |
| 13 | Oh | Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings | Oh, I can't stand it anymore! |
Task 3. Determine the part-speech affiliation of the highlighted words. Justify your answer.
1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) Hopes arose And he became cheerful again.
1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, Gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk, A?
Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting various interjections.
(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!)
Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples: Come on, come on, let's go to the river, go to the room.
Many motivating interjections are close to forms of the imperative mood; this closeness is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manipulate other words (come on, let's go to the river, go to the room).
Task 6. Remember proverbs that contain interjections.
It’s too much for one to give it to anyone.
Ay-ay, the month of May is warm but cold.
Oh, oh, but there’s nothing to help with.
Oh, what melancholy! I wouldn’t let go of a piece of food, I would eat everything and sing songs.
Oh-ho-ho-ho-honnyushki, it’s bad for Afonushka to live.
Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.
2) If the guy in the mountains doesn’t Oh, if you immediately become limp and down, step onto the glacier and wilt... (V. Vysotsky)
3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)
4) He could not remain silent, could not smile condescendingly or get away with his disgusting "A!"– he had to say something. (Yu. Kazakov)
5) What happened to the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)
Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as various members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 – predicate, example 3 – subject, example 4 – object, example 5 – adverbial. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gains the ability to have a definition.
Task 8. Linguistic scientists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:
a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;
b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;
c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.
Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.
A) Aha!, ay!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurray! etc.;
b) a!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, fie!, fu!, eh! etc.;
V) bah!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, so cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.
The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are interjections a!, ah!, ay!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.
Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to one group or another.
1) Someone, driving her, said over her ear: “Oh, my eyes!” (A. Tolstoy)
2) Oh, turn them back! – the nervous lady moaned. - Ugh, how stupid you all are! (A. Kuprin)
3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)
4) Panteley Prokofievich busily looked at the black head sticking out of a heap of diapers, and not without pride he confirmed: “Our blood... Ek-hm. Look!" (M. Sholokhov)
5) - That's it! – Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)
Sentences 1, 4 – interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - which means they belong to the first group.
Sentence 2 – interjections ah, ugh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.
Sentences 3, 5 – interjections fathers, just like that express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.
Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scatter!, hello!, hey!, hop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try grouping them. What do you think: is this possible?
Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scatter!, hop!, out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, chu!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).
Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.
1) – Don’t play! - the elders waved to the musicians. – Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A. Chekhov)
2) – Guard! They're cutting! - he shouted. (A. Chekhov)
3) Guys! It's so warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)
4) – Hey! - Grigoriev shouted and waved. The cart turned into a field road and soon arrived. (V. Ketlinskaya)
5) “Well,” I said, “tell me what you need?” (K. Paustovsky)
In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond and serve as a means of attracting attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.
Task 10. Match the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboyedov). Rewrite! Quickly, come on!(Vs. Ivanov)
Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second – motivating.
Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a person’s varied feelings and his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections seem to absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, let nothing come of it, nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the characteristics of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, and expression. Interjections play an important role in characterizing a character.
Task 12. Have you all read the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Why do you think Repetilov’s speech is full of interjections?
Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise.” His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations interspersed with interjections. (Oh! Meet him; Oh! Marvel!; ...Ah! Skalozub, my soul...)
Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?
Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three were interjections. (ho-ho!, big deal!, wow!). This indicates the character's linguistic and mental wretchedness.
Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write a comment.
| Examples |
E.V. MIDNIGHT,
Moscow
Etiquette interjections The issue of grammatical qualification of etiquette words and expressions still remains controversial. In domestic linguistics there are three points of view:
1) etiquette words and expressions are a separate group of interjections;
2) these are particles;
3) words thank you please do not qualify as parts of speech.
Etiquette speech formulas serve to express various communicative meanings, and on this basis they can be divided into several semantic groups. Etiquette formulas are used for:
1) greetings:Hello! Hello)! Welcome! Good afternoon (evening)! Good morning! Greetings! Etc.;
2) farewells and wishes: Bye! Hello! Happily! Happy Stay! Farewell)! See you soon! See you soon! Till tomorrow! Good luck! Bon voyage! Bon Voyage! With God blessing! Etc.;
3) requests: Please! For God's sake! Be kind (be kind)! Be kind (be kind)! Be a friend! And so on.;
4) thanks: Thank you! Thank you (to them)! Etc.;
5) apologies: Sorry)! Sorry)! Etc.
The above etiquette formulas are typical for literary language. Most of these words and expressions have colloquial or slang phonetic variants, for example:
"Hello to you"- said Senka and took off his cap.
Walk past the door again, behind which the eyeless corpses lie? Thank you We don't need it.
Just in case, Senka took off his cap and also said: "Good health". Even though he was a bird, he apparently had a concept.
He whispered and ran away, whistling mockingly: "Pokedova, lucky!".
Prokha said which of the boys wants to make some easy money - this for God's sake but to forcibly desecrate the boys, no, no. (B. Akunin. Lover of Death)
– Thank you“Mistress,” the cab driver bows, touched not so much by the ruble as by the kiss. (B. Akunin. Decorator) Etc.
Why is it so difficult to determine the place of these words in the system of parts of speech of the modern Russian language? To a large extent due to the fact that the sources of replenishment of etiquette formulas are words and expressions originating from different part-speech systems.
Most of this semantic group consists of frozen forms of the imperative mood of the so-called etiquette verbs (Sorry! Sorry! Hello! Goodbye!). Forms of the 1st person present tense of the indicative mood of the corresponding verbs are also used as etiquette formulas (Greetings! Thank you!).
Adverbs also act as etiquette expressions (Bye! Happily!) and substantive forms (Good luck! Bon voyage! See you later!). Etc. The group of etiquette words in the Russian language can also be replenished by foreign borrowings. In some cases, such borrowings are written in Cyrillic, for example, adju, merci, sorry,– these are mainly Gallicisms that entered the Russian language at the turn of the 17th–19th centuries. and no longer perceived as barbarism:
Well, hello! Paris is waiting for us!(B. Akunin. Special assignments); But you and I didn’t drink during brotherhood! - Sorry!(A. and B. Strugatsky. Monday begins on Saturday); – And now, perhaps, you want me to thank you? - Varya snorted contemptuously - Thank you. Thank you. Well, really merci!(B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit)
These borrowed words, along with Russian etiquette expressions, can be part of stable combinations, such as make adya (make adya with a pen)- say goodbye casually; say mercy- thank (cf. say thanks) and so on. As a rule, the use of these borrowings is stylistically marked, and, unlike analogues of the Russian language, they have an additional negative or ironic connotation.
Foreign politeness formulas borrowed by Russian speakers are also used, written in writing according to the laws of the source language ( danke, merci, thanks and so on.). An interesting fact is that in youth speech and slang one can find examples of a kind of Russification of such etiquette forms when using Russian affixes, for example: Pass the salt, please. Oh, sankayu very-very(from English thank you very much); or: Sorry, I have to go(from French. pardon). I blame you for everything and run away(from Polish Dziekuje). Such borrowings are very close to barbarisms, but it should be noted that their use in the modern Russian language is always stylistically colored and determined by the specifics of each specific linguistic situation.
Unborrowed etiquette formulas can have synchronous connections with significant parts of speech on the basis of which they were formed. However, the main group consists of words that have most lost their synchronous connection with the significant parts of speech. These are the words Thank you And Please, different in origin, but containing in their structure a common thing - a verbal component at the base.
Having lost synchronous connections with the original verbal system, words Thank you And Please ceased to be words-names and began to depend more on the communicative act. Desemantization has led to an increased role of intonation and a change in place in the sentence.
“Hello,” Rakhmet said quietly. - Thank you. Thanks for coming.(B. Akunin. State Councilor) - expression of gratitude;
“And now you probably want me to thank you?” – Varya snorted contemptuously. - Thank you. Thank you. Well, just merci.(B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit) - an ironic, deliberate expression of gratitude (exclusively etiquette, formal function).
Everything flies, falls, beats... Well, just... Thank you. Just... Thank you so much! Only this was not enough for complete happiness!(M. Zhvanetsky. Complete happiness) - a negative expression of formal gratitude, replacement of abusive language; decomposition., can be replaced with an evaluative word, for example: Great! Wonderful! Shine! Beauty!– or an emotional interjection, for example: Bravo! Oh! Etc.
Please don’t leave me here,” the little bunny cried.(G. Karaslavov. Stories for children) - in the preposition there is an expression of a sincere, serious request; the semantic emphasis is placed precisely on the first word - Please(in this position it is more comparable to a syntactically independent indivisible sentence).
“Tell me, please,” Zhenya asked loudly, but very politely, without opening the door. - How can I get to the post office from here?(A. Gaidar. Timur and his team) - the position of the introductory word, the expression of a polite request that softens the grammatically formulated meaning of the imperative verb in the communicative process.
I haven't been there for a whole year - and suddenly, please, I showed up– expression of a quick reaction with a hint of disapproval, even challenge; colloquial, can be replaced by interjections of a neutral literary and colloquial style, for example: hello, look, oops, oops etc.
Interjections hello, thank you, please and etiquette interjections formed from adverbs can be doubled, for example:
- Will I sit down?
“Please, please...” Bashmakov stammered, but his consent, in fact, was not required. (Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape)
In a number of cases, supported by gestures (which is expressed in writing by passing remarks), these etiquette interjections acquire new shades of meaning in oral speech, allowing the sentence formed by these words to displace (replace) a “full-valued” sentence, for example:
- Please! – he moved the chair closer.(The Weiner Brothers. Era of Retribution) - here the etiquette word replaced the one-part sentence Sit down; the semantics of motivation switches to interjection.
– Maybe you'd like to have some tea with me?
“Thank you, thank you,” Fandorin refused, shaking his head vigorously.(B. Akunin) – the meaning of polite refusal.
Participating in the communicative process in the role of a passing remark, an etiquette remark, and other etiquette formulas more or less lose their lexical meaning.
These are the greeting formulas used when meeting: Hello And Hello are not recognized by speakers as significant verbal or substantive forms - their lexical meaning is the most weakened. The same situation is observed with etiquette formulas for farewells. bye, hello, happy, see you, goodbye and the tracing expression see you(from English See you). Characteristic of television announcers, this expression of farewell has clearly undergone desemantization, since in this situation the joint action expressed in the form of the 2nd letter. pl. part of the verb, impossible: television is a one-way visual process.
In expressions good morning, good afternoon, good evening(or inversion: good morning, good afternoon, good evening) there is only a partial loss of lexical meaning, since their use corresponds to a specific time of day. In these greeting formulas, the emphasis is on the noun included in their composition, while the word Kind has lost its meaning and is not perceived by the speaker as a lexically significant element.
The meaning of the etiquette word Goodbye has a limitation in use caused by the communicative situation: it is used only in the case when parting does not imply another meeting (the situation is recognized by the speakers as truly the last meeting, the last date), and the attention of the interlocutor is fixed on this. – Goodbye- a neutral expression of farewell and is used even if a “date” may not follow, but it does not have any significant meaning.
Stable combination Bon Voyage and word form with God are also tied to a certain situation: they are pronounced if one of the participants in the conversation goes on a long journey or the person leaving is expected to resolve a serious issue or matter. However, the original lexical meaning of these expressions fades into the background and is partially lost - they have the character of a rhetorical statement that helps to create (maintain) a positive mood at the end of a meeting or conversation.
The process of desemantization, characteristic of a given semantic group, is fundamental for determining the status of these words and expressions: it brings etiquette words and expressions closer to such a part of speech as an interjection. On this basis, etiquette formulas are defined as etiquette interjections, but it would be premature to include them in typical interjections.
Speaking about the process of desemantization of etiquette interjections, it should also be noted that there may be cases of revitalization of the semantics of etiquette formulas and the revival of significantness in examples of an occasional nature, for example:
Then a crash was heard in the alder forest behind him, and Winnie the Pooh appeared.
- Good morning, Eeyore! - said Pooh.
“Good morning, Pooh Bear,” Eeyore answered sadly. - If it's good morning. Which I personally doubt. (A. Milne. Winnie the Pooh and everything, everything, everything. Translated by B. Zakhoder)
- Well, goodbye, Rodya... Although no, no - see you tomorrow. I don't like to say goodbye. And goodbye... Oh, again. Why is it really me! (F. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment)
“I’m disturbing you, leading you astray,” she interrupted, not listening. – The sisters have been calling me to the Boris and Gleb Convent for a long time.<...>I will watch you from afar... And pray to God for you. Do as your soul shows you. With God blessing. (B. Akunin. Decorator)
Etiquette interjections are capable of forming so-called interjection sentences (primarily this applies to words Thank you And Please). In addition, the preservation of connections with homonymous significant words, as well as the potential (etymological) ability of these words to have dependent words, allows such sentences to have secondary members. For example:
– Everyone“Good afternoon,” Green greeted dryly, without looking at the crowd.(B. Akunin); Happily to you, guys,” he told the mechanics(I. Gerasimov); Happily and you, comrades! God bless you all the best! Thank you to you, our dear ones!(A. Tvardovsky)
The sentences formed by these interjections occupy an intermediate position between “single-component and indivisible sentences.” Mostly they are built according to the schemes of one-component sentences with varying degrees of logical-semantic and syntactic articulation; in them, “direct syntactic connections are either absent or obscured.” (P.A. Lekant)
Among them (based on morphological characteristics) two varieties can be distinguished: 1) sentences formed by etiquette verbal interjections (for example, thank you, welcome, sorry and so on.); 2) sentences formed by etiquette substantive interjections (for example, goodbye good Luck etc.).
Each of these varieties is represented by both single interjections and interjection set expressions, which partially retain their lexical meaning and have connections with the original significant words.
Offers, formed by verbal etiquette interjections, are comparable to single-component definite-personal sentences and in some cases can even be characterized by a certain degree of articulation, which makes it possible to restore the connection of the now indivisible interjection sentence with the original syntactic system (in such cases, the verbal semantics in these words is revived). For example, compare:
- Excuse me, serviceman, I don’t really understand your uniform. What is your rank? – the Jedi clarified.(Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape).
- Sorry for yesterday.
- Come on. Do you think I myself remember what happened yesterday? (M. Weller. But those are shish).
Anatolich answered his cautious call. Judging by his narrowed eyes, he had already settled down.
- Sorry.
- Okay... Have you had a walk?
- From the heart. (Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape)
Sentences from stable combinations formed on the basis of verbs can be comparable not only with one-part definite-personal sentences (this applies to the above forms and to such combinations as be healthy, be kind, be kind etc.), but also with one-part impersonal sentences (welcome, happy to stay and so on.).
Offers, formed from substantive etiquette interjections, can also be comparable to various types of one-part sentences. Some of these interjection constructions are the result of ellipsis of the verbal part of definite-personal sentences (cf., for example, Goodbye= we break up until the next date, Good luck= I wish you good luck, etc.). In most cases, for such interjections it is possible to build a chain of transition (ellipsis of the grammatical basis of a sentence, leading to partial desemantization of the word), for example: I wish you good luck! - Wish you luck! - Good luck! - Good luck!
Other interjection expressions are more comparable to nominative sentences (cf.: good morning, good afternoon, good evening, good journey).
The described morphological and syntactic features of etiquette words and expressions give grounds to assert that, according to a predominant number of features, etiquette formulas are close to such a part of speech as an interjection, namely:
a) etiquette formulas in most cases are devoid of nominative meaning, or their semantics is weakened; These are not words-names, but words-relationships, in some cases capable of even acting as unique incentives (for example: Please! - he moved the chair closer);
b) they are formed, like emotional and imperative interjections, by transitioning words from significant parts of speech, including borrowed words, although there are no general rules for these transitions;
c) most etiquette formulas are frozen (unchangeable) forms and only some words have more than one form (for example, hello - hello);
d) can, like emotional and imperative interjections, have forms formed by repetition (ah-ah-ah, chick-chick-chick, thank you, thank you, please, please), although the meanings of such formations are different;
e) the semantics of etiquette formulas necessarily contain elements of emotionality, and this semantics is expressed by intonation; additional reinforcement with gestures allows some etiquette words to even replace sentences and take on new shades of meaning ( “Perhaps you’d like to have some tea with me?” “Thank you, thank you,” Fandorin refused, shaking his head vigorously.(B. Akunin).
The listed features allow us to qualify etiquette words and expressions as a special category of interjections along with emotional and imperative interjections.
Hello! Today I want to tell you about little words, which are called interjections. Interjection
- This Part of speech, which expresses feelings speaker, but not calls their. If you read literature in Russian, then you’ve probably already noticed that Russians really like to use various little words (interjections): oh, a, ah, oh, eh, well, wow, fie, alas, na, etc.
There are so many interjections in the Russian language that I don’tI dare you all of them list, it will take a lot of time. After all, I not only need to list them, but also explain what emotions they express and how to use them correctly, and this is not so simple, because the same interjection can express the mostvariousemotions. For example, the interjection “Oh!” can expressdelight, astonishment, disturbance, regret, joy etc.
I I'll share interjections by groups depending on the what feelings they express and I will only name most interjections used and I will also try to give at least a few examples so that it would be easier for you to understand in what situation you can use certain interjections.
1 group. admiration, satisfaction, joy, fun, approval, delight (positive feelings): Hurray! Bravo! That's it! Oh! A! Wow! God! God bless!
Examples:
Oh, how good.
Hooray! Our Goal scored.
Bravo!- he shouted in delight.
God! What a beauty!
A! It's you! I `ve been waiting for you for so long.
2nd group. Interjections expressing grief, melancholy, sadness, regret: Alas! Oh! Eh! Oh oh oh!
Examples:
I should have finished work but- Alas!- It was impossible.
Eh, there is no truth in this world.
Oh, I was wrong!
3rd group. Interjections that help express feelings surprise, scared, bewilderment, mistrust: A! ABOUT! Wow! Well well! Bah! Oh! Fathers! Mother! God!
Examples:
Fathers! What happened to your face?
Bah! What people! What are you doing here?
Wow, How is he sang!
4th group. annoyance, anger, displeasure, protest: A! Oh! Oh you! Damn it! Hell no! What the hell! Here you go!
Examples:
Oh you, scoundrel!
Hell no! You won't get anything, I won't give you anything!
Here you go! Again everything failed b!
What the hell! What is happening?
5 group. Interjections that express gloat, sarcasm, contempt, irony, disgust: Ugh! Fi! Ugh! Look!
Examples:
Fi, abomination! And how I was before all this nasty things did not notice.
Ugh, tired of it!
Ugh, I don’t even want to look at you.
Look, Which impudent!
I could go on and on, because there really are a lot of interjections. But I think that's enough, I don't want you upload unnecessary information.
In parting, I want to demonstrate the effectiveness of interjections and how they simplify our everyday life. For example, if you met your friend in some place where you did not expect to meet him, then you can express your surprise in sentences: Who do I see! Are you here too? What people! , or you can use one interjection: Bah!
Lecture 32 Interjection
This lecture discusses the main features and classifications of interjections.
Interjection
This lecture discusses the main features and classifications of interjections.
Lecture outline
31.1. Interjection as a part of speech.
31.2. Classifications of interjections.
31.3. Onomatopoeic words.
31.1. Interjection as part of speech
Interjection is a little-studied class of words, which, due to its intermediate position in the general system of parts of speech of the modern Russian literary language, has not yet received a precise definition. The history of this issue goes back a long way.
Currently, in school practice it is generally accepted that interjection - this is a part of speech that expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.
Expressed interjections feelings or expressions of will are conveyed using special intonation, for example: Oh, how much interesting material I have!.. (A. Kuprin); Hey! A fox fur coat, if you have extra ones, don’t regret five knights... (In. Annensky).
Interjections differ from both significant and auxiliary parts of speech. From significant parts of speech interjections They differ in that they do not name phenomena of reality, and from service ones in that they do not express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence, do not serve to connect words and sentences, and do not introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence.
Interjections have neither lexical nor grammatical meanings and cannot act as any member of a sentence. However interjections are the basis for the formation of words of other parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs that are actively used in speech. For example: The horses indifferently stepped over the barrier and moved on, but the driver of the carriage stopped , pulled the reins (B. Akunin).
TO interjections Words denoting instant actions should not be used: bang, clap, slap etc. (although in science there are different points of view on this issue), as well as words that imitate various sounds and voices of animals and birds. (tra-ta-ta; boom-boom-boom; meow-meow; woof-woof; ha-ha-ha and etc. ).
31.2. Classifications of interjections
Types of interjections by origin
By origin interjections are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.
Non-derivatives interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds ( a, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas, ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh).
Derivatives interjections are formed from words of other parts of speech:
Verbs (hello, goodbye, just think about it);
Nouns (priests, guard, Lord);
adverb (pretty, full);
Pronouns (same thing).
Words of foreign origin (hello, bravo, encore, kaput)
Types of interjections by structure
By structure interjections can be simple, complex or compound.
- Simple, consist of one word (ai, oh, alas);
- Complex, formed by combining two or three interjections (ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh, fathers-lights);
- Composite, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).
Types of interjections by meaning
There are three groups of interjections:
1) emotional interjections,
2) incentive interjections,
3) etiquette interjections.
Emotional interjections
Express various positive or negative emotions, as well as one or another emotional state: joy, gaiety, fear, horror, bewilderment, apprehension, admiration, etc.., For example:
Disappointment - Ah, everything in the world is made of the same clay... (F. Sologub);
Irritation - Ugh, God forgive me! Repeat the same thing five thousand times... (A. Griboyedov);
Regret - Alas! To this day, only people... (Vyach. Ivanov).
Almost all interjections serving the sphere of emotions are clearly expressive. Nevertheless, in some interjections the expressiveness can be further enhanced. In some cases, increasing expressiveness is achieved by means of word formation (by adding suffixes of subjective assessment: oh-oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh-oh-oh); the technique of complicating the interjection with the pronoun you is often used, with such use almost completely losing its lexical meaning and intonationally merging with the interjection: oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, ugh you, oh you. A common means of enhancing expression is the joint use of several (usually two) interjections: ugh damn it, oh my god, oh my god.
Incentive(volitional) interjections usually express:
Call, call - Hey, collar, do you speak German? (In. Annensky);
Inducement, prohibition - Shh. not a word... the distance of the past... (John Annenisky);
Assurance - Now, sir, if you were outside the doors, by God, it won’t be five minutes since we remembered you here... (A. Griboyedov).
Due to their natural proximity to the imperative mood of verbs, interjections functioning in the sphere of expressions of will reveal a number of specific verbal features:
Capable of accepting postfix -those (na - here, well - well, that's enough - completeness, let's go - let's go, drop - drop, beat - beat, go ahead - go ahead, throw away - throw away)
Capable of combining with the particle -ka ( na - na-ka - here you go - here you go, well - well - here you go - here you go, let's go - let's go).
They demonstrate the ability to make syntactic connections with certain (usually pronominal) forms: forget me, get away from him, get out of here, march home, go to the river, to the apple.
Can be used when addressing interjections au, hello, hey, na, but (b-no-o), well, whoa, whoa, whoa: Hey, Zhenya, where are you?
Incentive interjections include words used to call animals or control animals: kitty-kiss, chick-chick, bit-bite, but!, whoa! and etc. and interjections used when communicating with young children: bye bye, yeah (agunushki, agushenki), bye-bye, bye-bye (bayushki-bayu, bayinki), this also includes children's crazy.
Label Interjections are words associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech: Thank you! Thank you Hello! Hello! Goodbye! Happily! Best wishes!, For example:
greetings - Great, friend, great, brother, great! (A. Griboyedov);
farewell - Goodbye, my friend, goodbye. (S. Yesenin).
All interjections of this group contain a certain amount of significance, which brings them closer to words of other parts of speech. Many interjections of this group are capable of developing secondary meanings and functioning as means of expressive-emotional expression of surprise or disagreement, rebuff, and opposition.
31.3. Onomatopoeic words
Onomatopoeic words are a special group of words that convey various sounds made by humans and animals, as well as sounds that exist in living and inanimate nature: woof-woof, yoke-go, carr-carr, cluck-tah-tah, drip-drip, meow, moo, frrk.
Onomatopoeia does NOT include:
1) words (verbs and nouns formed from them) with the meaning “to make a cry” like whine (whine), bark (bark), bleat (bleat), moo (moo)and etc.;
2) words with the meaning of instant action (truncated forms of verbs) like bang, plop, jump, knock, slap, clickand etc.
| Date: 2010-05-22 01:03:45 | Views: 12883 |
Interjections are divided by meaning into:
a) emotional interjections: a/, ay!, ah!, ba!, my God!, bis!, bravo!, fathers!, Lord!, yes!, well!, oh!, oh!, oh!, wow! , fie!, ooh!, alas!, hurray!, oof!, ooh!, ha!, ho! etc. Interjections of this category express the whole variety of positive and negative emotions of the speaking subject: delight, joy, admiration, jubilation, relief, surprise, contempt, disdain, ridicule, regret, annoyance, fear, grief, anger, displeasure, etc. Most of these interjections are ambiguous, so their meaning is clear only from the context: “Oh, sorry!” - Polozova said with a half-embarrassed, half-mocking smile (I. Turgenev); A! It's you! Hello honey! (V. Mayakovsky);
b) imperative (or incentive) interjections: come on!, hello!, aport!, ay!, scatter!, get out!, down!, hey!, guard!, shoo!, kitty-kiss!, march!, but-o !, pli!, stop!, tubo!, whoa!, chick!, chick-chick!, chu! etc. These interjections can be functionally correlated with the imperative mood of the verb. They express an impulse, a call to action, and are signals that the addressee’s reaction to the speaker’s words is desirable. Incentive interjections can have an appeal with them, and some of them themselves replace the appeal: He went to the window, he tapped his finger on the glass and shouted: “Hey, Proshka!” (N. Gogol); Hey, get up and light up and burn! Hey, raise your trusty hammer, so that living lightning will split the darkness where you can’t see anything! (A. Blok);
c) figurative words (verbal-interjective forms or verbal interjections). These are unchangeable words that coincide in their sound composition with interjections, but unlike them, they act as a verbal predicate with the meaning of an instant action in the past: bang, bang, look, plop, jump, grab, slap, click, etc. Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump into another canopy (A. Pushkin); ...And the cart crashed into the ditch (I. Krylov); An unloaded German Terkin grenade - with the left - smack! (A. Tvardovsky);
d) etiquette vocabulary: thank you, please, hello, goodbye, excuse me, etc. Interjections of speech etiquette are used to express greetings, farewells, requests, thanks, polite treatment, etc. d; Nikolai, heading towards the exit, shouted: “Salute, Zoya!” (V. Andreev); Well, brother, thank you for putting me in mind (A. Ostrovsky); The girl with whom I danced the polka told me: “Mercy!” (V. Veresaev).
According to their origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative, among which simple ones are distinguished, i.e., consisting of one word, and compound ones, i.e., consisting of two or more words.
Non-derivatives are interjections that do not correlate with any part of speech in modern language. These are words consisting, as a rule, of one to three sounds: a, aha, ay, ay, ah, ba, brr, scat, e-ey, gay, well, o, wow, oh, oh, whoa, whoa, fie, uh, alas, ulu-lu-lu, uf, uh, fi, frr, fu, ha, hee, ho, tsyts, e, hey, eh, ehm, etc. Non-derivatives also include interjections like oh-oh- oh, ay-ay-ay, i.e. formed by repetition of the primary interjection (compare with primitive prepositions such as due).
Derived interjections can be correlated with other parts of speech, for example, nouns: fathers, mothers, Lord, God, devil; verbs: hello, please, excuse me, or (from Pali), tell me, have mercy; adverbs: out, away, down, full, those, tsh, sh-sh, tss (the last four interjections are formed from quieter). Derivatives include combinations of a primary interjection with a particle: ey-ey, oh-li, yes, well, well, yes, well. Derived interjections also include borrowed words such as aida, hello, aport, atu, march, ura, tubo, etc.
Compound interjections include such combinations as my God, my righteous God, my Lord God, God forbid, God forbid, God have mercy, thank God, damn it, what the hell, what the hell, the hell with it, damn it, with go crazy, here you go, here you go, here you go, that’s it, no matter how wrong it is, for you.