How to say the right accent. Stress in Russian. What the Help Guides Say
Stress in modern Russian is strictly defined for most words, in other words, it is always in the same place. So, for example, in the sentence Above the gray plain of the sea, the wind collects clouds, taken from M. Gorky's "Song of the Petrel", seven words. In none of these words is it possible to transfer the stress to any other syllable. Even a person who is sophisticated in all sorts of verbal quirks will not be able to pronounce these words with the wrong stress.
If you take any dictionary and look through all its sections from "A" to "Z", then you can be sure that stability, invariability of stress in words is generally inherent in the Russian language. However, upon closer examination of the dictionary, we find a fairly large number of words that constitute an exception to the general rule, that is, allowing the possibility of transferring stress from one syllable to another.
Here are some of these words: girlish and girlish, from afar and from afar, passed and passed, thinking and thinking, clearing and clearing.
In order to understand the reasons underlying such phenomena, it is necessary to understand the peculiarities of Russian stress and, above all, what is commonly called its heterogeneity.
The diversity of Russian stress is characterized by the fact that it can fall on any syllable of the word: boy, car, plane, watchdog and on its various morphological elements - on the prefix, on the root, on the suffix, on the ending: suburb, cart, furrier, milk.
The diversity of stress in the modern literary language is used to distinguish some words in meaning: Atlas and atlas, castle and castle, smell and smell, etc., as well as to distinguish grammatical forms of the same word, for example: meli - plural from noun stranded and stranded - imperative from the verb grind, etc.
In some cases, a change in the place of stress does not form either a new word or a new grammatical form. Then there are hesitations, and many of us have to think about how to say: Coal or coal, goose or goose, etc.
In colloquial speech, the number of deviations from the place of stress in words is sometimes so great that it causes alarm and bewilderment. What are the reasons for these deviations?
One of the reasons is considered to be the effect on stress setting the so-called law of analogy, according to which one type of stress affects another. So, for example, in a number of feminine nouns of the 1st declension of the spin type, which have an accent on the ending in all cases of the singular and transfer it to the stem in the accusative case, under the influence of analogy, the form of the accusative case with the wrong accent on the ending (spinU , harrow, cheek, leg, head, etc.).
Another very significant reason causing deviations in stress is the influence of dialects (local territorial dialects) on the literary language. So, for example, the influence of Northern Russian dialects, in which there is a tendency to transfer stress to a prefix, can explain such deviations as contract, curtain, attack, sentence, belt, etc. South Russian dialects give deviations in the nominative case of plural nouns: choice , acorn, daughter, horse, mother, means, etc. and in the past tense, masculine and feminine: understood, raised, stayed, took, took, gave, slept, etc. Some influence on literary stress is exerted by everyday colloquial vocabulary ( vernacular); put, suggested, you call, more beautiful, as well as individual words from the speech of sailors, drivers, beet growers, accountants, postmen, oil workers, etc. (comPAS, report, beet, quarter, delivery, sole, rubber).
And finally, the third reason that causes fluctuations in stress should be considered the presence in our language of a large number of foreign (loanwords) and the desire to Russify these words by placing stress in them by analogy with similar Russian or rather Russified words. So, for example, the irregular form of the genitive case of the word bambuk - bambooA (instead of bambuk) appeared under the influence of approximately such forms as badgerUk - badgerA. When reading newspapers and books, browsing the Internet, where stress is usually not indicated, some people remember a foreign word with an accent; characteristic of similar words in Russian. As a result, cement is obtained (instead of the correct cement), percentage (instead of percentage), etc.
The difficulties associated with stress in the Russian literary language are not limited to its heterogeneity. They are also generated by the fact that the stress in some categories of Russian words is fixed, and in others - mobile. The immobility of stress is characterized by the fact that during the formation of grammatical forms it always remains in the same place, for example: joy, joy, joy, joy, joy, joy; swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim; diligent, diligent, diligent, diligent. With mobile stress, a completely different picture is observed. Here, in the formation of new grammatical forms, the stress can move from one syllable to another, or from one part of the word to another, for example: head, head, head, head; love, love, love, love, love; dare, dare, dare, dare.
Errors that arise in connection with this feature of stress in Russian are found mainly in the speech of people who do not know the laws of grammar well. Let's look at some of these mistakes.
It is known that for a number of nouns in the nominative plural, the stress falls on the stem, and in other plural forms, on the ending. Meanwhile, many pronounce stones instead of stones, wolves instead of wolves, animals instead of animals, mothers instead of mothers, etc.
A number of feminine nouns ending in -a form a special form of the accusative case with the stress shifted to the stem. However, many people pronounce it incorrectly: winter, board, mountain, wall, back, earth (instead of winter, board, mountain, wall, back, earth).
In verbs, an unreasonable shift of stress from one place to another sometimes gives words an archaic (obsolete) connotation: you give, cook, turn, roll (instead of modern ones you give, cook, turn, roll). A particularly large number of errors associated with incorrect transfer of stress in a word is observed when using a large group of verbs that have stress on the stem in all forms except the feminine. As a result of such a transfer, we have the famous took, took, dala, slept, and also took away, understood, accepted, etc. In order not to make mistakes in placing stresses in verbs of this type, you need to think about them more often or it is best to remember them well:
- I took, I took, I took, I took;
- took, took, took, took;
- heeded, heeded, heeded, heeded;
- drove, drove, drove, drove;
- gave, gave, gave, gave;
- pestered, pestered, pestered, pestered;
- occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied;
- hired, hired, hired, hired;
- Took away, took away, Took away, Took away;
- started, started, started, started;
- Understood, Understood, Understood, Understood;
- accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
Short adjectives without suffixes or with suffixes -n-, -l-, -k-, -ok, which usually have a fixed stress on the first syllable in all forms except the singular feminine, give us great trouble when placing stress. We often doubt how to say, for example: boyka or boyka, cheerful or cheerful, alive or alive. Here, too, one cannot do without "cramming". Therefore, we will make some effort on ourselves and remember:
- striker, striker, striker, striker;
- merry, merry, merry, merry;
- harmful, harmful, harmful, harmful;
- hungry, hungry, hungry, hungry;
- proud, proud, proud, proud;
- bitter, bitter, bitter, bitter;
- thick, thick, thick, thick;
- cheap, cheap, cheap, cheap;
- long, debt, long, debts;
- expensive, expensive, expensive, expensive;
- green, green, green, green;
- sour, sour, sour, sour;
- meek, meek, meek, meek;
- young, young, young, young;
- right, right, right, right;
- empty, empty, empty, empty;
- rare, rare, rare, rare;
- light, light, light, light;
- cramped, cramped, cramped, cramped.
In some cases, in the middle gender of short adjectives of the indicated type, double stress is acceptable, for example: Sharp and sharp, old and old, high and high, far and far, deep and deep, wide and wide.
Some monosyllabic feminine nouns in combination with the prepositions в and на are pronounced with an accent on the ending: in a handful, in blood, in bones, in the night, in connection, in the steppe, in the shadow, in honor, on the door, on the stove, on chains.
In cases where prepositions take on stress, the noun or numeral that follows them loses its stress. Most often, prepositions on, for, under, on, from, without are “pulled” onto themselves, for example: on the water, on the mountain, on the soul, on the winter, on the year, on the day, on the house, on the hand, on the back, Outside the city, behind the ears, under the arms, under the feet, down the mountain, in the evening, by the sea, across the field, through the forest, two by three, by one hundred, From home, out of sight, out of the forest, without a trace, without sense , quarter to.
Thus, we see that stress in the Russian literary language is of great importance. The diversity of stress makes it a special feature of a word and helps to distinguish one word from another, and the mobility of stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word in its most diverse manifestations. However, it is very difficult, and often impossible, to establish clear rules for placing stress in all cases. Therefore, in working to improve the level of speech culture, it is recommended to use dictionaries.
Correct speech in our life is of great importance. After all, even if a person looks decent, but makes many mistakes in stress when pronouncing words, then the attitude towards him cools down. It is much more pleasant to communicate with an educated interlocutor with a correctly delivered speech. But not everyone knows how to properly stress this or that word, and this confuses them greatly.
The Russian language is very difficult. It is not enough to be a well-read person in order to know how to pronounce words correctly. Stresses in art books, for example, are not affixed, so to understand exactly where to put them, you have to turn to Russian language textbooks. Remember that there are the following features of the placement of stresses. For example, in foreign words, the accent when pronouncing in Russian remains in the same place where it was originally placed (marketing, blinds, genesis). If the word denotes a measure of length and ends in “meter”, then know that in this case the stress will fall on the last syllable (centimeter, decimeter, kilometer). Stressed vowels are similarly distinguished in words such as kilogram and milligram.
- If you don't fit into shorts, it means that you like to eat cakes.
- Lost the contract, probably stole it from a thief.
- Someone is standing nearby, his phone is ringing.
- It's hard to drag the package - I need to lighten the burden.
- The quarter is already over, but you haven't handed in your work.
Work on your speech and try to always and everywhere speak correctly. It's nice to feel educated and cultured person. Proper emphasis will give you the opportunity to gain respect in society, as well as increase the chance of passing a difficult and serious interview when applying for a job in a reputable organization.
An important part of the knowledge of any language is its orthoepy. This is the science that studies pronunciation. After all, it is she who gives the answer to the question of how to correctly place the stress in various cases. In the absence of such knowledge, competent oral speech will not be possible. Incorrectly placed stress not only makes a person awkward and funny in the eyes of his interlocutors, but also seriously complicates his communication processes, because in the end the word can simply change its meaning.
What is word stress?
Word stress is the emphasis of one syllable in a word with the help of voice. The pronunciation of stressed vowels requires a special tension of the organs of speech, as well as phonation.
Advice
To understand where the stress should be, you need to pronounce the word interrogatively. The syllable pronounced with the greatest force is called stressed.
Types of stress
syntagmic stress
It singles out one or another word in the composition of the syntagma. There is also a phrasal stress that highlights the syntagma in a phrase and a logical stress. It emphasizes a word in order to emphasize its dominance over others in a particular context.
word stress
Word stresses have their own subspecies. Their separation is made taking into account exactly what means or methods of staging are used in a particular case. They are different for all languages. For example, today they distinguish tonic stress, when the stressed syllable is pronounced with a higher or lower tone. There is a noisy and forceful accent, when the power of sound plays the main role. As for the quantitative stress, it is provided due to the time of its sounding. Simply put, the duration changes in the right place. This subspecies is also called quantitative. A qualitative variant of stress is the loss of reduction by a vowel sound. You need to understand that in the same type of stress, several variations of acoustics can be combined with each other at once. Yes, and in different words from one sentence, the stress may appear more pronounced, or vice versa, almost not be noticed.
Accent notation
In addition to a number of features related to the setting, there are also different ways to designate them. For example, if we talk about the international phonetic alphabet, then it is supposed to indicate stress with a vertical line, or a line from above, right before the syllable. In Russian, stress is sometimes indicated by the icon "acut", it is placed directly above the vowel. For the English alphabet, a stroke is used at the very end of the stressed word. In some of the dictionaries, stress is indicated only by a combination of bold type with a capital letter.
Stressed syllables in Russian have a much longer pronunciation compared to other parts of the word. As for the height of the highlighted vowel, it can change. There are many languages among the world's languages where the stress is always stable and fixed. A striking example of this is French speech, which always highlights the last syllable in a word, but only when it is pronounced separately. If this is a whole phrase, then all words, except for the finishing one, will be unstressed. Only the last syllable in the rhythmic group will be highlighted. There are no such regularities for the Russian language. The stress in Russian phrases can fall on any of the syllables. Moreover, it can even change in word forms. Therefore, correctly placing stresses is rarely easy. And if a person is not a native speaker, he will make mistakes and this is inevitable.
Stress for individual words
Often there are difficulties in the word "cottage cheese". Some pronounce it with an emphasis on the first "o", others - on the second. The term itself, denoting this fermented milk product, was pronounced differently at different times. And the dictionaries of the nineteenth century described the norm, where the stress is the second syllable. While the linguist Dahl still insists on the first. No less textbook example of frequent and incorrect pronunciation should be considered the word “ringing”.
Conclusion:
In Russian, it is not so easy to correctly place the stress, as it seems. In addition to the basic rule, there is also a list of words that it is desirable to simply memorize and not make mistakes in pronunciation in the future.
Stress in Russian
curator of belles-lettres
indulge, indulge, indulge
bartender
barrel
water pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline, but: electrical wire
contract (and contracts)
blinds
enviably
catalog
quarter
more beautiful
culinary and culinary ( both options are equal)
marketing
masterful
extended
newborn
security
ease
uncork
loop (loop - Appropriate in everyday speech)
call, call, call
pullover
beet
dancer, dancer
cottage cheese and cottage cheese ( both options are equal)
tiramisu
cakes
immediately
shoe
phenomenon
scoop
What is written in pen...
The insidiousness of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in the head: read - forgot. There are several ways to retain useful information in memory, in our case, words with the correct stress.
#sing now. A difficult word for you needs to be said out loud loudly, clearly, several times (you can also sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flash mob with their problematic words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is a barmen, barmen, barmen”). This is our psychology: what we do not alone is better remembered.
#wonderful moment. For those who have a developed imagination, it is easiest to involve associations and images associated with it in memorizing any information. Here, for example, is a healthy beetroot vegetable, and its ruddy grandmother Fyokla sells it. And a great marketing specialist knows everything about how to keep the brand!
#graphomania. Remember how at school, when studying a foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, picked up rhymes for them or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the native great and mighty, you just need to give free rein to your imagination! There are a lot of ready-made cheat sheets on the Internet, take note: “We ate cakes for a long time - the shorts didn’t fit”, “You don’t carry curtains for us, we will hang the blinds”, “Phenomen calls on Wednesdays, having accepted the contract for years”, “The ringer is calling, they are calling in a bell, so that you can remember correctly!
And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: a spelling, spelling dictionary (translated from ancient Greek, “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation), a dictionary of stresses. Online resources will not let you down either: Gramota.ru portals (be sure to check out the Memoirs section) and gramma.ru, Yandex.Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike printed publications, are always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk nice!
The correct placement of stress is one of the hallmarks of a literate and educated person. In Russian, there are a number of words in which many people put stress incorrectly. We suggest remembering how to age the stress in these words. Let's dwell on each of them in more detail.
How to put stress in the word "development"?
Always on the second "e". Remember the correct stress: "development".
What is the correct way to stress the word "contract"?
Always on the last "o". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “contract”.
How to put stress in the word "domain"?
Always on "e". This word is English, so it is more correct to put the accent in the same way as in domain. Remember how to correctly stress: "domain".
What is the correct way to stress the word "call" ("call")?
Always start with the letter "i". In order to remember the stress in this word, keep in mind a line from Pugacheva’s song: “He won’t write letters, and he’s unlikely to call.”
How to put stress in the word "catalog"?
Always on the last syllable, on the letter "o". Remember and observe the correct stress: "catalog".
How to put stress in the word "quarter"?
Always on the final "a". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: "quarter".
How to put stress in the word "beautiful"?
Always on "and". Remember how to correctly emphasize: “more beautiful”.
How to put stress in the word "stroke"?
Only the letter "u". Remember how to correctly stress: "stroke".
How to put stress in the word "marketing"?
Only the letter "a"! A lot of people put the stress on this word wrong. Remember how to properly emphasize: "marketing".
How to put stress in the word "thinking"?
Only the first letter "e". Gorbachev incorrectly emphasized the word "thinking". Remember how to correctly emphasize: “thinking”.
How to put stress in the word "for a while"?
More correctly - on the first "o". Although even in poetry there is an emphasis on "a". We recommend putting the emphasis just like this: “for a short time”.
What is the correct way to stress the word "support"?
Always on the second "e". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: "provide", as well as "provide".
What is the correct way to stress the word "means"?
Always on "e". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “means” (as in the word "mediocre").
How to put stress in the word "cottage cheese"?
More correctly - on the first "o". However, it is acceptable, although more colloquial, to stress the second "o".
What is the correct way to stress the word "request"?
Always on the first "a". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “intercession”.