How to draw an oval with a compass drawing. How to draw a circle in perspective, draw an ellipse. Draw an oval smoothly and beautifully

The question is important not only for beginners, but sometimes for experienced artists as well. By understanding how to draw a circle correctly in perspective, we can draw a huge number of objects, not just pots and plates.
In general, a short point: usually we rarely see round objects from the front. For example a plate like this

We see much less often than like this.

Therefore, we need to understand how to correctly depict a plate in a perspective horizontal plane. There is a simple scheme for this.

The most important thing is on the left. We see ovals and a horizon line, relative to which we usually draw all objects. At the level of the horizon line, the oval either turns into a line or is very narrow. The higher or lower, the rounder the oval, all lines that are closer to us according to the law of perspective will be thicker, everything that is further - thinner. If the oval is well below the level of vision, it can become almost round. This can be seen very clearly by taking a roll of duct tape, your ideal nature for practicing this skill. We raise the skein to eye level - ideally, we will see a rectangle, raise it higher and lower and immediately see clearly all the changes.
In the vertical plane, the story is absolutely the same, only the diagram must be turned over 90 degrees.

Thus, all the plates and pots become subject to us, we look at the previous picture of the plate, taking into account new knowledge.

You can draw another oval to show the thickness of the plate, the end result depends on your observation. The skill of drawing ovals trains very well in the detailed drawing of simple objects; at first, the same skein of scotch tape, for example, is great.

There is another common mistake when drawing ovals. Many people draw two arcs instead of an oval. This should not be allowed, even if your oval is very narrow, always draw fillets in the corners.

Over time, you will be perfectly able to find perspective in almost any object.

Well, after the circles get bored, you can try to draw squares - the principle is the same. There is really a nuance with the vanishing point, but more on that another time.

I hope you won't have any more problems with the circle in perspective and your drawings will be correct and accurate. In addition to this post, you can see the same

Oval is a closed box-like curve that has two axes of symmetry and consists of two supporting circles of the same diameter, internally conjugated by arcs (Fig. 13.45). The oval is characterized by three parameters: length, width and radius of the oval. Sometimes only the length and width of the oval is set, without determining its radii, then the problem of constructing an oval has a large variety of solutions (see Fig. 13.45, a ... d).

They also use methods of constructing ovals based on two identical reference circles that touch (Figure 13.46, a), intersect (Figure 13.46, b) or do not intersect (Figure 13.46, c). In this case, two parameters are actually set: the length of the oval and one of its radii. There are many solutions to this problem. It's obvious that R> ОА has no upper bound. In particular R = О 1 О 2(see Fig.13.46.a, and Fig.13.46.c), and the centers About 3 and About 4 determine how the points of intersection of the base circles (see Fig. 13.46, b). According to the general theory of a point, conjugations are defined on a straight line connecting the centers of the arcs of touching circles.

Creates an oval with touching reference circles(the problem has many solutions) ( rice. 3.44). From the centers of the reference circles O and 0 1 with a radius equal, for example, to the distance between their centers, draw circular arcs until they intersect at points O 2 and About 3.

Figure 3.44

If from points O 2 and About 3 lead straight through centers O and O 1, then at the intersection with the support circles we get the conjugation points WITH, C 1, D and D 1... From points O 2 and About 3 both from the centers of the radius R 2 conduct conjugation arcs.

Creates an oval with intersecting reference circles(the problem also has many solutions) (Fig. 3.45). From the points of intersection of the reference circles C 2 and About 3 lead straight lines, for example, through the centers O and O 1 before intersection with reference circles at mating points C, C 1 D and D 1, and the radii R 2, equal to the diameter of the reference circle, - conjugation arcs.

Figure 3.45 Figure 3.46

Creation of an oval along two given axes AB and CD(fig. 3.46). Below is one of many solutions. A segment is plotted on the vertical axis OE, equal to half of the major axis AB. From point WITH how from the center draw an arc with a radius CE before the intersection with the segment AS at the point E 1... To the middle of the segment AE 1 restore the perpendicular and mark the points of its intersection with the oval axes O 1 and 0 2 . Build dots O 3 and 0 4 symmetric to points O 1 and 0 2 with respect to the axes CD and AB. Points O 1 and 0 3 will be the centers of support circles of radius R 1, equal to the segment O 1 A, and points O 2 and 0 4 - the centers of the conjugation arcs of the radius R 2, equal to the segment About 2 C. Straight lines connecting centers O 1 and 0 3 With O 2 and 0 4 at the intersection with the oval, the mating points are determined.

In AutoCAD, an oval is constructed using two reference circles of the same radius, which:

1. have a point of contact;

2. intersect;

3. do not overlap.

Let's consider the first case. A segment OO 1 = 2R is built, parallel to the X axis, at its ends (points O and O 1), the centers of two supporting circles of radius R and the centers of two auxiliary circles of radius R 1 = 2R are placed. The arcs CD and C 1 D 1, respectively, are constructed from the intersection points of the auxiliary circles O 2 and O 3. The auxiliary circles are removed, then the inner parts of the support circles are cut off relative to the arcs CD and C 1 D 1. In figure bb, the resulting oval is highlighted with a thick line.

Figure Drawing an oval with touching reference circles of the same radius

There are many ways to draw an oval. The article presents two of the simplest options: how to draw an oval using a compass, pencil and ruler, without using patterns.

Draw an oval with a rhombus

• Before constructing the oval, it is necessary to draw an equilateral rhombus located with a larger horizontal diagonal.
• Draw two segments from the upper vertex of the rhombus, which will halve the lower sides of the rhombus. From the other vertex of the rhombus, which is visually located at the bottom, also draw two of the same segments. The result is four triangles: left and right.
• At the intersection of each pair of triangles, a point should be marked - it is at this point that the leg of the compass should be placed and the arc side walls of the oval should be drawn.
• From those vertices that were used to draw the segments, draw the missing sides of the oval below and above with the help of a compass.

This method is good for those who wondered: how to draw an oval with a compass?

If the major axis is known

If the size of the major axis of the oval is known, then the construction itself is significantly simplified.

The given axis must be divided into three equal parts, as in the photo:

Measure the distance O1 and O2 - this is the radius. Draw circles with a radius of О1О2 from these points, as in the photo:

The intersection of the circles is called m and n.

We connect the points m and n with O1 and O2, resulting in straight lines, which must be extended until they intersect with the circles. Points 1, 2, 3, 4 in this case are the conjugation points of the arcs.

We consider the points m, n as centers and draw the maximum radius from each, which is equal to n2 and m3. Arcs 12 and 34 are obtained. The oval is drawn, the result obtained can be compared with this image:

The 2D circles in the previous pictures can be thought of as coins, phonograph records, pancakes, lenses, etc. But circles are also part of three-dimensional objects such as cylinders and cones, and are also widely used in the visual arts. Cylinders are the basis for an infinite number of things like cigarettes, tanks, spools of thread, pipes, etc. The cones are the bases for ice cream cones, hourglasses, martini glasses, funnels, etc.

An ellipse is an oval with two unequal axes (major and minor), which always form a right angle to each other. The axes divide the ellipse into short and long arcs, respectively, with both arcs being absolutely symmetrical.

You need to learn to draw ellipses freely by hand. Ellipses A and B are drawing attempts. Anyone familiar with ellipses can visually evaluate the major and minor axes and see that ellipse A is correct and ellipse B is not symmetrical enough. (If we draw two axes for B, we can see the errors more clearly. Notice how each sector is different.)

You may find it helpful to draw a rectangle from the labels. This will create four more guides for evaluating and comparing the shape of the ellipse.

So, in order to learn how to draw (and represent) ellipses well, you first need to sketch the axes. Stroke equal lines to either side of the center to define the edges.
Now let's try to draw four equal sectors. We always round the ends, do not make them sharp.

The center of the circle drawn in perspective does not coincide with the main axis of the ellipse - it is always farther (for the observer) than the main axis.

This amazing fact is often the cause of many difficulties. What is the relationship between the center of the circle and the axes of the ellipse?

A regular circle can always be described by a regular square. The center of the square (found by drawing two diagonals) coincides with the center of the circle.

A perspective circle can also be described with a perspective square. Drawing diagonals will define the center of both the square and the circle. We know from past lessons that this point is not equidistant from the bottom and top line. So, we draw the diameter of the circle through this central point - it is also not equidistant from the top and bottom.
We also know that the main axis of the ellipse must be equidistant from the top and bottom line.
Now, combining the two pictures, we can see that the diameter of the circle is slightly higher than the main axis of the ellipse. Note also that the minor axis coincides in most cases with the perspective diameter of the circle.

The top view explains this seeming paradox. The widest part of the circle (projected onto the plane of the drawing) is not a diameter, but a simple chord (indicated by strokes). This chord will become the main axis of the ellipse, while the actual diameter of the circle that lies further away looks smaller.

So, don't make the mistake of drawing a square in perspective and using its center as the location for the major axis of the ellipse. As a result, the figure will look like this

Also, if you want to draw half a circle (or cylinder), you cannot draw an ellipse and count any of the sides from the main axis as half a circle in perspective. (The figure on the left is not half, although it seems to be equal)
And here on the right are the correct halves, because the diameter of the circle is used as the division line.

Oval Is a closed convex flat curve. The simplest example of an oval is a circle. It is not difficult to draw a circle, but it is allowed to erect an oval with the help of a compass and a ruler.

You will need

• - compasses;
• - ruler;
• - pencil.

Instructions

1. Let us know the width of the oval, i.e. its horizontal axis. Let's erect a segment AB, different from the horizontal axis. Divide this segment into three equal parts by points C and D.

2. From points C and D as centers, erect circles with a radius equal to the distance between points C and D. The intersection points of the circles will be denoted by the letters E and F.

3. Combine points C and F, D and F, C and E, D and E. These lines intersect the circles at four points. Let's call these points G, H, I, J, respectively.

4. Note that the distances EI, EJ, FG, FH are equal. Let us denote this distance as R. From point E as from the center, draw an arc with radius R, connecting points I and J. Combine points G and H with an arc of radius R with center at point F. Thus, the oval can be considered constructed.

5. Even if the length and width of the oval are now famous, i.e. both axes of symmetry. Let's draw two perpendicular lines. Let these lines intersect at point O. On the horizontal line, set off a segment AB centered at point O, equal to the length of the oval. On the vertical line, set aside the segment CD centered at point O, equal to the width of the oval.

6. Let us unite the straight lines of the points C and B. From the point O as from the center, draw an arc with the radius OB, connecting the lines AB and CD. The point of intersection with the line CD is called point E.

7. From point C we draw an arc of radius CE so that it intersects the segment CB. The point of intersection will be denoted by point F. The distance FB will be denoted by Z. From points F and B as centers, draw two intersecting arcs with radius Z.

8. We connect the points of intersection of 2 arcs of a straight line and call the points of intersection of this straight line with the axes of symmetry points G and H. Set aside point G * symmetrically to point G tangent to point O. And set point H * symmetrically to point H tangent to point O.

9. Connect points H and G *, H * and G *, H * and G with straight lines. Let's denote the distance HC as R, and the distance GB as R *.

10. From point H, as from the center, draw an arc of radius R, intersecting lines HG and HG *. From the point H * as from the center, draw an arc of radius R, intersecting the lines H * G * and H * G. Draw arcs of radius R * from points G and G * as from centers, closing the resulting figure. The oval is now complete.

Not everyone knows that an ellipse and an oval are different geometric shapes, although they are similar in appearance. Unlike an oval, an ellipse has the correct shape, and it will not work to draw it with the support of a compass alone.

You will need

• - paper;
• - pencil;
• - ruler;
• - compasses.

Instructions

1. Take paper and pencil, draw two straight lines perpendicular to each other. Put a compass at the point where they intersect and draw two circles of different diameters. In this case, the smaller circle will have a diameter equal to the width, that is, the minor axis of the ellipse, and the huge circle will correspond to the length, that is, the major axis.

2. Divide the huge circle into twelve equal parts. Using straight lines that will pass through the center, combine the division points that are located in the opposite direction. As a result, you will also divide the smaller circle into twelve equal segments.

3. Number. Do this so that the highest point in the circle is called point 1. Further from the points on the large circle, draw vertical lines downward. In this case, skip points 1, 4, 7 and 10. From the points on the small circle, corresponding to the points on the large circle, draw lines horizontally, which will intersect with the verticals.

4. Unite the points with a smooth oblique where vertical and horizontal lines intersect and points 1, 4, 7, 10 on a small circle. The result is a correctly constructed ellipse.

5. Try another method for constructing an ellipse. On paper, draw a rectangle with a height and width equal to the height and width of the ellipse. Draw two intersecting lines that will divide the rectangle into four parts.

6. Using a compass, draw a circle that crosses the long line in the middle. At the same time, place the rod of the compass in the center of the side of the rectangle. The radius of the circle should be equal to half the length of the side of the figure.

7. Notice the points where the circle crosses the vertical centerline, stick two pins in them. Put a third pin at the end of the middle line, tie all three with linen thread.

8. Take out the third pin, put a pencil in its place. Draw a curve using thread tension. The ellipse will turn out if all the actions were performed correctly.

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Despite the fact that the ellipse and the oval are outwardly hefty similar, geometrically they are different shapes. And if it is allowed to draw an oval only with the help of a compass, then it is unthinkable to draw a correct ellipse with the help of a compass. It turns out that we will consider two methods for constructing an ellipse on a plane.

Instructions

1. The 1st and most primitive method of drawing an ellipse. Draw two straight lines perpendicular to each other. From the point of their intersection with a compass, draw two circles of different sizes: the diameter of the smaller circle is equal to the specified width of the ellipse or the minor axis, the diameter of the larger one is the length of the ellipse, the major axis.

2. Divide the huge circle into twelve equal parts. Unite with straight lines passing through the center of the division points located opposite each other. The smaller circle will also be divided into 12 equal parts.

3. Number the points clockwise so that point 1 is the highest point in the circle.

4. From the division points on the larger circle, in addition to points 1, 4, 7, and 10, draw vertical lines downward. From the corresponding points lying on the small circle, draw horizontal lines intersecting with the vertical ones, i.e. the vertical line from point 2 of the larger circle must intersect with the horizontal line from point 2 of the small circle.

5. Combine the smooth oblique intersection of the vertical and horizontal lines, as well as points 1, 4, 7 and 10 of the small circle. The ellipse is built.

6. For another method of drawing an ellipse, you need a compass, 3 pins, and a strong linen thread. Draw a rectangle whose height and width would be equal to the height and width of the ellipse. Divide the rectangle into 4 equal parts with two intersecting lines.

7. Using a compass, draw a circle that intersects the long centerline. To do this, the support rod of the compass must be installed in the center of one of the lateral sides of the rectangle. The radius of the circle is specified by the length of the side of the rectangle, halved.

8. Notice the points where the circle intersects the vertical center line.

9. Stick two pins in these points. Stick the third pin at the end of the midline. Tie all three pins with linen thread.

10. Remove the third pin and use a pencil instead. Applying a uniform thread tension, draw a curve. If everything is done correctly, you should have an ellipse.

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The designer is repeatedly faced with the need to build arc given curvature. Parts of buildings, bridge spans, fragments of parts in mechanical engineering can have this shape. The thesis of building an arch in any type of design is no different from what a schoolchild is supposed to do in a drawing or geometry lesson.

You will need

• - paper;
• - ruler;
• - protractor
• - compasses;
• - computer with AutoCAD program.

Instructions

1. To erect arc with the help of ordinary drawing tools, you need to know 2 parameters: the radius of the circle and the angle of the sector. They are either specified in the conditions of the problem, or they need to be calculated based on other data.

2. Place a dot on the sheet. Mark it as O. From this point, draw a line and mark the length of the radius on it.

3. Align the zero division of the protractor with point O and set this angle aside. Through this new point, draw a straight line with the origin at point O and mark the length of the radius on it.

4. Spread the legs of the compass to the size of the radius. Put the needle at point O. Combine the ends of the radii with an arc using a compass pencil.

5. AutoCAD allows you to build arc by several parameters. Open the program. In the top menu, find the main tab, and in it - the "Draw" panel. The program will offer several types of lines. Select the "Arc" option. It is also allowed to do it through the command line. Enter the command _arc there and press enter.

6. You will see a list of parameters by which it is allowed to build arc... There are a lot of options: three points, center, beginning and end. It is allowed to build arc by origin, center, chord length, or internal corner. A variant is offered by two extreme points and a radius, by the central and final or starting points and an inner corner, etc. Choose the one that suits you best based on what you are famous for.

7. Whatever you prefer, the program will prompt you to enter the required parameters. If you build arc on any three points, it is allowed to indicate their location with the support of the cursor. It is also allowed to specify the coordinates of any point.

8. If among the parameters by which you are building arc, you have a corner, the context menu will have to be called the 2nd time. First, mark the points specified in the conditions with the cursor or with the support of coordinates, then call the menu and enter the angle size.

9. The algorithm for constructing an arc based on two points and the length of a chord is exactly the same as for two points and an angle. True, in this case it should be borne in mind that the chord contracts 2 arcs of one circle. If you build a smaller arc, enter the correct value, large is negative.

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