What is the name of the asset? What are enterprise assets in simple words. Who can hold assets

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Even a person who is not involved in business and does not know the basics of economics has heard the term “asset” more than once. This word is most often used when it is necessary to estimate the value of a business and is often considered a factor influencing the final price. In addition, people who own shares in joint stock companies also have assets. Everyone knows this too. In this article we will try to understand in more detail what a net asset is, what other types it comes in, and so on.

Definition of the concept

An asset is property that belongs to an organization engaged in economic activity or to an individual. The totality of assets can include those materials and resources that are needed to organize production (or any other business activity). The difference between assets and other resources is that they are acquired for the purpose of further profit. Thus, each asset potentially contains income that can be received in the future, after carrying out certain operations. It turns out that an asset is a tool that can bring profit.

To make it clearer, let's give an example. A business entity makes envelopes from paper and ribbons. In this situation, paper and tapes as materials will be assets that will transfer their value to the price of finished products (envelopes) and thus bring profit.

Types of assets

In economic theory, there are several types of assets. The classification is carried out taking into account various criteria: nature, degree of participation in turnover, period of existence and return.

For example, depending on the nature of the asset, it is a bank deposit, real estate (for commercial use), securities, shares in a company, property that is involved in business activities, etc.

If we distinguish between assets by their repayment period, we can distinguish between short-term and long-term assets.

Speaking about participation in turnover, we can distinguish between current and non-current assets. The last classification, by the way, is one of the most popular, so we will focus on it.

So, any asset can be classified according to this criterion. It's quite simple if you know what the essence of entrepreneurial activity is. In the example described above, where the business produces envelopes, the paper and tape are current assets because they are cut and included in the turnover of goods in the form of envelopes. Non-negotiable funds can be called those funds that do not become a commodity, that is, do not go into circulation. For example, this is a machine that wraps paper.

The characteristics of asset turnover make it possible to determine how they will be used in the future: they will be immediately converted into finished products or used in such a way that these resources will not be changed, so their resale will be possible in the future. This primarily determines the risk that business owners will be exposed to.

Who can hold assets?

Who can own a business asset? This question is quite simple - the enterprise itself. After all, its balance sheet includes such property as furniture, equipment, buildings and other objects.

If we talk about other types of assets, such as deposits or securities, then anyone can own them. For example, you, as an individual, have the opportunity at any time to purchase shares of a particular enterprise in order to later participate in its management and receive dividends. The same applies to other types: deposits, property, and so on.

Why are assets needed?

The main purpose of the assets is to participate in the organization of the production process. Since each asset of an enterprise is some kind of equipment, office space, or even licenses and certificates, their function is to work on the process in general, embodied in goods and services produced by the enterprise. The secondary function of an asset, which determines its importance, is generating income. With proper management and business planning, assets will begin to turn into products that should cost more than their original cost.

Intangible assets

In addition to the types of assets discussed above, there is one more category that should be mentioned. We are talking about such a concept as an intangible asset. This is a slightly different resource with an individual character. Thus, it is noteworthy that it does not have the structure of material things, exists together with some formalized documentation and, therefore, cannot be transferred (or simply is not re-issued due to inexpediency) to other entities.

In the current conditions, we can safely say that every organization or private entrepreneur, like any company, has such a resource as an intangible asset. This is explained by the fact that this category includes a whole list of abstract values: reputation, licenses, documentation with permits to conduct activities, databases, intellectual property.

Such assets cannot be felt with your hands, seen with your own eyes, and sometimes even fully appreciated. This is a kind of abstraction, which can be quite valuable. The clearest example is the reputation of a business entity in the business market. It is impossible to determine its value, but every entrepreneur will agree that a lot depends on its quality, including future profits.

15.08.2018

Enterprise assets - what are they, their types

Each enterprise has its own assets, they all his property is called, that is, property. Assets can be tangible, intangible, as well as monetary, the type depends on the state in which they are located. Let's look at what different types of assets may be.

Let's start with material ones, they call all the property of the organization, which has a material embodiment. These can be various plots of land, as well as buildings erected on them, equipment necessary for production, as well as raw materials from which products are made.

Intangible are called, for example, patents, registered trademarks, that is, everything that was obtained by mental labor. It is worth noting that this does not include human abilities that work for the organization, because they cannot be separated from a person, so they can only belong to him.

Monetary assets, as the name implies, can have their own embodiment in monetary terms, they can be various kinds of papers that carry value, as well as funds in cash stored in various currencies, as well as money reserves that every organization must have.

All assets that have some usefulness in production are also divided further into two types. The first of them are non-current assets, their main distinguishing feature is that they are long-term.

These can be various contributions of the organization, as well as any material assets related directly to production, but at the same time they do not dry out with each cycle and remain in their material state.

In addition, this includes almost all intangible assets, that is, various documents certifying authorship, brands, as well as databases, but only those to which the organization has an indefinite right of ownership.

The second type is those assets that accept direct participation in production and are constantly used, they are called negotiable. Current assets are consumed to the end during production; they can take part in as many production cycles as they last, but the maximum period of their use can be only one year.

In other words, such assets are used directly in production, and only until they run out. Based on these assets, an analysis of the organization is made that can decide its fate.

The fact is that for each type of organization the law establishes a minimum capital amount, which is called the authorized capital, and if the amount of net assets in monetary terms is less than the amount of the minimum possible authorized capital, then the organization must enter the liquidation stage.

It is quite logical that if an asset that must be used in production tends to run out, then the organization must somehow replenish it.

Replenishment of assets can occur two ways, The name of the assets also depends on these methods; they can be net or gross. Gross assets can be purchased with money borrowed from credit institutions, as well as with the money of the organization itself. Net assets are acquired exclusively from funds owned by the organization.

As a result, a net asset is the amount in monetary equivalent that will be obtained if completely sell all property which the enterprise has. The procedure for calculating the net asset of an organization is established by law; this is important for organizations, because they face such calculations every year, and thus the potential of each organization is determined.

In other words, the amount of such assets includes all property of any type that belongs to the organization, but only if this property is not encumbered with debt.

It is also worth saying about non-core assets, not every organization has them. This type of asset may be owned by an organization, but they are not directly related to its type of activity and do not directly benefit production.

An example of such assets could be an organization engaged, for example, in the production and sale of oil, which has its own holiday home. Such assets are always incur losses for the organization, so only giant companies can afford to have them.

Speaking about assets, one cannot help but talk about liquidity, that is, convertibility into money. The most liquid assets are those that can bring the organization the maximum amount of profit in the shortest possible time; the most liquid type is considered to be monetary assets.

Long-term, that is, non-current assets, never become the most liquid, because they are used in production an infinitely large number of times. The liquidity of any asset is calculated by comparison with other assets that the organization has.

It is one of the fundamental ones in the field of economics and accounting. In order to correctly determine what belongs to this category, you need to clearly understand which tangible and intangible concepts relate to assets and which to liabilities.

So what is included in the assets of the enterprise? The fundamental document that reflects the list of assets is. Ideally, the sum of all the company's assets should be equal to the total value of the liabilities - in the jargon of specialists this is called “the balance has converged”. At its core, this form is very simple, it has only two columns into which all tangible and intangible items owned by the enterprise are distributed.

Net assets

Net assets are the difference between the sum of all assets and the total volume of its debt obligations to creditors, executors, public utilities, etc. The procedure for determining this value is the same for LLCs, state unitary companies, municipal enterprises, cooperatives and business associations.

The sum of all assets in the calculation process includes any property that can be used to generate profit from the activity. However, the following are not included here:

1. Receivable obligations to founders and shareholders.
2. Debts on contributions.
3. Enterprise transfers.

An important point: this category includes only income items that the company currently has - assets that can bring profit in the future are not taken into account in the formula. That is, this does not include government assistance to an enterprise (cooperative, farm), as well as gratuitous receipt of property - their procedure for inclusion in accounting reports is of a general nature.

If you have in your hands a financial report of an enterprise for a certain period (most often a quarter), then the procedure for calculating the assets of the enterprise looks like this:

1. We take data from line 1600 of the accounting report.
2. We subtract from it the debt of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital.
3. We get a certain number.
4. From it we subtract the sum of data from lines 1400 and 1500.
5. We add to the resulting value the future periods described in the paragraph above (state assistance and gratuitous receipt of property).

At the same time, in the professional environment, document flow and theory, the concepts of “net assets” and “equity capital” for an enterprise are equivalent values. This is also enshrined in the federal law regulating authorized capital.

Financial asset

A financial asset is the totality of all property of an individual entrepreneur, enterprise or other type of legal entity. These include:

• cash reserves
• before the company
• available funds

There is also a division of this category into two subtypes: current and non-current assets. They are indicated separately in all forms of accounting documentation.

There are several key characteristics that distinguish property and funds on the balance sheet from others:

• an asset gives an enterprise or entrepreneur an opportunity in the future to use it
• the company or individual entrepreneur has the legal right to receive this profit
• an agreement or procedure for the transfer of an asset to the use of an enterprise has already occurred and is a fait accompli

Intangible or intangible assets

In addition to tangible assets, an enterprise may also have other, intangible forms. Their key feature is the lack of measurability and tangibility. However, such assets still provide the opportunity to make a profit from business activities in the future, which still classifies them in this category and requires them to be accounted for. These include:

1. Intangible resources in the field of management and organization.
2. Unrealized technologies owned by the enterprise.
3. Reputation of the entrepreneur or joint stock company.
4. Capitalized rights.
5. Privileges (for example, to carry out work on orders, etc.).
6. Advantages of the enterprise over competitors.
7. Tools for control over the sale of goods and services.
8. Insurance guarantees.
9. Intellectual property of any kind (patents, ).
10. Rights to use property.

Non-current production assets

It is well known that the activity of a company is possible only if it has financial resources or property that can be exploited for business or other economic activities. That is, any used object that is related to the activities of the organization is classified as the company’s property. The primary array of non-current assets is created through a mandatory contribution procedure, the purpose of which is to create the authorized capital.

The Civil Code classifies the following objects as division of property:

• land plots
• subsoil areas
• buildings of any type
• forested areas
• transport (sea, river, air, land)

The remaining values ​​are classified as movable property by law. This should include securities, money, financial obligations. It is the sum of fixed assets and intangible objects that are non-current assets of production. In fact, they fit into a triad that ensures the start of a company’s activities (labor resources, objects and, in fact, labor itself).

Current (operating) assets

Current assets, often called operating assets, include all tangible and intangible objects that have currently (or in the current reporting period) been used to generate profit. It is immediately worth noting that the inclusion of long-term financial liabilities here is erroneous - this inaccuracy can often be found in poorly prepared accounting reports. The following assets are also not included in the current assets:

• accounts receivable
• unfinished construction projects
• faulty equipment
• means of labor that have not yet been brought into working condition (for example, purchased machines that are not installed in the workshop)

In accounting, the operating assets ratio plays a significant role - this is the sum of all operating assets that are currently used to generate profit. In fact, the ratio of assets operated to total provides useful information about the enterprise. Based on it, government agencies assess the ability of production to operate uninterruptedly and generate profits.

Non-core assets

There is one more column in the accounting and financial statements, which is also required to be filled out and can provide certain information about the current activities of the enterprise - the volume of non-core assets. Essentially, this concept describes any property of a company or business association that is not currently used to generate income. These may even include facilities such as kindergartens and clinics - this is an echo of the first wave of privatization that occurred in the decade before last.

There is also a scenario in which non-core assets arose due to a change in the orientation of the enterprise: due to the closure of production lines, choice in favor of another market segment, re-profiling. As practice shows, the most appropriate is the transfer or sale of non-core assets, but the law does not oblige joint stock companies and companies to do this. The fact is that long-term maintenance of such objects increases the number of expense items.

As a result, the company's assets are those objects that are used to generate profit from business activities. Also included here is property that can be used for these purposes, but has not been exploited until now.

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One of the main terms associated with the property and financial position of an organization is the concept of “assets”. What are assets? We'll tell you in our material.

Assets: Definition

In a general sense, the assets of an enterprise are the totality of its property and cash. To simplify things, an equal sign is often placed between the terms “assets” and “property”. At the same time, the assets of an organization are not only its property, including cash. Property rights and other rights that have a monetary value are also considered assets.

The definition of the concept of “assets” can be found in the Concept of Accounting in the Market Economy of Russia (approved on December 29, 1997). It is indicated that the assets of a company are economic assets over which the organization received control as a result of the accomplished facts of its economic activities and which should bring it economic benefits in the future.

What is included in assets

The term “asset” is widely used in accounting and financial reporting. Thus, in the form of a balance sheet (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n), information about the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date is grouped into 2 blocks: assets and liabilities. Therefore, from the point of view of accounting and reporting, the balance sheet form will help answer the question of what is an asset. Below are examples of assets.

Thus, the assets of the organization include:

• intangible assets;
• fixed assets;
• stocks;
• accounts receivable;
• financial investments;
• cash, etc.

It is important to take into account that the criteria for recognition of assets, as well as the characteristics of assets for accounting and reporting purposes, are determined by specific regulatory acts on accounting that regulate the accounting of certain assets.

Asset Analysis

The study of the composition, structure and changes in the value of an organization's assets is one of the main areas of analysis of the property and financial position of the organization. Thus, the proportion of assets of individual types in the total assets of the organization is produced, their structure, as well as the quality of the assets are determined.

In addition, the dynamics of the enterprise's assets are usually under close attention. For example, when increasing assets, the rate of growth of assets is calculated and their compliance with the rate of change in income, expenses and profit is examined.

The company's assets are

Good day, dear readers! Today we spent a lot of working time on one client.

The financial director of a legal entity came and wanted to apply for a loan for the organization. When we started talking about the need to prepare a balance sheet, he looked surprised.

Enterprise assets

The assets of an enterprise are the totality of property rights owned by the enterprise, in the form of fixed assets, inventories, financial deposits, and monetary claims against other individuals and legal entities. In other words: assets are investments and claims. The term "assets" is also used to refer to any property of an organization.

Tangible and intangible

Assets are usually divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include non-monetary assets that do not have physical form and satisfy the following conditions:

1. Possibility of identification from other property.
2. Use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for the management needs of the organization.
3. The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization.
4. Availability of documents confirming the existence of an asset and the exclusive right of the enterprise to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, agreement of assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

Intangible assets may include the organization's business reputation (goodwill) and intellectual property.

In turn, objects of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity) include:

• The exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model.
• Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases.
• Property right of the author or other copyright holder.
• The exclusive right of the owner to a trademark and service mark, the name of the place of origin of goods.
• The exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.

Liquidity and asset structure

Assets are grouped according to the degree of their liquidity (ability to be sold at a price close to the market): highly liquid, medium liquid, low liquid and illiquid assets. The most highly liquid asset is money in cash and in current accounts.

Warning!

The ratio of an organization's assets and liabilities determines its financial condition, and in particular, its solvency.

There is a method for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise using financial ratios, the most important of which are calculated based on the size of assets and the degree of their liquidity.

Reflection of enterprise assets in accounting

Assets in accounting are reflected in the asset (on the left side) of the balance sheet. The current form of the balance sheet in the Russian Federation includes two sections of assets: current and non-current assets:

1. Current assets (current assets) are used in the process of daily business activities. For example: inventories, accounts receivable, cash.
2. Non-current assets are assets withdrawn from economic circulation, but reflected in accounting. For example: fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term investments.

source: https://finances-analysis.ru/financial-coefficient/aktivy.htm

What are “Enterprise Assets” - Definition

The assets of an enterprise are the property of the enterprise consisting of financial, tangible and intangible assets.

Tangible assets of an enterprise have a material form. These are enterprise-owned structures for production and non-production purposes, residential and administrative buildings, land, production equipment and machinery, stocks of materials, raw materials and fuel, and so on.

Financial assets of an enterprise are financial instruments owned by the enterprise: financial investments, receivables, monetary assets in various currencies, cash on hand, securities, insurance policies, and so on.

Intangible assets of an enterprise are the right to use some intellectual property, including a trademark, logo, patents for inventions, and so on.

In accordance with the nature of the participation of assets in the production cycle, current and non-current assets are distinguished.

Attention!

Current assets are completely consumed during one production cycle, ensuring the company's operating activities. Non-current assets of an enterprise are involved in several production cycles until their entire value is transferred to manufactured products.

Various sources of asset formation make it possible to distinguish between net and gross assets. Gross assets are formed at the expense of both own and borrowed capital, Net assets - only at the expense of own capital.

The assets of an enterprise are divided into various groups according to some other criteria: by ownership (own and leased) and degree of liquidity (absolutely liquid; highly liquid; weakly liquid and illiquid).

source: http://site/btimes.ru/dictionary/aktivy-predpriyatiya

Enterprise assets: formation, analysis, optimization

Any property that is owned by an organization can be combined into one concept - the assets of the enterprise. Such property can be tangible (material) and immaterial. The funds of an enterprise constitute its financial assets.

Enterprise assets are economic assets that are at the disposal of the organization. They are the result of its economic activities and are used for further profit generation and development of the company.

They have the potential to provide cash flow in one way or another. However, not all resources can act in this capacity. To do this, they must meet the following requirements:

• Used for the production of goods, performance of work or provision of services.
• Exchange for other resources.
• Used as a means of repaying debts.
• Distributed among all participants of the business company.

Composition and structure

Classification and understanding of the distinctive features of each type makes it possible to evaluate the company’s activities according to specific economic parameters. The data obtained as a result of such analysis helps to make informed management decisions and develop a development strategy.

Advice!

Tangible, intangible and financial assets. Tangible assets include the physical property of the company: production equipment, transport, buildings, production lines, computers, office equipment, furniture.

The intangible assets of an enterprise are no less valuable for the successful operation of the organization. These include:

1. patents, trademarks, intellectual property rights;
2. the right to use subsoil;
3. licenses, permits;
4. formulas, software products, technologies, other inventory items.

Financial assets of an enterprise include all the money at the company's disposal, its equivalents, deposits in bank accounts, loans provided to third parties, as well as shares and bonds.

In the course of its activities, the enterprise uses all types of economic means. However, in recent years the role of intangible property has been growing. This is due to the fact that information technology and information in general are extremely important for modern business. Using a large number of intangible components, the company produces high-tech products.

Current and non-current assets. Depending on the nature of their use in business processes and their turnover ability, assets can be current or non-current.

The first group includes property that is processed entirely during the production or commercial cycle. An example of current assets is raw materials, since upon completion of processing processes they become a finished product.

Cash also belongs to current assets, since it is fully used to pay employees, purchased raw materials, loan payments, etc.

Non-current assets are not subject to change and are not consumed during the production process. They are used for a long time, gradually their cost is transferred to the finished product. Non-current assets include fixed assets. This is the property through which the production of goods or provision of services is carried out:

• buildings and structures;
• cars and other special vehicles;
• technological lines;
• expensive and constantly used tools, equipment, etc.

Almost all intangible assets are also considered non-current. These are long-term loans and securities issued, other financial instruments, as well as equipment leased to third parties.

Warning!

Production and non-production assets. In a company engaged in industrial production, part of the property is involved in the process of manufacturing products. These are workshop premises, technological lines installed in them, necessary equipment and tools, raw materials, fuel. However, no manufacturing company can do without administrative offices or support units.

Anything that is not directly related to the production process is considered non-productive assets. These are cars, canteen equipment, furniture, computer equipment.

Dividing property into groups is necessary to calculate direct and indirect costs. Manufacturing assets are easily transferred to the finished product because they are consumed during its manufacture. To take into account non-productive assets in the cost price, special formulas are needed to determine indirect costs, which are then included in the cost of manufactured products.

Own and attracted assets. To carry out its activities, the enterprise uses property purchased with its own funds or leased. Those items that are purchased with the company’s money, as well as its own finances, form the enterprise’s own assets. Leased production facilities, including leasing, as well as bank loans are considered attracted.

Attracted assets imply the company's fulfillment of certain obligations. This is the need to make payments under loan agreements and lease agreements, as well as take care of servicing debt securities. When equipment or vehicles are used by a company under leasing terms, after payment of its cost to the leasing company, the property becomes the property of the enterprise.

Division is also possible according to the degree of liquidity:

1. absolutely liquid (money);
2. highly liquid (short-term receivables and deposits with a short repayment period);
3. medium-liquid (finished products, goods, accounts receivable);
4. weakly liquid (financial instruments with a long maturity, some types of intangible and non-current assets);
5. illiquid (bad receivables, defects, loss).

Based on the sources of formation, assets are divided into gross and net. Gross consists of all types of property, regardless of the funds spent on their acquisition.

Attention!

Those purchased with the personal funds of the enterprise without the use of borrowed funds are considered clean.

Net asset value is the difference between the total value of assets and the amount of liabilities. This indicator is important for determining the degree of financial independence of the company, since it allows you to understand what the real size of its own funds is.

Financing

Sources of enterprise assets are divided into the following groups:

• Own - funds that belong to the enterprise by right of ownership and are used to form part of the assets. These include:
  1. Authorized (share, share) capital. This is the amount of contributions of the company's founders, which is necessary for its functioning. The purpose of their contribution is the formation of fixed and working capital at the stage of opening the enterprise. The size of the authorized capital is fixed in the constituent documents and does not change throughout the existence of the business entity. It can be increased or decreased only in a legally regulated manner.
  2. The profit that an enterprise received from the sale of goods, works, services, from the sale of its property and property rights, as well as from other income.
  3. Depreciation charges accumulated as a result of transferring the cost of fixed assets to the cost of production.
• Funds equivalent to your own. The company does not own them, but constantly uses them.
• Borrowed funds are funds that an enterprise attracts on a repayable basis: loans received from banking institutions on the terms of repayment and payment; borrowed funds from other companies; subsidies from the budget.
• Attracted are funds of other individuals and legal entities that are in the circulation of the enterprise temporarily, including accounts payable.
• Mobilized in the financial market are funds that the company received from the sale of its own securities (shares and bonds).
• Non-traditional sources of financing – leasing and factoring.

Enterprise asset management

Property management is a system of principles and methods for the development and implementation of management decisions that are associated with the formation, effective use in the operational activities of an enterprise and the organization of its turnover.

The goal of operating asset management, as well as financial management in general, is to increase the market value of the enterprise.

In achieving this goal, the following tasks must be solved:

Formation of assets in sufficient volume and required composition allowing to ensure the specified pace of development of operating activities. To solve this problem you need:

1. determine the need for property and funds that will be required in the operating process of the enterprise;
2. optimize the ratio of individual types of property and finance and attract the most effective ones, based on the level of productivity and the likely profitability of the upcoming use.

Ensuring the highest level of profitability(profitability) of used assets at the planned level of commercial risk.

Maximum profitability can be achieved through the use of property in the most effective areas of operating activities and commercial operations of the enterprise. When solving this problem, it is necessary to understand that high profitability directly depends on the growth of commercial risks.

Advice!

Ensuring business risk is minimized use of enterprise assets at the envisaged level of their profitability (profitability).

With a pre-planned or predetermined level of profitability, it is necessary to strive to reduce commercial risks in the types of activities through which profitability is achieved. The following methods are used for this:

• diversification of operations and areas of activity of the enterprise that are associated with the use of its property;
• avoidance of certain types of commercial risks;
• effective forms of their internal and external insurance.

Ensuring the constant solvency of the enterprise by maintaining a high level of asset liquidity. Effective management of cash balances and cash equivalents will help solve this problem. It should be noted that excess funds, although they help maintain a high level of solvency, tend to lose value under the influence of inflation.

It follows from this that in solving this problem it is necessary to take into account the various economic interests of the enterprise. A sufficient level of solvency of the enterprise is achieved by high liquidity of finished products, accounts receivable, short-term financial investments, as well as other types of operating assets.

Optimization of asset turnover. To solve this problem you need:

1. effectively manage monetary and material types of property during the implementation of individual cycles of their turnover in the enterprise;
2. ensure the synchronicity of the formation of certain types of enterprise assets related to operating activities;
3. minimize the total costs of organizing the turnover of property in all its forms.

Accounting

An asset is considered such when the following conditions are met:

• the owner of the property is the company, and the resources controlled by it are used on a legal basis;
• its use will ultimately lead to an increase in the economic profit of the enterprise;
• it can be expressed using specific quantities.

The potential economic benefit of assets lies in their direct or indirect inclusion in the company's financial flow. Potential can be productive, in other words, be part of the operating activities of the enterprise.

Warning!

It can be converted into cash or cash equivalents, and can also be used to reduce financial outflows (for example, organizing an alternative production process to reduce costs).

The economic resources included in the property must meet several requirements:

1. ensure receipt of benefits (income, profit, money) in the future;
2. be subject to the disposal of an enterprise, which can use them at its own discretion or sell them;
3. appear as a result of previously completed transactions (to be ready for use at the moment, and not to be at the stage of production or delivery under the relevant agreement, contract).

The amount of assets of an enterprise includes its property and non-property rights.

Property includes items that have economic value due to their physical properties (money, goods, raw materials, structures, machinery, equipment). Property can be movable and immovable, in the form of shares and shares of other companies (long-term financial investments), in the form of working capital (current assets of the enterprise) or biological assets.

Rights are divided into material and immaterial. Materialized means ownership of a security that confirms the possibility of receiving valuables (bill, check, bond, share).

The latter include debt obligations (accounts receivable), exclusive rights (patent, license, copyright, right to a company name and trademark) and other rights resulting from unfinished business transactions (planned expenses incurred or income not yet received).

All types of property discussed above are subject to reflection in the balance sheet of the enterprise after their quantitative assessment and measurement. The classification is aimed at ensuring that, on the one hand, it is possible to have an idea of ​​the composition of the enterprise’s assets and the essence of its legal relations with counterparties, and on the other hand, to determine the degree of their participation in the general turnover of the company’s funds.

During the annual inventory of property or constant maintenance of accounting data, the following tasks are solved:

• the enterprise's own capital or the amount of net assets is determined (represents the difference between the amount expressed by the value of all property assets and the amount of liabilities);
• a set of benefits is identified that can be used to ensure the rights of creditors.

Valuables of which the enterprise is not the owner, but which are in its temporary possession, are identified separately in accounting. These include securities transferred for storage or goods transferred for sale.

How to analyze enterprise assets

Asset analysis is understood as a procedure for studying the results of their creation and use by a company, allowing one to identify opportunities for a future increase in their efficiency.

Attention!

Financial analysis systems can be different. Based on the methods underlying its implementation, horizontal, vertical, comparative, integral financial analyzes and analysis of financial ratios are distinguished.

Horizontal financial analysis. The basis of this type of analysis is the study of changes that individual financial indicators undergo over time. During the analysis, the growth rates of various financial reporting parameters for individual periods are calculated, and the directions of their changes are identified.

In relation to an asset management system, several methods are most often used:

1. Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with data for the previous period.
2. Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with data for the same period last year.
3. Studying the dynamics of data for a number of previous periods. This method of analysis makes it possible to determine the direction of change in individual parameters that characterize the results of using the enterprise’s assets in its activities.

Vertical (structural) financial analysis. The analysis of the structure of an enterprise's assets is based on the vertical decomposition of individual parameters of the company's financial statements. Its purpose is to calculate the share of individual parts that make up economic indicators.

The most common methods used during vertical analysis:

• Structural analysis that determines the volume of property used by type of economic activity. It is the basis for the subsequent calculation of asset efficiency parameters based on individual types of activities and for the business entity as a whole.
• Structural analysis of the volume and composition of assets by internal divisions of the enterprise. It is the basis for a subsequent more in-depth comparative and invoice analysis, which allows us to determine how effectively the company's main assets are used by its internal divisions.
• Structural analysis of the operating non-current and current assets of the enterprise. It is necessary to study the turnover of funds and property in terms of individual production and commercial cycles, as well as to determine performance indicators for the use of certain types of enterprise assets.

Comparative financial analysis. The basis for this type of analysis is a comparison of groups of similar indicators with each other. During the analysis, the values ​​of absolute and relative deviations of comparable parameters are calculated. The most commonly used types of comparative analysis are:

1. Comparative analysis of parameters for the use of enterprise property and industry average data. At the same time, it is determined to what extent the results of the creation and use of assets of a particular enterprise deviate from the industry average, so that in the future it is possible to assess the competitiveness of the enterprise and identify reserves for further increasing the efficiency of their use.
2. Comparative analysis of indicators of the use of property and financial resources of a particular enterprise and competing companies. The goal is to identify the weaknesses of the organization’s functioning in terms of the use of assets and further identify measures to improve its competitive position.
3. Comparative analysis of the use of property in terms of the activities of the internal structural divisions of the enterprise in question. It is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of creation and use of assets by the internal structures of the organization.
4. Comparative analysis of reporting and planned indicators for the use of property. It serves as the basis for monitoring and makes it possible to determine the degree of deviation of the final indicators from the planned ones. Next, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the discrepancies in the data and develop measures aimed at adjusting those areas of activity in which a lag from planned parameters has been identified.

Analysis of financial ratios. The essence of this type of analysis is to calculate the ratio of absolute indicators of the economic activity of an enterprise. During the analysis of financial ratios, relative indicators are determined that characterize the results of the use of property and finances of the enterprise, and their impact on the state of the company as a whole.

Factors for assessing the profitability of enterprise assets. This group of coefficients serves to assess the ability of property and finance to ensure the profitability of the enterprise in the course of business activities and determine the effectiveness of their use both in general and in individual areas.

Indicators used for analysis:

• The profitability ratio of the entire mass of assets used (economic profitability ratio). Shows the level of net profit obtained from all assets of the enterprise on its balance sheet. Calculation of this indicator using the formula: Ra = net profit / average value of the enterprise's assets.
• Return on sales ratio. Shows the level of profit that the company has from each ruble of products sold. This indicator is calculated using the formula: Ppr = profit from sales / revenue.
• Profitability ratio of core activities. Demonstrates the level of profitability of core activities. Calculated using the formula: Type = profit from sales / cost.
• Return on equity ratio of the enterprise. Allows you to see the efficiency of using funds owned by the enterprise. The formula used for calculation is: Rsk = net profit / equity capital.
• The profitability ratio of the operating non-current assets of the enterprise. Allows one to judge the effectiveness of using total fixed assets and intangible assets in the company's operating activities. The calculation is carried out according to the formula: Rova = net profit / average value of operating non-current assets.
• The profitability ratio of the company's current assets. Shows the level of profitability of the organization's total current assets and is calculated using the formula: Roa = net profit / average value of the enterprise's current assets.

Ratios for assessing asset liquidity. This group of ratios reflects the company’s ability to ensure timely payments on current financial obligations at the expense of liquid current assets. To assess their liquidity, and therefore the level of solvency of the company, the following indicators are needed:

1. absolute liquidity ratio, which allows you to determine the solvency of the enterprise as of the balance sheet date. It clearly demonstrates the amount of short-term debt that the company can pay in the near future;
2. quick liquidity ratio. In its purpose it is similar to the current liquidity ratio, but differs from it in that a narrow range of current assets is taken to calculate it. In the course of studying the dynamics of this coefficient, the factors that influenced its dynamics are also analyzed. For example, an increase in this indicator caused by an increase in accounts receivable negatively characterizes the economic position of the company;
3. current ratio. Shows how much the company is provided with working capital to timely repay short-term financial obligations;
4. liquidity ratio when raising funds. Demonstrates the degree of dependence of the company's solvency on material reserves in terms of mobilizing funds to make payments on the company's short-term obligations;
5. own solvency ratio. Shows whether the company is able to repay its short-term debt obligations using only net working capital;
6. the solvency recovery ratio allows you to understand the company’s ability to restore full solvency within six months;
7. the solvency loss ratio warns of the possibility of an enterprise losing its solvency within the next three months.

Turnover estimation coefficients. This group of coefficients determines the turnover rate of formed assets in the process of the company’s economic activities. To some extent, they serve as an indicator of its business (production and commercial) activity.

How to optimize the composition of enterprise assets

Optimization of the composition of assets is understood as a process during which the optimal ratio of their various types is determined to ensure the best conditions for economic activity and the maximum level of liquidity. The optimization process includes the following procedures.

Advice!

Taking into account the prospects for the development of the company’s production and commercial activities and its regional diversification. The creation of funds directly depends on the main goals of production activities; therefore, optimization of their volume and composition is closely related to the economic strategy of the organization and the immediate goals of its activities.

Ensuring that the composition of the enterprise's assets corresponds to the structure of production and sales of products. Based on the fact that many types of property are created taking into account the characteristics of the products being manufactured, during the formation of the property fund it is necessary to take into account possible changes in the nomenclature.

Selection of the most progressive types of assets in terms of their ability to provide profit and increase the market value of the company. Today, the market for means of production and the financial market offer companies new tools for the formation of property and non-property funds of the enterprise.

When choosing specific forms, you need to pay attention to their prospects, increased functionality, resistance to obsolescence and many other factors that influence the company’s ability to make a profit and have a positive impact on its market value.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets based on their total turnover. The amount of profit on invested capital directly depends on the turnover rate of the assets in which it is invested. Since the turnover rate (turnover period) of different types is different, when optimizing their composition, it is necessary to select those of them that are characterized by the highest turnover.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of their liquidity. Based on the fact that liquidity is necessary to maintain the solvency of the company and to minimize the risk of bankruptcy, when optimizing the composition, one should strive to have a sufficient part of the property with a high level of liquidity.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of minimizing the risk of loss during use. When different types of property are involved, they are exposed to varying degrees of risk of loss.

For example, cash is subject to the negative effects of inflation, inventory items become cheaper as a result of natural loss and damage, active types of fixed assets and intangible property - in the process of obsolescence and depreciation. This means that optimizing the composition involves minimizing the overall risk of losses.

Warning!

The goal of optimizing the assets of an enterprise is to create conditions for the subsequent most efficient use of all types of property, as well as for increasing the profitability of the company. In the optimization process, an enterprise goes through three stages.

At the initial stage, it is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between the active and passive parts of non-current assets that are involved in operating activities.

The second stage involves creating a balance between the active and passive parts of the enterprise’s non-current assets. The active part includes mechanisms and production equipment, without which it is impossible to carry out technological processes. Passive includes buildings and structures, as well as those machines that play an auxiliary role.

The third stage involves creating an optimal ratio of three main types of current assets:

• amounts of inventories of inventory items;
• amounts of accounts receivable;
• amounts of monetary assets.

When optimizing, it is necessary to take into account the industry-specific features of economic activity, the average duration of the operating cycle, as well as an assessment of the positive and negative characteristics of the use of various types of property.