How to highlight a definition in a sentence. How to correctly emphasize parts of speech in a sentence. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification

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When studying the Russian language, the school curriculum includes topics related to the consideration of different parts of speech from which a sentence is constructed. When writing, each of them is highlighted with a special underline. In the process of analyzing a sentence, the teacher clarifies the location of its components and explains how they are emphasized.

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• According to the rules of the Russian language, a regular sentence consists of 2 types of members:
• the main ones are the subject and the predicate;

secondary - definition, circumstance, addition.

Main members of the proposal The subject in a text is usually expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb. Both of these members highlighted by straight lines

. To clearly show how the subject is emphasized and how the predicate is emphasized, here is an example:Pirate

hunted for treasures.

In this simple sentence, the main subject is the word “pirate,” which we underline with a single horizontal line.

• The action that the subject performs is the word “hunted” and is highlighted by two parallel horizontal lines.
• communion;
• adverb;
• pronoun;

nominal noun. In such cases, you need to remember that.

the main members express the subject of the action and the action itself

1. Types of offers

• There are 2 types of sentences in Russian:
• simple - two-part and one-part;

complex - with several main members.

In a one-part version, either a subject or a predicate may be present.

Secondary members of the sentence

• Among the non-main parts of the sentence in the text are:

Definition - highlighted by a wavy line. Clarified by the questions: whose? whose? which? which?.

• The text expresses:
• adjective;
• communion;
• infinitive;

a noun in the non-nominative case.

For clarity, we give examples showing how the definition expressed by different parts of speech is emphasized.

Adjective:Bright

morning.

where the word “bright” is a sign of the subject “morning”.

Infinitive:

Every ruler had the character trait to subjugate.

where the word “subordinate” is a sign of the subject “trait”.

Adverb:

The daughter sat quietly in the room.

where the word “quietly” describes the predicate “sat.”

The house with a mezzanine was Chekhov's final resting place.

where the word “with a mezzanine” is the definition of the subject “house”.

The text expresses:

• indirect noun;
• communion;
• participial phrase.

As examples, we will give phrases where we will show how the circumstance represented by the above parts of speech is emphasized.

Indirect noun:

He was an important person in the north.

where the words “in the north” denote a circumstance.

You need to know: what it is, examples of it in the literature.

where the word “subordinate” is a sign of the subject “trait”.

The car went to the left so as not to roll over.

where the word "to the left" is an adverbial adverb.

Participial phrase:

Waiting for the holiday, she invited all her relatives.

where the phrase “expecting a holiday” is a circumstance.

• Addition - highlighted on the letter with a dash-dotted line. Determined by questions of indirect cases: T., P. D. In., R.

Divided into 2 types:

• direct - the subject acts directly, for example, making a dream come true; ate porridge; wrap a gift.
• indirect - the subject acts through someone or something, for example, ordered tea to be served; soul conqueror; parallel to the house.

The text expresses:

• noun;
• pronoun.

As examples, we give sentences showing how the addition expressed by the previously indicated parts of speech is emphasized.

where the word “quietly” describes the predicate “sat.”

Everyone decorates the house with garlands for Christmas.

where the word "garlands" denotes an addition.

Pronoun:

The princess knew him like no one else.

where the word “his” is an addition.

Important! Due to the fact that some parts of speech can denote different parts of a sentence, it is necessary to ask marker questions.

For example, in order to understand how a pronoun or numeral is emphasized, it is necessary to clarify which part of the sentence it is.

To summarize, we note that the above examples not only clearly demonstrate how the adjective and other members of the sentence are emphasized, but also provide material for compiling a table, which in the future may become a “crutch” for memory.

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down in buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

When studying the Russian language, the school curriculum includes topics related to the consideration of different parts of speech from which a sentence is constructed. When writing, each of them is highlighted with a special underline. In the process of analyzing a sentence, the teacher clarifies the location of its components and explains how they are emphasized.

In the section on the question How are addition definition and circumstance distinguished?)) asked by the author chevron the best answer is
additions _ _ _ _ _ _ _
circumstances _ . _ . _ . _ .

Answer from 22 answers[guru]


Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: How are addition definition and circumstance distinguished?))

Answer from freshly salted[active]


A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that serves to characterize an action or attribute and indicates the method of performing the action, time, place, reason, purpose or condition for the occurrence of the action. The point _ is indicated by a dotted line. _ . _ . _ . _




Answer from Bareheaded[master]

Circumstances indicate time and place. They are underlined like this __. __(dot dash) . questions: where? , At what time? When?
Addition. this is usually an addition to what is listed - said. ___ ___ ___ ___ are underlined.
The definition is usually expressed as an adjective. Indicates an attribute of an object. It is emphasized by a wavy line. What questions? which? Which?





Answer from Elena Budrevich[active]
A complement is a minor member of a sentence with an objective meaning. The object answers the questions of indirect cases and is expressed by the same parts of speech as the subject. Indicated by a dotted line _ _ _ _ _
Definition - a minor member of a sentence, denoting a characteristic of a person or object and answering the question: what? whose? Indicated by a wavy line ~~~~~
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that serves to characterize an action or attribute and indicates the method of performing the action, time, place, reason, purpose or condition for the occurrence of the action. The dotted line is indicated by the dot _._._._._._._._._..
Here.




Answer from Elena Mylnikova[newbie]
definitions are underlined with a wavy line
additions _ _ _ _ _ _ _
circumstances _ . _ . _ . _ .




One of the most difficult and ambiguous rules of Russian punctuation is, of course, the isolation of complements with derived (that is, formed from other words) prepositions, because they are sometimes highlighted and sometimes not separated by commas. It depends on the meaning or placement of the object in the sentence, and each time you have to think again about where to put the commas. The question under consideration is also one of these problematic ones: with the preposition “besides this,” a comma is needed or not.

The word “besides” is separated by commas

On both sides of the back

The preposition “besides” means “except for something, beyond something”; There is another, homonymous, preposition with the meaning “against”. As a rule, when using the preposition “besides”, commas are needed only if it is a preposition with the meaning “except”. We must remember that in this case it is also permissible not to separate the addition, if the absence of commas does not lead to ambiguity!

• On this day, in addition to the obvious and obvious events of external life, much more happened that was not open to the general public.
• All these creatures, in addition to the big-eyed, furry little animals that looked a little like furry frogs, were well known to us.

No comma needed

But additions with “besides” in the meaning “against, in spite of” are not clearly separated by commas.

• This whole story happened without any of my participation and even against my will.
• But we must remember that unless the child wishes, he should not be sent to even the most interesting and useful circle.

Do you know..

Which option is correct?
(according to last week’s statistics, only 44% answered correctly)

1. Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which means item:

• the object to which the action applies;

  I'm writing a letter ; I listen to music .

• object - the addressee of the action;

  I am writing to a friend.

• object - an instrument or means of action;

  I write with a pen.

• the object to which the state applies;

  I'm upset.

• object of comparison, etc.

  Faster than me.

2. The supplement answers questions indirect cases:

• genitive case - whom? what?

  Choice of profession .

• dative case - to whom? what?

  I am writing to a friend.

• accusative case - whom? What?

  I'm writing a letter .

• instrumental case - by whom? how?

  I write with a pen.

• prepositional case - about whom? about what?

  I'm thinking about a friend.

3. The addition may refer to:

• predicate verb;

  I'm writing a letter .

• the main or minor member expressed by a noun;

  Loss of a horse; hope for happiness.

• the main or minor member, expressed by an adjective or participle;

  Strict towards children; thinking about children.

• the main or minor member, expressed by an adverb.

  Unnoticed by others.

Ways to express complement

Notes

1) Combinations are a single member of a sentence - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see paragraph 1.2).

2) The infinitive of a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a secondary member ( I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). For a detailed analysis of such cases, see paragraph 1.4.

3) Since questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases can coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique discussed in paragraph 1.2: replace the form being checked with the word book(Nominative case - book; Genitive - books; accusative - book. For example: A good snowball will reap the harvest(cf.: A good book will make a book). Hence, snowball- Nominative case; harvest- accusative).

4. Based on the form of expression, there are two types of additions:

direct addition - accusative case form without preposition;

Writing(What?) letter; I'm washing(What?) linen; I'm listening(What?) music.

indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative case with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom ; gave(to whom?) to me .

Notes

1) In negative sentences, the accusative case form of the direct object can change to the genitive case form (cf.: I wrote(What?) letter . - I didn't write (what?) letters). If the genitive case form of a complement is preserved both in affirmation and in negation, then such a complement is indirect (cf.: To me lacks (what?) money . - I have enough(what?) money).

2) The object expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addition analysis plan

1. Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).
2. Indicate what morphological form the addition is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak to the point(M. Gorky).

You- direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak- an addition expressed by an infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night did not bring coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

Coolness- direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (if negated - didn't bring it ). Wed: The night brought(What?) coolness(V.p.).