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Sources of scientific psychological knowledge. Bogdanov I., etc. Psychology and Pedagogy

Of course, psychology would never be an independent science if it were guided only by everyday, everyday ideas. The most productive way to achieve psychological knowledge- scientific. What is science? This is universally valid, necessary knowledge, which is based on conscious, verifiable methods and is always directed to individual, specific objects. New results obtained by science are actually being implemented, and not just as a tribute to a passing fashion, but everywhere and for a long time. Any scientifically established truth can be demonstrated or proven in such a way that man of sense who is able to understand the essence of the matter, will not be able to challenge its necessary nature. All this is absolutely clear, but often various kinds of false interpretations obscure the essence of the matter.

Science is extremely versatile. The scope and meaning of scientific knowledge varies depending on the methods used. It is impossible to demand from any one method something that can be achieved only through completely different forms of research methods. With a scientific approach, any method of achieving the truth is acceptable, if only it meets such universal criteria of the scientific approach as general validity, the necessary nature of the conclusions (provability), methodological clarity and openness to substantive discussion.

Observation - one of the main empirical methods of psychological research. It consists in the conscious, deliberate, systematic and purposeful perception of mental phenomena. The purpose of observation is to study specific changes under certain conditions, as well as to find the meaning of this phenomenon, which is not revealed without much effort. There are several types of observation, which differ from each other in the ways of organization:

Included Surveillance when the observer is a member of the group that has become the object of study. In this case, the observer organizes the life of the group, but he himself does not stand out in it.

Random observation , in which, as in life, the observer discovers a fact that literally strikes him, since in the latter, according to the researcher, the main cause of this process is found, some regularity of the mental process becomes clear.

Organized , or systematic observation when a plan is specially thought out, a scheme for observing another person and focusing on his specific qualities;

Chaotic Observation ) i.e. lack of periodicity and systematicity, change of means (including technical ones) and methods of observation. This type of observation can be diary entries.

So, observation is a general term that is used to describe any situation where the observer registers the behavior of the participants in the experiment. The term "observation" can be used to describe a data collection method (ie, we observe someone doing something) or as a research design. When trying to give a precise definition of this term, we automatically contrast the observation pilot study, since the observation does not require manipulation of the independent variable. Thus, various types of non-experimental studies can be classified as observational. The table shows the most common categories of observation.

table

controlled surveillance	Participants are observed in an environment that is to some extent under the control of the observer.
natural observation	Behavior is studied in a natural setting. Example: watching children play in the school yard
Active and passive surveillance	The observer takes part in the activities of the studied group (active observation), or observes from the outside and tries to be invisible (passive observation)
Structural observation	Observations are sorted into separate categories. For example, an event can be logged every time it occurs (sampling by events), or you can log specific events that occur in a given period of time (sampling by time interval)

Experiment - in psychology, one of the main (along with observation) methods of scientific knowledge in general and psychological research in particular. An experiment differs from an observation by the active intervention of the observer in the situation. In a broad sense, the experimental psychologist manipulates some aspect of the situation, and then observes the results of this manipulation on some aspect of behavior. There are three main categories of experimentation.

1. Laboratory experiments. The main characteristic of laboratory experiments is the ability of the researcher to control and change the observed variables. With this ability, the researcher can eliminate many external variables that would otherwise affect the outcome of the experiment. External variables include noise, heat or cold, distractions, or the nature of the participants themselves.

The laboratory experiment has its advantages. Due to the experimenter's ability to neutralize the impact of external variables, causal relationships can be established. In laboratory conditions, the experimenter has the opportunity to evaluate behavior with greater accuracy than in a natural setting. The laboratory allows the researcher to simplify complex situations that arise in real life, breaking them down into simple components.

However, laboratory experiments also have some disadvantages. It is argued that laboratory conditions do not correlate well with real life, so the results of this category of experiments cannot be extrapolated to the outside world. Participants may respond to the laboratory environment by either adjusting to the requirements of the experiment (strong characteristic) or acting in an unnatural way out of concern for the experimenter's judgment (apprehension evaluation). The experimenter often has to mislead the participants in order to avoid the above distortions in laboratory studies. This raises serious questions about the ethics of such research.

2. Field experiments. In this category of experiments, the artificial laboratory environment is replaced by a more natural one. Participants are unaware of their participation in the experiment. Instead of examining the effects of an independent variable in a man-made environment or waiting for the required conditions to arise on their own, the researcher will create a situation of interest to him and watch how people react to it. An example is observing the reaction of passers-by to an emergency situation, depending on the clothes and appearance of the "victim", i.e. disguised experimenter.

In favor of these experiments is the fact that by focusing on behavior in a natural setting, the experimenter strengthens the external validity of his discoveries. Since the subjects are unaware of their participation in the experiment, the likelihood of anticipating the assessment is reduced. The experimenter retains control over the independent variable and is therefore still able to establish causality. However, there are also arguments against. Because many manipulations of the independent variable are quite subtle, they may go unnoticed by participants. Similarly, the participants' subtle reactions may go unnoticed by the experimenter.

Compared to the laboratory setting, the experimenter has little control over the exposure to external variables that can disturb the purity of the cause-and-effect relationship. Because the participants are unaware of their participation in the experiment, ethical issues such as invasion of privacy and lack of informed consent arise.

3. natural experiments. This category of experiments is considered "real" because the independent variable is not under the direct control of the experimenter, and he cannot direct the actions of the participants at various stages of the experiment. When conducting a natural experiment, the independent variable is controlled by some external agent (for example, a school or a hospital), and the psychologist can only study the result. Arguments for: as research into different real-life situations takes place, the psychologist gets the opportunity to study problems of high public interest, which can have important practical consequences. Arguments against: since the experimenter has little control over the variables being studied, establishing causal relationships is highly speculative; Since behavior is influenced by various factors unknown or beyond the control of the researcher, natural experiments are extremely difficult to repeat under the same conditions.

Test (in psychodiagnostics) - a standardized technique, which is a series of standardized brief tests of the same type, to which the subject is subjected. The sum of the obtained results is translated into standard units and is a characteristic of the level of the measured psychological quality. The test differs from other diagnostic tools in compliance with the requirements of validity, reliability and representativeness. The reliability of a test is its "noise immunity", the independence of its results from the action of random factors. Allocate retest reliability - the correspondence of the results of two tests of the same sample after a certain period of time. The conformity of a test with the psychological quality being measured is called validity.

According to the diagnostic orientation, differential psychometric tests (aimed at assessing individual parameters of human cognitive processes), tests of intelligence and mental development, ability tests (general and special), achievement tests are distinguished.

Tests have the widest application in various areas of practical psychology.

An extremely wide category of tests designed to determine the intelligence and success of human behavior. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Late Wexel Child Intelligence Test (WISP) have been used to measure specific aspects of the mental development of preschool and school age children. Tests usually measure individual parameters of human intelligence, such as verbal or arithmetic skills. Based on these tests, it is technically possible to determine a more general IQ, although the practical usefulness of such a definition remains controversial. The heyday of intelligence tests came in the 1960s, when their results were used to make decisions that were important for the education and careers of many people. This rarely happens now, although the tests have become more advanced and focused on specific skills.

Modern psychology as a science is trying to develop more accurate ways to obtain reliable knowledge about the properties and qualities of a person. Hence the desire to create new methods. Various kinds of questionnaires, questionnaires and directed interviews are in wide demand, i.е. special techniques that allow obtaining reliable data on individual qualities of human consciousness. "All methods of obtaining psychological knowledge are based on the fact that an observer or researcher can set himself the task of identifying one or another quality of a person, creates conditions for this and singles out this quality, fixing it as a property of the mental, a property of consciousness" .

Abramova G. S., Yudchits Yu. A. Psychology in medicine. S. 15.

Sometimes there comes a period in life when interest in activities disappears, there is not enough inspiration to accomplish things. It comes to someone suddenly, and someone has to achieve it using various methods.

SOURCES OF INSPIRATION

Communication with like-minded people. In life, we meet many people who have inspired us to overcome new frontiers.

Sport. Constantly after playing sports, the state changes and the strength becomes greater. And most importantly, new ideas come ...

The presence of the analyst/witness makes it possible to re-experience and re-integrate the earliest pre-verbal relationships. Here one can most clearly recognize the images of transference and countertransference.

In this article, we will present five symbolic actions that appear again and again in the motor process in many people.

They seem to represent certain stages in the development of consciousness in the pre-verbal, pre-symbolic period of infancy, i. from birth to approximately...

The basic mechanisms that are used today in autogenic training are based on the observations of researchers who have dealt with the problem of hypnosis. In the 1920s, the French pharmacist E. Coue developed a technique that he called "the school of self-control through conscious self-hypnosis."

Coué assured his patients that they would be able to recover if several times a day, taking a comfortable position (sitting or lying down), in a whisper or mentally, they repeat a specific one 30 times in a row ...

Sometimes we can feel a lack of strength, a lack of energy, and so we want to find ways to solve this issue.

I propose to consider 2 key factors that affect our strength and energy.

1. The ability to be satisfied with what you do.

It is extremely important for us to feel pleasure and satisfaction from what we do.

These are a kind of fives that we can set ourselves every day.

As children, we got used to the fact that we were constantly evaluated first by our parents, then ...

Meeting up with friends or doing more work? Eat a piece of cake or save your figure? Every day we make many decisions that are influenced by our time perspective: orientation to the past, present or future.

An adult who lives only in the present knows how to have fun, he has many friends, he is sexy and creative. The problem is that he wants to get everything at once, and he cares little about long-term results. I would venture to suggest that the devil in paradise succeeded in this way ...

Shock, ecstasy, which is not given to everyone to experience ... It is very difficult to formulate what constitutes sensual pleasure. But, perhaps, everyone will agree that in this state we can no longer operate with any concepts: everything that we know about sexuality disappears and dissolves in sensations and feelings that cannot be compared with anything.

And at the same time, in order to surrender to your natural impulses, you must be able to trust your own body, not be afraid of your erotic ...

The life of each of us begins with a wonderful feeling of weightlessness: for nine months we are surrounded by life-giving warmth, care, and comfort. But there comes a moment, and this native space suddenly begins to shrink, pushing us out.

In an effort to get away from pain, we are looking for a way out that will lead us to freedom. So we find ourselves in a new world that lives according to its own rules and laws unknown to us. This "lost paradise", the mother's body, where any of our needs were immediately satisfied without the slightest ...

Every great achievement was once a dream
before someone's vision was made a reality.

Henry Kissinger

Every person has a powerful creative force. Using this power correctly, you can achieve a lot in life by creating the necessary conditions and attracting the necessary resources, opportunities for the realization of your plans.

Both pleasant events and troubles are attracted to life by the person himself. The result of what is happening in your life depends on the quality of your thoughts, emotions. O...

Evening. Monday. Two letters arrived yesterday. One with insults. The other one is grateful. In the first case, I wanted to send. Second, thank you. Didn't do either one or the other. Why?

The answer is in the postscript. Now let's talk about 3 sources of motivation.

The "Three Sources" are not the last ones, especially those claiming to be true. Thank God that you are different from me, and I from you. Imagine how bored the country would be if everyone wore the same clothes...

Psychology. Magazine high school economy. 2005. Vol. 2. No. 3. pp. 3-18.

Philosophical and methodological problems

THREE SOURCES AND THREE COMPONENTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

A.V. YUREVICH

Yurevich Andrei Vladislavovich - Deputy Director of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Psychology. Author of 8 monographs and 162 scientific articles on topical issues of psychology and science of science. Member editorial boards journals "Questions of Psychology", "Psychological Journal", "Science Studies", a number of Russian and international scientific organizations.

Contacts: [email protected]

The article deals with three main areas of psychological knowledge, among which the author refers to psychological research (research psychology), psychological practice (practical psychology) and everyday psychology. According to the author, despite the tradition to consider only the first area of psychological knowledge as properly scientific, in modern - post-non-classical - science, the other two areas also look like quite legitimate sources of scientific knowledge, capable of enriching scientific psychology in many ways.

Psychological research

1. Scientific knowledge is based on solid empirical facts.

2. Theories are derived from (and therefore secondary to) facts.

3. Science develops through the gradual accumulation of facts.

4. Since facts form the foundations of our knowledge, they are independent of theories and have independent significance.

5. Theories (or hypotheses) are logically deduced from facts by rational induction.

6. Theories (or hypotheses) are accepted or rejected solely on the basis of their ability to withstand the test of experiment (Weimer, 1976).

The above system of statements can be used as a test to identify the general methodological position of the researcher, referring those who fully agree with it to radical positivists, who completely disagree - to radical postmodernists, and who agree only partially - to representatives of "moderate" methodological orientations. And W. Weimer, who summed up these statements, called them “myths about science”, emphasizing that they have little in common with how real scientific knowledge is carried out (ibid.).

Nevertheless, it is precisely this trajectory of scientific knowledge described by W. Weimer as a “mythical” one in a number of scientific disciplines, including psychology, that is considered normative and fixed in the standard structure of dissertations, scientific articles, etc. In accordance with In the image of science embodied in it, the scientist, who is a kind of impartial and impersonal “machine for “scooping knowledge from facts”” (Eiduson, 1962), derives hypotheses from theories, tests them in empirical studies and, generalizing the results, builds new theories, etc. e. According to the traditional - positivist - idea of science, it happens or, according to at least, should be the only way, and everything that does not fit into

this trajectory of knowledge should be eliminated from science as "wrong" or, even worse, as "subjective". According to the new view of science, which was established thanks to the works of T. Kuhn, P. Feyerabend, W. Sellars, M. Polanyi and others, this does not happen at all, since the facts are always “theoretically loaded”, i.e., they are established and interpreted on the basis of the relevant theories, theories are accepted and rejected not under the pressure of facts, but under the influence of completely different circumstances, and the corresponding image of scientific knowledge is nothing more than a set of myths about it. According to the third, more moderate position, this happens, but it also happens in a different way, the trajectory of the increment of scientific knowledge universalized by positivism is possible, but other trajectories that are not similar to it are also possible.

And indeed, even against the background of postmodern and other modern ideas about post-non-classical science, which made its positivist image at least old-fashioned, not in line with new, and even old realities, it is still difficult to deny that scientists are experimenting and conducting other empirical research, for all their bias and adherence to certain theories, they test them by experience, the results are not always interpreted the way they want, they often build generalizations based on empirical data, and not on something else, etc. Possibly positivist the image of scientific knowledge, however, should not be written off in circulation as completely erroneous or as having played

important role only at a certain stage in the development of science, in modern science, the image that looks like archaism, and the opposite of it - postmodernist - should not be considered unconditionally victorious. And the increment of psychological knowledge in the way that is fixed in the "myths" about science described above is not so "mythical", but is one of the real ways of its development. (Otherwise, all empiricist psychologists would have to be declared either imbeciles, ignorant of the true meaning of what they are doing, or charlatans, deliberately distorting this meaning.)

However, even if the trajectory of scientific knowledge is recognized as universalized by positivism, on the one hand, and deprived of the universalized meaning that was invested in it by positivism, on the other hand, it also needs to be significantly expanded. “A scientist is not a video camera or a tape recorder” (Maslow, 1966, p. 122). Each researcher has an individual "personal equation" that determines his capabilities as an observer (Porus, 1990). “Reality lies beyond the observable and is therefore inferred rather than perceived” (Maslow, 1966, p. 74). The development of experimentation technology is accompanied by an increase in the number of interpretative links, which is equivalent to an increase in its subjective mediation (Pinch, 1985). Any cognitive act as its basis, in addition to formalized knowledge, science requires non-formalizable "personal knowledge" (Porus,

1990). Scientific research is "building bridges between the visible and the imaginary" (Elouisson, 1962, p. 134), etc.

All this, unlike the postmodern image of science, does not destroy the traditional - positivist - image of scientific knowledge, however, preserving the cognitive trajectory embodied in it - from facts to theories, softens, expands and largely "psychologises" it, reconciling "objective and impartial" cognition with the expression of the psychological characteristics of the cognizing subject (see: Yurevich, 2001b). And in the current conditions, marked by the expansion of the influence of postmodernist methodology, this is probably the only possible option for “saving” the positivist image of science, which allows not to throw out the baby with the water: to preserve the sound content of this image, while overcoming its artificial linearity and excessive rigorism, “reconciling » it with a reality that does not fit into it.

Appropriate and, apparently, very timely and reverse action- the addition of the postmodern image of science with elements of traditional positivist logic, which in this case does not look like its positivist limitation, but as an extension. A. Einstein's favorite statement by postmodernists: “It is the theory that determines the results of observation” (cited in Maboney, 1976, p. 16) can be interpreted as follows: not only theory determines the results of observation. And in the famous statement of P. Feyerabend: “The theory put forward by a scientist depends not only

from the facts at his disposal, but also from the tradition of which he is a representative, from the mathematical apparatus that he accidentally possesses, from his tastes, his aesthetic views, from the opinion of his friends and other elements that exist not in facts, but in thinking of the theorist and, therefore, are subjective” (Feyerabend, p. 54) - one can catch the recognition that it still depends on the facts.

As a result, it seems that the "conciliatory" position, which unites the traditional - positivist - and modern - postmodern - views on science, is useful for each of them, allowing them to preserve their sound sides and at the same time overcome the extremes contained in them. And the trajectory of scientific cognition, universalized by positivism, with its corresponding expansion and “psychologization”, looks like its not a fictional, but a real trajectory, but at the same time not the only possible trajectory, but one of them.

Psychological practice

The second basic trajectory of psychological knowledge is laid by the so-called practical psychology. Formally, practical or applied psychology is a psychological practice that has the same relation to psychology as a science as engineering practice has to physics. However, in reality, psychological practice is "more than practice", it is a fairly independent area of psychological knowledge.

It is curious that the independence and (to a large extent) self-sufficiency of this area, as a rule, is given a negative meaning, and such self-sufficiency is usually noted in connection with the disunity, and even the “schism” (Vasilyuk, 1996) of research (or academic) and practical psychology. . Thus, R. Van der Vleist writes that research and practical psychology are actually two different sciences, using different "languages", different "units" of analysis and different "logics" of its construction (Vleist Van der, 1982). A F.E. Vasilyuk emphasizes their social disunity in the form of delimitation of the respective communities: “Psychological practice and psychological science live parallel life as two subpersonalities of a dissociated personality: they have no mutual interest, different authorities (I am sure that more than half of practicing psychologists would find it difficult to name the directors of academic institutions, and the directors, in turn, are hardly informed about the "stars" of psychological practice), different education systems and economic existence in society, non-overlapping circles of communication with Western colleagues” (Vasilyuk, 1996, p. 26).

It is also curious that when, against the background of the disunity of academic and practical psychology, the characteristics of each of them are given - in order to show where they differ, practical psychology usually looks “better” than academic psychology, and the blame for their inconsistency is placed on academic psychology, in its opinion. accusers, too

conservative and inflexible in order to produce practical knowledge. And in Lately there has been a tendency to measure modernity, progressiveness and other positive, as well as negative characteristics of the two areas of psychology opposite to them, from their involvement in the culture of postmodernism and the development of the corresponding methodology. And in this regard, practical psychology also looks “better” than academic.

D. Polkinhorn, for example, highlights such common features of postmodernism and psychological practice as non-fundamentality, fragmentation, constructivism, understanding of knowledge as dynamic, socially constructed and context-dependent, neopragmatism, emphasizing that practicing psychologists are more willing to apply postmodernist methodology than academic psychologists. , while recognizing that there are "close-to-practice" research psychologists who have also succeeded in mastering and disseminating this methodology (Polichborne, 1994). L. Sass captures in modern psychological, especially in psychoanalytic, practice such postmodern features as relativism, skepticism, fiction, emphasizing them as its key differences from academic psychology (8a88, 1994). K. Gergen notes that, unlike academic psychology, the modern psychological practice of evolution is in line with postmodern thought, deals with the developing individuality of a person and focuses on the context

stual meanings of human activity (Gergen, 1994). As a result, the theoretical knowledge of academic psychology often comes into conflict with the empirical knowledge of modernity, psychological practice prefers heterogeneous and qualitative knowledge to theoretical knowledge. Everyday life, acquiring reliability in personal experience (ibid.), and practical psychology is a fairly independent area of psychological knowledge and psychological science (hence, the opposition of practical psychology to research psychology is logically incorrect), which does not wait until academic science provides it with the necessary knowledge, and this knowledge acquires itself. “Practice is not only a transformation of mental content, but also a process of self-knowledge, knowledge of a group, other people, knowledge of a psychopractical process, new realities, that is, it has a research component” (Karitsky, 2003, p. 143). And it is symptomatic that it carries out its own methodological reflection and builds its own reflexive methodology (ibid.), which is typical for various areas of scientific knowledge and marks their entry into a phase of maturity.

The cognitive, knowledge-creating potential of practical psychology is associated not only with the lack of academic knowledge that can be used in practice. A practicing psychologist not only fills in the “blank spots” in the structure of academic knowledge and creates new psychological knowledge, but also

only because he lacks the knowledge produced by academic psychology. Obviously, not only the lack of existing knowledge affects, but also the inevitably creative nature of practical psychology itself, which has at least three components. First, the cases that a practical psychologist deals with are always individual, the generalized knowledge that he possesses is always insufficient to solve the unique problems facing him, and they cannot be solved by projecting general algorithms. As a result, it is always necessary to adapt generalized knowledge and corresponding algorithms to individual cases, which inevitably results in the creation of new knowledge. Secondly, the practicing psychologist not only concretizes and modifies the general, but also does the opposite - generalizes the individual, formulating his personal experience in generally valid terms, and sometimes in the form of general patterns. And it also generates new knowledge. Thirdly, any situation of interaction between a practicing psychologist and his client is unique due not only to the fact that the client is unique, but also to the fact that the psychologist himself is unique, as well as the situation of his interaction with the client, which inevitably gives rise to new knowledge about this interaction.

The knowledge produced by practical psychology has a number of essential

significant differences from the knowledge that is usually associated with academic psychology and which bears the stamp of the traditions laid down in the era of the creation of the first psychological laboratories.

The starting point for its development is the analysis of specific situations (correlated with what is usually called case studies in academic psychology), and the object of knowledge for a practical psychologist is an individual client or group, while the typical object of academic psychology is a sample in which individual characteristics the individuals included in it, as a rule, are dissolved. As R. Brown notes, “in the social sciences, as in science in general, individual actions are of interest only as representatives of a certain class of actions” (Brown, 1963, p. 73). Of course, the "objects" with which the practical psychologist deals are not only individualized for him, but are also perceived by him as representatives of certain classes of objects, and he builds his generalizations on the basis of a comparison and generalization of their individual characteristics. However, in this case, the general is built on top of the individual and, in a certain sense, “secondarily” in relation to it, while the academic psychologist deals precisely with classes of objects - with samples, and not with individual

1 In this regard, it can be noted that the “indigestibility” of knowledge produced by academic psychology for psychological practice is due not so much to its excessive “theoreticalness”, as is commonly believed, but, on the contrary, to its “empiricism”. A typical product of research carried out in line with academic psychology is the correlation coefficients between variables, demonstrating “what influences what”, and having very little relation to the needs of practical psychology.

subjects, from whose individual characteristics he usually abstracts.

The knowledge produced by practical psychology, as a rule, is not quantified, that is, it is not presented in the form of correlation coefficients, statistical regularities, etc., but in the form of personal observations, know-how, etc. and does not pass through a sieve mathematical analysis, without which the studies of academic psychologists very rarely do. As a result, it much more often has the character of personal or "group" knowledge than knowledge of academic psychology, although in the latter the corresponding types of knowledge are quite common.

This knowledge in most cases is not verified - at least in those forms that are recognized as normative in academic psychology. In a typical case, a practical psychologist formulates it in the form of his personal experience, the main criteria for the reliability of which are the richness of this experience, proportional to how long the psychologist who has accumulated it has been engaged in psychological practice, his authority in the community of practicing psychologists, etc., and not confirming This experience is an empirical study. Therefore, it is symptomatic, for example, that although psychoanalysis (as a theory) that grew out of psychotherapeutic practice became one of the most influential psychological concepts and turned into a kind of "religion" of Western society (Becker, Boskov, 1961), none of his fundamental statements still

has not received any convincing empirical confirmation (Allakhverdov, 2003, etc.). Practical psychologists who use the basic ideas of psychoanalysis in their work either simply believe in their truth, considering them as axioms that do not need proof, or perceive the success of practical activities based on them as their confirmation. Both, of course, are very far from the standards of verification that are accepted in academic psychology.

The knowledge of practical psychology is based on conventions, and even more often includes conventions that in academic psychology would look very strange, or at least would require empirical confirmation. For example, conventions that certain details of dreams have a certain psychological meaning, about the psychological meaning of drawings of patients, etc. Statements such as: “Men seek wealth because they competed with their fathers for the love of their mothers" (Brown, 1963, p. 71) - sound almost anecdotal to those who do not share the conventions of psychoanalysis, and these conventions themselves are supported not by facts, but by a belief not too fundamentally different from the belief of a number of tribes that rains are caused ritual dances. Yes, and one of the main traditions of psychoanalysis - to see hidden sexuality in everything - also looks like a convention that has not received empirical confirmation, which is mandatory for academic psychology.

At the same time, there is a tendency not only to deepen the gap between practical and academic psychology and to increase the distance between the corresponding loci of the psychological community, but also to bring them closer together, and not only in the way that is traditionally considered normative for science - "adjusting" practical psychology under academic and growing out of it as a kind of "psychological engineering", but also the opposite.

For example, the analysis of "isolated cases", the study of unique life situations, etc., is becoming more widespread in academic psychology, which was largely prepared by the ideas of the classics of Russian psychology. For example, L.S. Vygotsky sought to derive the laws of the psychology of art from the “analysis of one fable, one short story and one tragedy” (Vygotsky, 1983, p. 405) and at the same time emphasized that “the dominance of induction and mathematical processing and the underdevelopment of analysis significantly ruined the work of Wundt and experimental psychology” (ibid., p. 402). Due to the erosion of the traditional, positivist guidelines of academic psychology in modern, post-non-classical science (Stepin, 1990), such attributes of practical psychology as qualitative analysis, the study of individual cases, the recognition of the significance of unique experience gained bypassing representative samples and calculating correlation coefficients are becoming more common. and in research psychology. J. Shotter notes the trend

to the study of such traditional topics of academic psychology as perception, memory, learning and motivation, in the context of postmodern social practice(Boyer, 1994). A F.E. Vasilyuk proclaimed that "there is nothing more theoretical than good practice" (Vasilyuk, 1996), expressing the claims of practical psychology to the creation of theoretical knowledge, which has traditionally been considered the prerogative of academic psychology. There is also a trend towards the development of methodological self-analysis of practical psychology, traditionally associated with academic science and which was a natural reaction to the growth and complication of psychological practice (see: Vachkov, 2003; Karitsky, 2003, etc.). And in the academic community, both domestic and foreign, the layer of “close to practice” researchers described by D. Paulkinhorn (Polichborne, 1994), who successfully combine academic scientific activity with practical one, is growing more and more.

All these and similar processes have two sides: first, a change in traditional academic psychology, its “movement” towards practical psychology, including in terms of assimilating its characteristic standards; secondly, the legalization and recognition of practical psychology (including academic psychology) as not only a field of psychological practice, but also a sphere of production of psychological knowledge, as well as the recognition of the knowledge that it produces as completely “scientific”.

Everyday psychology

The third basic trajectory of psychological cognition is associated with ordinary cognition.

Science grew out of everyday knowledge and still relies on it. “All science is nothing more than an improvement in everyday thinking,” wrote A. Einstein (Einstein, p. 200), and L. de Broglie - that “we construct our concepts and images, inspired by our everyday experience” (Broglie, 1936, p.242). “In the process of formation and development of pictures of the world, science actively uses images, analogies, associations that are rooted in the subject-practical activity of a person (images of a corpuscle, a wave, a continuous medium, images of the ratio of part and whole as visual representations and systemic organization of objects, etc.” (Stepin, 1989, p. 10). And therefore, as J. Jason states, the image of science as “organized common sense” is generally recognized in modern science of science (Jason, 1985).

What is imprinted in the "phylogeny" of science is reproduced in the "ontogeny" of each individual scientist. “Having become a scientist, a person does not cease to be the subject of ordinary pre-scientific experience and the practical activities associated with it. Therefore, the system of meanings that serve this activity and are included in the mechanism of ordinary perception cannot, in principle, be supplanted by subjective meanings determined on the basis of

level of scientific knowledge” (Lektorsky, 1980, p. 189). The reason is very simple: “A large, and perhaps the main part of the subject thinking of a scientist is formed in the period when he has not yet become a professional scientist. The foundations of this thinking are laid in his childhood” (Holton, 1978, p. 103). As a result, as noted by V.P. Filatov, the mastering by scientists of the forms of cognition characteristic of science is comparable to teaching a second - foreign - language, which is always carried out on the basis of the native language - everyday cognition (Filatov, 1989, p. 126). Moreover, dependence on ordinary experience and the usual schemes for its comprehension exists in all sciences, even in the most developed and, it would seem, long distanced from this experience, such as physics. In particular, "physicists impose the semantics of the social world in which they live on the syntax of scientific theory" (cited in Miller, 1989, p. 333). And, for example, Heisenberg owns the following confession: “Our habitual intuition leads us to attribute to electrons the same type of reality that the objects of the social world around us possess, although this is clearly erroneous” (ibid., p. 330)2.

Psychology fits into the general scheme of the relationship between science and ordinary knowledge, however, the relationship between scientific psychology and ordinary psychological knowledge is of a special nature. One of the main reasons for this is that the so-called

2The same tendency is clearly represented in the "phylogenesis" of physical science. “All physics, its definitions and all its structure originally had, in a certain sense, an anthropomorphic character,” wrote M. Planck (Planck, 1966, p. 25).

Although the “man from the street” carries out physical, chemical, biological, etc. cognition, possessing the appropriate receptors and sensory organs, nevertheless this cognition has less resemblance to the cognitive process carried out by physics, chemistry and biology, respectively, than constantly carried out to them is ordinary psychological knowledge - of oneself and other people - with knowledge that is realized by scientific psychology.

For scientific psychology, proximity to ordinary psychological knowledge creates an ambiguous situation. On the one hand, everyday psychology, which has existed much longer than psychology as a science, has accumulated the richest psychological knowledge and serves as its most important fulcrum. This type of psychological knowledge can be followed by V.P. Filatov to call "living" knowledge, individually acquired by a person in his daily life and generalizing his unique personal experience (Filatov, 1990)3. And quite symptomatic is G. Kelly's attempt to build a system of scientific psychology based on everyday psychology, translating the key concepts of the latter into the "language" of scientific categories (Attribution..., 1970). On the other hand, this closeness and the rich possibilities of everyday psychology as a source of psychological knowledge also pose a danger to scientific psychology - a constant threat to its status.

soo like science. And this forces psychologists to constantly answer the question: “How does scientific psychological knowledge differ from everyday knowledge and why do we need professional psychologists if every person is a psychologist?” And this, in turn, forces scientific psychology to constantly maintain a distance from everyday psychology, interpret its observations and generalizations as “unscientific”, etc. And the so-called “pop psychology” is constantly built into the “gap” between scientific and everyday psychology , the most typical examples of which are the books "How to make friends?", "How to please women?" etc. 4, the authors of which give advice, relying to a greater extent on their own common sense than scientific knowledge, which looks like a constant pouring of sand into the protective moat around the fortress.

Despite forcing a distance from ordinary psychological knowledge, scientific psychology cannot abstract from it. One reason for the impossibility of such abstraction is "generic" for the whole of science and consists in its "ontogetic" and "phylogenetic" dependence on ordinary knowledge described above. The other - "specific" for psychology - is rooted in the fact that any psychologist is simultaneously the subject of both scientific and ordinary psychological knowledge, being unable to arbitrarily "turn on" one

3V.P. Filatov considers it appropriate to distinguish between this knowledge and systems of pre-scientific knowledge, such as mythology, religion, alchemy, etc. (Filatov, 1990).

4 Anyone who visits our bookstores cannot fail to notice that such publications form the bulk of the psychological literature sold there.

of them, "turning off" the other. In addition, the knowledge of scientific psychology is always “not enough”, not only for a practicing psychologist, but also for a research psychologist, and he is forced to regularly make up for the lack of scientific knowledge with his “personal” knowledge, the main source of which is his everyday experience.

Here, however, it is necessary to make a reservation that the everyday experience of a professional psychologist is not completely identical to the ordinary psychological experience of a "man from the street." The everyday psychological experience of a professional psychologist is acquired by him against the background of professional knowledge, often assimilated and interpreted on the basis of scientific categories, and the basis for acquiring it is not just the common sense of the “man in the street”, but professional common sense. This professional common sense serves as an interlayer between scientific and ordinary psychological knowledge, bringing them closer together and contributing to their mutual enrichment, but relegating it exclusively to the field of scientific experience is either professional self-deception or a professional convention designed to give more scientific "weight" to the activities of professional psychologists.

Of course, dependence on ordinary psychological knowledge is more typical for practicing psychologists, whose activities have more in common with art than with the application of scientific knowledge and the use of standard algorithms developed by science, the scope of which covers only a small part of the necessary

practice. However, in research psychology, this dependence is expressed quite clearly. Here is a statement by M. Polanyi, which managed to become a textbook: “An extralogical judgment is universal way connection of elements of scientific knowledge, not eliminated by any formal procedures” (Polanyi, 1985, p. 195). The basis of this "non-logical judgment", linking together the elements of scientific knowledge, in many cases is the common sense and experience of a psychologist acquired outside the sphere of his professional activity. And those hypotheses that guide the bulk of psychological research, although presented - according to positivist standards - by their authors as "following" from theories and other general statements of psychological science, are in reality often a formulation of psychologists' intuitive feelings resulting from their ordinary experience. . It is symptomatic that even E. Tolman was forced to admit that when there are too many degrees of freedom in the interpretation of empirical data, the researcher inevitably draws explanatory schemes from his own phenomenology (Tolman, 1959). He also made another curious confession: trying to predict the behavior of the rats he studied, he identified himself with them, found himself striving in the literal sense of the word “to be in their shoes”, regularly asking himself the question: “What would I do on her (rats - A.Yu.) place? (ibid.).

But perhaps the most striking example in this regard is themselves

psychological theories. In accordance with the standard - again, positivist - ideas about science, they are built by generalizing empirical data, by revising, clarifying, etc., other theories, or by concretizing some more general general methodological principles. Perhaps this really happens (again, we will not write off positivist ideas for circulation as absolutely wrong, falling into the opposite extreme). But there is another way of constructing psychological theories. For example, the theory of psychoanalysis, which Z. Freud built on the basis of generalizing his experience of communicating with patients, as well as reflecting on his own psychological problems. Or the theories of his follower - J. Sullivan, who began to study schizophrenia, since he himself suffered from it and built the bulk of his theoretical generalizations on the basis of self-reflection (Perry, 1982). And in the works of W. James, according to his psychobiographers, one can not only discover the manifestation of his psychological characteristics, but also trace his mood swings (Richards, 1987)5. There are plenty of such examples in psychology, as, indeed, in other human sciences, as a result of which B. Ayduson formulated following output: "Theories of human nature are intellectual means-

they are less expressions of objective reality than of the psychological characteristics of their authors” (Eiduson, 1962, p. 197). Although the opposition of one to the other is not entirely correct: a psychologist can “express”, adequately understand and explain precisely this objective reality, “passing” it through his personal experience and fixing it in his own psychological characteristics.

L. Hjell and D. Ziegler note that psychological theories are based on a system of implicit, not always conscious ideas about human nature, expressing the personal experience of the authors of these theories (Hjell, Zilger, 1997). And J. Richards emphasizes that, although all theories created in the sciences of man and society bear the imprint of the personal characteristics of their authors, there is not a single science in which this connection would be manifested with such clarity as in psychology (Richards, 1987). Such a dependence seems natural and inevitable, although it does not fit into the traditional - positivist - self-awareness of psychological science and contradicts its desire to look like a system of knowledge that studies and generalizes exclusively external (in relation to the researcher himself) experience. First, in many cases, "creative behavior is a sublimation of deep negative experiences" (Albert and Runco, 1986, p. 335)6. Psycho-

5 He, according to his psychobiographers, embodied his personal characteristics in the philosophical system he created: being a pragmatist in his personal make-up, James elevated his everyday pragmatic attitudes to the rank of general philosophical principles (Wrgk, 1983).

Theology in this regard is “convenient” in that the psychologist can cognize exactly what he sublimates, i.e., make the object of professional psychological knowledge that oppresses him personally, as in the cases of Freud or Sullivan, and in such situations the projection of psychological characteristics psychologists themselves on the theories they develop is inevitable. Secondly, as J. Holton emphasizes, the scientist always strives to “understand the remote, unknown and difficult in terms of the close, self-evident and known from the experience of everyday life” (Nokop, 1978, p. 102). And for a psychologist, his own psychological experience generated by his self-analysis is the most “close and self-evident”, and in this case, as A. Maslow writes, “knowledge of oneself is logically and psychologically primary in relation to knowledge of the external world” .48)7.

Does all this mean the “discrediting” of psychological theories due to the fact that they capture the projection of the psychological characteristics of their authors, or another extreme - the optional and “excess” of research methods generally accepted in psychology due to the fact that what a psychologist finds in others he can find in himself ? Such conclusions could become the quintessence of two extreme - positivist and postmodern - ways of seeing science, and at the same time illustrating

absurdity of any "extremes".

A psychologist is not a Martian, and his appeal to himself as an object of psychological understanding is not an appeal to the psyche of a foreign creature, but to the human psyche, presented to him in the most natural and accessible way for understanding. And the capture in psychological theories of the personal characteristics of their authors is a reflection in them of important and generally significant properties of human psychology, even if they are not universal, but characteristic of people of a certain type (this circumstance, however, must also be taken into account when considering the claims of psychological theories to universality). ). When the ancient physicians performed medical experiments on themselves, they basically did the same thing, from which they themselves sometimes suffered, but not the universal validity of their discoveries. At the same time, a psychologist can never be sure of the general validity of his personal experience and of the sufficient universality of the patterns he has revealed through self-reflection. This creates the need to conduct research on other people, to collect statistics, etc., as a result of which self-analysis is organically supplemented by the traditional arsenal of research psychology, and one in no way excludes the other, and the desire to find in others what is found

7From here, in particular, such formulas arise as: “Understanding something, the subject understands himself and, only understanding himself, is able to understand something” (Porus, 1990, p. 264), “Know thyself - this is one of the main commandments of power and human happiness” (Fromm, 1990, p. 208), etc.

To some extent, some modern specialists in child psychology are also following this path, studying its regularities on their own children.

by a psychologist in himself - a completely legitimate landmark of psychological research. It is not the entire research arsenal of psychology that is shifting - relative to positivist guidelines - but only the starting point of psychological knowledge, which can be not only external to the psychologist

object, but also its introspection.

Thus, it can be stated that scientific psychology is characterized by a pluralism of methods of cognition, and the main sources of psychological knowledge are: a) specially organized - in accordance with scientific standards - psychological research, b) psychological practice, c) everyday experience. Traditional psychology recognized only the former as actually “scientific”, which, of course, was not a methodological or any other artifact and played a significant positive role in the development of psychology as a science. At the same time, such a narrowing of the "legal" sources of psychological knowledge created its significantly distorted image, and in many respects contributed to

the creation and deepening of the gap between research and practical psychology, hindered the explication of the true methodology of this knowledge and the integration of psychology. New look psychological cognition and the corresponding methodology that is being formed in post-non-classical science, based on the erosion of monistic principles, formed by the ideas of “methodological pluralism” (Smirnov, 2004), “methodological liberalism” (Yurevich, 2001a), etc., include not only a new attitude towards psychological theories, etc., but also a new attitude to the sources of psychological knowledge, among which there is no "only correct" or "only scientific". This image presupposes not only the recognition of various traditionally conflicting systems of psychological knowledge - cognitivism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, etc. - as equally adequate ways of understanding and studying psychological reality, but also the legitimization various ways psychological knowledge as completely "scientific", complementary and enriching each other.

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Psychological knowledge as knowledge about the spiritual world of a person can have not only scientific sources. It is no coincidence that the words "psychology" and "psychological" are very often found in everyday life and in art.

It is possible to single out at least two important types of psychological knowledge - worldly and practical psychology, which differ from scientific ones in the methods of obtaining knowledge and criteria for its truth, as well as in the features of constructing and substantiating their provisions.

Everyday psychology is psychological knowledge that is accumulated and used by a person in everyday life. They are usually specific and are formed in a person in the course of his individual life as a result of observations, self-observations and reflections.

People differ in terms of psychological vigilance and worldly wisdom. Some are very perceptive, capable of easily capturing the mood, intentions or character traits of a person by the expression of their eyes, face, gestures, posture, movements, habits. Others do not have such abilities, are less sensitive to understanding the behavior, the internal state of another person.

The source of everyday psychology is not only a person's own experience, but also the people with whom he directly comes into contact. The content of everyday psychology is embodied in folk rituals, traditions, beliefs, in proverbs and sayings, in aphorisms of folk wisdom, in fairy tales and songs. This knowledge is passed from mouth to mouth, recorded, reflecting centuries of everyday experience. Many proverbs and sayings have a direct or indirect psychological content: “There are devils in the still waters”, “It lays softly, but it’s hard to sleep”, “A frightened crow and a bush is afraid”, “Praise, honor and glory and a fool loves”, “Seven times measure - cut once", "Repetition is the mother of learning". Rich psychological experience is accumulated in fairy tales.

The main criterion for the truth of the knowledge of everyday psychology is their plausibility and obvious usefulness in everyday life situations. The peculiarities of this knowledge are concreteness and practicality. They always characterize the behavior, thoughts and feelings of people in specific, albeit typical, situations. In knowledge of this type, the inaccuracy of the concepts used is manifested. Everyday terms are usually vague and ambiguous. Our language contains a large number of words denoting psychic facts and phenomena. By the way, many of these words are similar to similar terms of scientific psychology, but are less accurate in use.

Practical psychology. Her the main objective- psychological help to people. Practical psychology is partly an art, partly based on applied psychology as a system of practically oriented scientific knowledge. The work of practical psychologists is aimed at finding ways and developing methods psychological help people in solving their life or professional problems. The methods of practical psychology are aimed not at studying, but precisely at psychological help. This is its fundamental difference from scientific psychology (fundamental or applied). The main methods of practical psychology most often include psychodiagnostics, psychotherapy and psychocorrection, psychological counseling developing psychological work.

Concreteness and practicality can be considered as features of knowledge in practical psychology. Practical psychologists work with specific cases, which are based on the formation and presentation of their professional experience and relevant psychological knowledge and skills. The results of their work are always of a certain practical value. However, practical experience does not always provide sufficient evidence for certain psychological ideas. This is the weakness of the methods of proof used in practical psychology, in contrast to scientific.

Psychological knowledge gained as a result of experience practical work, are generalized and systematized, which becomes the basis for the formation of the corresponding concept of practical psychological work. Such a generalized concept describes the features and problems of people of a certain type and ways of psychological assistance to them.

Another feature of practical psychology is integrity in the description of a person. Therefore, a practicing psychologist uses a combination of various methods that have developed in different schools and areas of practical psychology. In practical psychology, the influence of the personality of a psychologist on the process and results of work is significant. Therefore, it is often found that the method used by the practicing psychologist does not work when it is used by other colleagues. In practical psychology, the personality of the psychologist is an integral part of the method.

Practical psychologists show a great desire to popularize psychological knowledge, they are able to clearly and easily present the material based on examples from their professional experience. Therefore, many popular books on psychology are written by psychotherapists. The abundance of recommendations, specific examples, individual cases from professional practice attracts the attention of readers.

Cause of skin diseases — disrespect for people.

Disrespect is expressed in arrogance, neglect, placing oneself above others, considering oneself to be chosen, significant, and others as inferior, low. The cause of skin diseases can be disrespect for people when their shortcomings are sharply manifested: self-interest, greed, stupidity, etc. According to natural laws, any creature is worthy of respect, since there is a particle of the Divine in it. It is necessary to respect not for a set of qualities of a person, but for the fact that he has an immortal soul. We prevent it from developing by imposing disrespectful stamps. Do not confuse with reverence - this is a completely different kind of energy that is given to parents for giving us a physical body and Teachers.

Oncology. Causes of cancer

Cause of cancer — unintentional deception, deception behavior.

Example. A Andrey wanted to buy winter shoes for a long time, so that they were of high quality and inexpensive. At work, he was offered a nice pair of boots for $40. He had no money with him and he asked Vasya to lend him. Vasya replied that, of course, he would give money, he would only go home for them during dinner. He went home, took the money, but on the way to work he saw a blouse in the store, which his wife had been looking for for a long time. Having bought it for $20, he brought Andrey only half of the money. While Andrei was looking for the missing amount, the owner of the shoes had already sold them to someone. Then Andrei, when he saw good shoes on someone, recalled Vasya ... And a couple of months later, Vasya was diagnosed with a tumor. This is a simple example of unintentional deception.

Behavioral deceptions are somewhat more complex. There are many of them in sexual relations. For example, the causes of all tumors in the genital area are associated with these deceptions. The causes of diseases are the same as described for inflammation of the appendages - everything starts with inflammation, then benign tumors form, sometimes turning into malignant ones. Here, people do not talk about what they will do, but promise by their behavior and the energy they radiate. Remember how a woman lives with one man, and "keeps in reserve" another or even several. After all, in order to keep in reserve, one must promise something energetically, lure a person with something. But at the same time, she does not lie down in bed, with those - others, so tumors are obtained.

Baldness - psychosomatic causes

Cause of baldness — concern, heavy oppressive thoughts for a long time.

The hair just can't handle that kind of energy on the head. (Causes such as radiation or lack of calcium are not considered here.)

Ayurveda. Causes of diseases. periodontal disease

Reason - criticism, loosening the foundations.

Again we find the operation of the law of similarity. The gums are the foundations for the teeth. When a person condemns the foundations of a family, clan, clan, people, some kind of society, then by doing so he shakes them. The foundations may be imperfect, they may contain violations of natural laws, but some people still need them and it is pointless to criticize them - society will fight for its foundations, laws, moral principles developed over the centuries. The Jews have one foundation, the Ukrainians have another. A Ukrainian married a Jewess, got into her family and cannot resist criticism, as a result, this was the cause of the disease - periodontal disease.

Fractures, injuries, bruises

Cause — deliberate deception.

This is a conscious deception, when a person already knows that what he says is not true.

Liver disease

Cause of liver disease- our manifestation of malice, anger, gloating.

Example. One student at the institute, for some reason, was not transferred to the next course. Whether the administration was right or not is a murky question, because the institute lives not according to natural, but according to social laws. But the student was offended and when the administration did not work out in educational process, then he rejoiced, or rather, gloated, in general, took out the insult in conversations with representatives of this very administration. His liver ached a few hours after the conversation. This is a simple example of the manifestation of a cause, but it is taken from real life.

Polyarthritis. Causes of Polyarthritis

Cause — pride with integrity.

There were many cases when one person taught another how to live, planted his principles on him from above and suffered from polyarthritis. It doesn’t matter how true the principles are, but such a form of education makes the student an “automaton”, deprives him of flexibility and forces him to accept someone else’s experience in finished form, and not grow himself, reaching the truths, albeit more slowly, but with his own mind. Nature and its laws are flexible, fluid, changeable, they struggle with dogmas and authoritarianism.

Kidney disease according to Ayurveda

Cause of kidney disease:

Sexual causes, similar to all inflammations, i.e., the use of sexual energy is not the case, which has already been considered.

Fear. It is dumped in the body to the kidneys, from which children can immediately wet their pants. It is through urine that the energy of fear that is destructive to the body is discharged. Adults do not allow themselves this and they have a lot of accumulating chronic fear - it destroys the kidneys.

Cold. Causes of colds

Cause of colds- condemnation and criticism, most often in relation to domestic ones.

Chronic tonsillitis is often observed in people who condemn their loved ones.

Radiculitis. Psychosomatics of sciatica

Psychosomatic causes of sciatica:

Fear. Mother was very afraid for two adult daughters. She loved them, but she was so worried about their personal life and financial situation that she enveloped them in a dark field of fear. This distorted the girls' real picture of their lives and prevented them from moving along the path of development. The mother had an attack of sciatica. They began to look at what he was preventing her from doing - sciatica prevents her from moving freely physically. As soon as the mother apologized and forbade herself to be afraid, the pain disappeared. In this situation, she violated the law "Do not interfere" in relation to her daughters.

Pride. The young man often went hiking and if the nights were cold, he gave the girls a sleeping bag, and he slept in a tent right on the ground. Never got sick. One evening, a situation arose where the guys argued, swaggered, apparently proving to each other and the girls their intelligence, strength, etc. He again gave the sleeping bag, but this time with pride, they say, you can’t do that. Some of the guys fuse, probably, was in poorer health and was really afraid of catching a cold. That night, our tourist developed this rare disease for young people - sciatica.

Sexual violations. In one company, relations have developed in such a way that flirting has become the norm, a game, a way of communication. Everyone flirted, that is, both men and women radiated sexual energy, teasing each other. As long as none of them fell for anything, did not take offense, everything was in order. But here one lady strongly desired some man. He did not pay attention to it, ignored it (maybe he did not like her too much). That's when he got sciatica. Why? If he had not given a reason, had not flirted with everyone, and with her too, he would have avoided such a situation. But he played this game, and according to natural laws, it has a continuation - the bed and there is nowhere to evade.

Muscle strains

Deep causes of sprains - almost always associated with pride.

One lady could not freely move her arm in the shoulder joint for six months, because of this she could not sleep normally and do yoga exercises. At the healing, they helped her find the cause, she apologized and everything went away by itself. One morning she went to do gymnastics at the stadium. There, a man was mowing the grass, and she wanted to try to mow - she had not had to before. It turned out well. Then she did gymnastics and went home. The next day, everything repeated, but with one small difference - next to the man was another lady, as it turned out later - his wife. And our heroine, of course, showed herself while she was mowing the grass. On the first day everything was fine, but on the second day she got a muscle strain and joint pain.

Heart failure

Causes of heart failure a person does not give heart energy to close people.

If you are with someone in a friendly or secular relationship, then it hardly makes sense to look for the cause of heart failure among these people. Usually this disease manifests itself where the relationship on your part at the beginning was warm, close, and then changed, became more cool and closed. And the person remained open to you. At the same time, it would be necessary to warn him, to apologize, to explain something. But it's not always easy. People are vulnerable, it is difficult to speak frankly with them. Many people try to avoid open explanations. And here favorable soil is created for this disease.

Blindness. Causes of eye diseases

Causes of eye diseases - may be different, but related to the vision. Let's consider one example. The girl was dating a guy. She became pregnant and had an abortion. Then they got married, she became pregnant again and gave birth to a healthy child, but she herself became 95% blind by the end of pregnancy, there was a retinal detachment. At the healing it turned out that the reason for the abortion was "so that they don't see the belly at the wedding."

Tuberculosis and its causes

The cause of tuberculosis as a disease- Integrity in relationships.

When we want to do one thing according to our hearts, but we do it differently, guided by some reasons, and this hurts people, then there is a chance of getting tuberculosis. Why is TB common in prisons? Not only because of the sanitary conditions. There people live according to developed principles, far from natural laws.

It became psychologically difficult for one person - sadness, melancholy, depression, in prison this is not uncommon. Another would be happy to help him, give him heartfelt energy, encourage him, but does not do this, as he may be treated with contempt: they say that you are fussing with him. They were comrades and together received a sentence for one case. The first became despised in prison, and the second was accepted normally and he would be happy to help a friend, but according to the principles of the local hierarchy, he should not do this. If a friend is offended, which is very likely, then the second one may get tuberculosis.

Insect bites with severe swelling

Cause — pride.

When the body's defense systems are working normally, normal bites don't swell much.

Example: The company went to rest in the Crimea. Everyone is bitten by mosquitoes and some other midges. But one person's arms and legs swell, while others don't. Allergy? Yes, this is an allergy, but it has reasons, in this case - pride. Pride swells and the body swells. Again, you can calculate the cause by the law of similarity.

Cystitis - psychosomatics of the disease

Cause of cystitis- pride with integrity and pretensions in relations between men and women.

Cases of cystitis have been observed by healers. For the successful treatment of the disease, it was enough to remove the cause with the ritual of apology. When a wife began to make claims to her husband with pressure, demand, resentment that he was not behaving like a man, she had bouts of cystitis. In this example, unlike the skin inflammation example, the woman does not have contempt, but she does have a claim.

Schizophrenia - psychosomatic causes of the disease

Cause of schizophrenia — mishandling of information and knowledge.

One of the frequent causes of schizophrenia is the accumulation of a large amount of information without its practical development and application. This usually applies to people who learn not simple information from books and newspapers, but esoteric information that greatly influences their worldview. Most often this happens when a person is suspicious, suggestible, falls for information and without making the knowledge gained his experience, skill, ability, he lacks all the new knowledge from various occult sources.

There is another example of the cause of schizophrenia when a woman violated the law "Do not pass on information without making it yours." She gave great lectures in Moscow, agitated people to go hungry, while she herself went hungry for only three days. One of her listeners, inspired by these sermons, began a multi-day fast. On the 15th day, mercury began to come out of her body. Mercury accumulates in the bones and this woman has accumulated a lot of it. Mercury came out of the anus in balls. The woman and her family were very frightened and at three in the morning they called the lady who was lecturing. From sleep she didn’t figure out how to talk, and told the truth: “I actually starved for only three days, and I don’t know what to do in such cases.” And soon she "went roof."

If we pass on knowledge to someone, especially influencing the psyche and health, then we bear a serious responsibility for this.

Diseases in children and pets

When a child is born, for the first year of his life he is connected with the mother's energy and is highly dependent on her state of health and psyche. Since the mother's body is energetically stronger, if it breaks the laws, the child can get sick. This is called dumping the disease on the weak. After a year, the child either remains on the energy of the mother, or is transplanted into the energy of the father. So he lives up to 8-10 years old and suffers from the violations of his parents, and starts to get sick for his own violations after 8-10 years, switching to his own energy.

To determine which of the parents needs to track their behavior, you can leave the baby to play in the room for one minute for 20. Then mom and dad enter the room and stand in different corners. To whom the child rushes first, clings to his feet, hugs him, he needs to look for his violations - the baby lives on his energy.

After the child has transitioned into his energy, which is usually accompanied by changes in his character and some distance from his parents, he can be taught to track his violations, analyze situations and use the ritual of apology.

On pets, too, there are discharges of diseases from the owners. The dog usually has one owner in the family, whom she chooses herself, and cats live on the energy of the whole house.

Ritual of apology as a way to eliminate the causes of diseases.

When the cause of the disease is found, you need to sit down and think about your behavior in the future. Having found a new form of behavior without violating the natural law, it is necessary to lay it on the subconscious in meditation. To do this, they clearly imagine themselves in situations similar to the one where the violation was made and mentally act in a new way. It would be nice to work out 10-15 situations and the more varied they are, the better. Then they do the ritual:

Call mentally the face of the person in relation to whom there was a violation. Greet him and thank him for science.

Tell him what law you broke.

Show that in the future you will act differently, that you have worked out the law.

Sincerely ask for an apology, without harboring anger or resentment in your soul.

Cases where diseases occur for other reasons.

There are exceptions to every rule. In healing, there are many situations when diseases are due to other reasons than described above.

If someone does yoga or any energy gymnastics, he constantly pumps energy into the organs of the physical body, ether and chakras. It happens with such people that when the law is violated and the heart should have been ill, the head suddenly hurts. This happens because in any structure there is a weakest and a strongest point. The weak becomes the point of discharge of destructive energies. Every organ of the body tries to throw off the negative influence, and it goes to the weakest. Everyone has his own.

It also happens that people remove diseases from their loved ones. This happens if they love them very much or feel sorry for them. Then you need to apologize to the one from whom the disease was removed. Sometimes healers, who have not worked out pity, remove the disease from patients on themselves. There was even a case when a woman felt sorry for a completely unfamiliar young handsome guy whom she met by chance at the station. He was deaf and began to hear in two days, but the seven-year-old son of this woman became deaf. The healers had to work to restore the boy's hearing, and the guy remained with normal hearing.

Sometimes people get sick on their own. From childhood, he was used to receiving a lot of energy, warmth, care, and sometimes pity from his relatives during illness. All household duties and the need to prepare lessons were removed from him. A subconscious mechanism has been developed, and when such a person wants to take a break from worries, he himself falls ill.

Magic, curses, spells also do not belong to ordinary diseases and proceed according to their own laws. Whether a person dries up or becomes childless, or the organ on which the magician dumped his sore gets sick - all these cases are dealt with separately in healing and their classification is not included in the task of this work. One thing is certain: magical attacks do not happen just like that, but mainly on those people who themselves climb into the world of magic. For example, they begin to keep a husband, bewitch a lady, dump illnesses on someone, hypnotize for their own purposes. To get out of such causal relationships, rituals of apology and exchange are used with an internal refusal to influence people.

There are still cases when people behave not by nature and because of this they get sick.

There lived an official. Never did anything for anyone. By the age of 60, I tried everything in my life, "ate" and calmed down. A girl came to him and gave him a sincere request - she asked him to help her go to college. And he thought: "What to take from her? I have plenty of money, the bed - I also walked up. I'll arrange it just like that, let her live and be happy". He acted not according to the nature of his astral body, in which the element of self-interest dominated, but according to his soul - according to the deeper part of his nature, according to which he had never lived before. The girl entered the institute and all the time remembered with gratitude his disinterested act. And his heart chakra (the astral body consists of chakras) is not used to receiving such energy, because people have always given energy to him. Envy, selfishness, fear. So, from this pure energy, he had a heart attack and happened - the chakra could not process it.

And in the movie "Time of Desires" the opposite situation is shown, and also in the heart chakra. There, the wife promotes her new husband in the service, making him a successful official. He used to sit in his free time at his favorite dacha and natural energies flowed through his heart chakra - air, wood, water, etc. The wife sold the dacha, promoted her husband so that he already went to work in a black Volga with driver. More and more energies of envy, flattery, depression went to him, and he also had a heart attack. You can not force other people to live by their laws. Similar situations can occur in any chakra.

Conclusion. Ahimsa (non-violence).

When someone breaks the law and we fall for it (offended); he might get sick. Most often this happens with family, friends, acquaintances, that is, those people who did not want to make them sick. But if you do not react at all to violations of the laws, people will continue to do the same and sooner or later they will get sick from the offense of someone else.

There is a good way to help a person understand his disorders without hitting him with energy and without causing illness. It is necessary to tell him aloud what he is violating, but not to be offended at all inside. This is the most evolutionary way - it is used by "gray" teachers. It does not cause illness, but it is not condoning the violation of laws. It should be remembered that this can be done in cases where the violation concerns you, and if it is done in relation to someone else, pointing to it may be interference in other people's affairs.

If you learn not to be resentful of transgressions against yourself, although it is difficult, then you will be able to teach people a lot without harming them, that is, observing Ahimsa.

It is interesting! There is a special computer program that allows you to quickly determine the causes of diseases at a subtle level and work effectively with them. It contains all the psychosomatics of most human diseases.

Finding the cause of the disease involves several different techniques. When a person knows what this disease is given for, the search spectrum narrows noticeably, and if the cause of the disease is unknown, then the first thing to do is to remember and carefully analyze all the events that happened to the person during the day before the first signs of pain or malaise. The fact is that, according to natural laws, punishment overtakes a person within a day after he violates any law. Example: At five o'clock in the evening you have a sore throat.

Methods for determining the causes of diseases

Determining the cause of the disease - 1 way:

To find the cause, you need to look for some conflicts with people that have happened since last night. Remember who was offended by you, who was dissatisfied with something, outraged, with whom there was a struggle on a subtle level.

How to determine the cause of the disease - 2 way:

If nothing can be found, you can try the following technique: sit alone in a room, in a calm state, and mentally call up images of all the people you have encountered during the day. Mentally ask each one: "Because of you sickness?". It usually happens that the person from whom you received the punishment will flash brighter than the rest on your mental screen. Then ask him what he was offended by, what is his claim. If he does not answer, try to understand your violation yourself.

Determination of the causes of the disease - 3 way:

Let's say you couldn't find the cause. You can mentally turn to your strengths and ask to show the reason in a dream. In a dream, you will find yourself in situations similar to the one that caused the disease, but there the violation of laws will be more visible.

Psychosomatic causes of diseases - 4 way:

This is one of the main ways to determine the causes of diseases, based on the law of similarity. It often happens that the disease in its form, appearance, the nature of pain sensations and the area of location on the body resembles our violation.

If you have a headache, then immediately pay attention to the nature of the pain. Very often it is oppressive, and this may be due to the fact that you put psychological pressure on someone and got change.

If the heart sank, then most likely you "pricked" someone in the heart.

Psychological causes of stomach and intestinal ulcers are directly related to causticity in communication.

Toothache associated with criticism, which can be figuratively represented as if we are biting someone.

When there is a sore throat and a cough, then it often looks like barking, but doesn’t the energy with which we condemn our relatives and friends, if we argue and prove something, not look like barking? There is an expression in Russian that describes this behavior: "they bark like dogs."

There is another key to finding the causes of diseases, also built on the law of similarity. Some people have pain in their knees. The key question is: "What does this pain prevent a person from doing?". The answer is that it prevents him from walking and being flexible. This means that he himself prevents someone from going their own way through life and being flexible, that is, free in their desires, decisions, and choices.

At the physical level, what we do to people psychologically and energetically returns to us in the form of a disease. In this case, an example from healing practice was considered, when a husband taught his wife how to act in different situations. These teachings were categorical, authoritarian in nature, the husband had great confidence in his rightness and inner pride. The wife, trusting the authority of her husband, at first tried to do as he said, but then found that this did not correspond to her nature, was indignant, rejected his teachings and began to act in her own way. Just at the time when she was indignant, her husband's knees hurt (polyarthritis).

Another example: a woman comes for healing, who has developed severe skin irritation in the groin area. We pose the question: "What is it that prevents her from doing?". It interferes with making love. So she's stopping someone from making love? Not so literally. Let's try to expand the question - this sore prevents her in some sense from being a woman. It means that she interferes with someone in this way. Soon, from further conversation, it turns out that recently her husband showed qualities in communication with her that she cannot consider masculine, worthy of a knight. His behavior did not correspond to her idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a man should be and she began to be offended, indignant, her thoughts were contemptuous: " Fi! It's not like a man... It's not a man!". The husband felt this energy and was offended in turn. His resentment caused illness in his wife because she had a violation of natural law - an attack with contempt.

They may ask: "Why doesn't your husband get sick?". We do not know if he violated natural laws by his actions. A wife came to us for healing, and the fact is that his behavior did not correspond to her ideas about masculine qualities, but her idea was formed under the influence of the environment where she was brought up, and this environment could have its own laws that did not correspond to natural ones. The woman apologized in the astral and a day later the inflammation disappeared.

Determination of the causes of the disease - 5 way:

To find the psychological cause of the disease, you can ask your Higher Seeds to bring to you people who have the same disorder as you. From the side of the violation is more visible, they are striking, and especially if they are directed at you. Ask to be confronted with such people for a period of time, such as a week. This week you need to be very sensitive and attentive to everything that will happen around. Each event can be a sign, a hint. If, nevertheless, you are forgotten in the daily bustle, then sit down in the evening before going to bed, and look through the whole day if someone has had a behavior similar to yours.

Causes of diseases and their definition - 6 way:

It is used for chronic diseases, the cause of which a person cannot find in himself. Ask your strength to slightly aggravate the disease immediately after, or even during a situation where you break the law.

Let's say you have a stomach ulcer. It is either felt or not felt. It depends on behavior and nutrition. Make food for a week dietary so that there are no side irritating factors. Communicate actively and uninhibitedly with people, let your irony, sarcasm, causticity manifest itself in full. Where the pain in the stomach will catch - your violations of the laws.

Causes of diseases. Psychosomatics of diseases

Almost all diseases are psychosomatic in nature. Below is a large list of the causes of the most common diseases. Having completely dealt with the psychological causes of diseases and changing their behavior or attitude to life, a person almost always manages to defeat the disease.

Arrhythmia

Cause of arrhythmias- uneven, episodic supply of heart energy, warmth to loved ones, alternating with closeness, alienation, anger.

Example . Mom comes home from work and gives heart energy to children: "Oh, my family! You are waiting! Look what I brought you". She the next day: "How tired of you all! Did you do your homework? March to bed".

Mom jumps in mood and she allows herself such behavior in relation to loved ones.

Myopia - psychosomatics

Cause of myopia- Criticism by vision.

Example . A well-read, intellectual young man, 10 years old, with great pride, wants to assert himself in the eyes of others, to gain authority for himself. He starts for no good reason, only to draw attention to himself, to criticize the shortcomings of the world around him. A couple of years later, the young man developed severe myopia. People were offended by such criticism and the energy of their resentment hit the boy on Ajna, the chakra responsible for vision. See less, judge less.

Varicose veins - cause

The psychological cause of varicose veins as a disease- suppression of anger, discontent within oneself. A person is angry at someone, at life, at difficult situations and at this time Manipura generates a lot of negative destructive energy. If a person immediately dumps it through swearing, screaming, claims, then there may be other diseases, and varicose veins occur when he suppresses this energy within himself with the help of will. Suppressed by the will, anger is dumped through the legs. there are channels in the legs through which the body removes unnecessary energy.

If dissatisfaction with something manifests itself for a long time, then the channels cannot cope with the release of destructive energy and this is reflected in the tissues of the physical body. The energy of anger and chronic irritation resembles swirling black smoke. Pay attention to the pattern of swollen veins on the legs - it is exactly like that. Here, too, the law of similarity is manifested. A person does not want to dump such energy on others, so as not to spoil relationships, and suppresses it inside himself. The energy mechanism of this disease is not the same as in the case of myopia. There, the surrounding people inflict an energy blow, but here a person destroys himself.

Causes of Venereal Diseases

Cause of venereal disease — disgust and contempt in sexual relations. This usually manifests itself in the general disrespect of partners, when using someone to satisfy sexual desires. First, a person breaks the law, the partner is offended, and this resentment goes into space as a request demanding that the violator be punished. After a couple of days, the one who showed disgust finds himself in bed with a new partner who already has a venereal disease. As far as AIDS is concerned, it seems to be associated with the inoculation of other people, especially young people, with sexual perversions. The strength of the punishment is proportional to the strength of the violation. The question arises: "what about the infection of AIDS babies in maternity hospitals? ". All diseases of this kind from any infections, as well as miscarriages and abortions, are associated with the karma of past lives. When a being is in space and is about to be born, it knows perfectly well what it is going to. From there, fates are visible and the task of such an incarnation is to burn its negative karma through suffering during illness.

Causes of diseases. Inflammation of the appendages

Causeinflammation of the appendages coquetry with the release of sexual energy, teasing men when they do not want to enter into intimate relationships with them.

This is a very common disorder and naturally follows the disease. Women flirt in order to collect energy for themselves, to attract attention, sometimes in order to provide them with some kind of service, help. At the same time, sexual energy goes beyond the aura of a woman and penetrates into the field of a man, and this, according to natural laws, is an invitation to bed. When a “warmed up” man comes up with proposals, the lady “rejects” him. If he is offended, then the appendages or other organs of the genitourinary system will hurt, if he is not offended, then nothing can hurt.

Gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer

Causes of stomach diseases — causticity, irony, sarcasm, prickly mockery.

There is a lot of such behavior in today's world. Why doesn't everyone have ulcers? The energy mechanism of communication, in which both interlocutors are internally closed, ready for causticity and exchanging barbs, resembles a duel between two knights. Both put on armor and try to get each other with swords. In this case, they do not take offense at each other, because they play according to the same rules of communication, they were taught this way by upbringing, they live by this and accept causticity as the norm.

Diseases arise when causticity is directed at a person who lives according to other laws, who is open, vulnerable, who does not accept a duel as a form of communication. He has the right to be offended if such energy was directed at him, but he did not give a reason for this. The natural laws of our planet are on his side.

Hemorrhoids - causes according to Ayurveda

Psychosomatic reasonhemorrhoids - unwillingness to let go of what should go according to natural laws. Greed.

An example of the cause of the disease. The woman had an operation for hemorrhoids only because she did not want to throw away a large amount of canned vegetables that had already deteriorated in her pantry. She walked and felt sorry for her jars and worried that they needed to be thrown away. From strong emotions of this kind, the energy inside the body begins to circulate incorrectly, and this is expressed on the physical level in the form of hemorrhoids. Here, too, the law of similarity is manifested - feces must leave the body, and it hurts to let them go if the anus is not in order. It can be a pity to let go of things, money, or even energy - something related to the navel chakra.

Hepatitis (jaundice) - psychosomatics of the disease

cause of hepatitis. This disease also applies to Manipura, but the nature of the energy released by a person is different from causticity. The sting hits, stabs, and the acrimony oozes, while those around or their vision of the world are also attacked, but of a slightly different nature. When they hit back, the bilious person starts to get sick.

Headaches - Ayurveda. Causes of diseases.

Will pressure on people.

Imposing your vision, opinion.

"Prominaniye" under someone else's will.

Allowing other people to impose their vision on themselves.

Let's take a closer look at the causes of headaches:

Will pressure with the desire to force a person to do something does not cause a headache until the person is indignant. From that moment on, the oppressor begins to have a headache. These people usually have high blood pressure. Teachers, military authorities, directors of organizations do not always have a headache - they are partially covered by this violation of the society, since they are in the service and are, to a certain extent, "automatic" of the societies from which they work. If you look at natural laws, then the influence of wills is an attack, since the laws "Do not interfere", "Do not ask, do not interfere" are violated.

Imposing your vision. Husband and wife came to visit a friend. While they were sitting, drinking tea, the husband said that he wanted to buy a new tape recorder, and his wife began to dissuade him. Then a friend intervened without asking and began to assure that this was an excellent tape recorder and that it should be urgently bought. When the guests left, the owner had a headache. The wife sunk down because she wanted to spend the money on buying a washing machine, not a tape recorder.

Prominenie under someone else's will. For those who allow themselves to ride, the pressure is often lowered. These are oppressed people, accustomed to obey. They have no desire to argue, fight for their energy, and the reason may be fear and disbelief in their strength. Usually it starts from childhood - strong repression on the part of parents creates submissive "automatic machines" that, losing one psychological battle after another, turn into executors of someone's will. The head can hurt from the loss of energy - it goes to the one who commands you.

Allowing others to impose their opinions on you. Living in someone else's mind is a property of insecure people. They also give a lot of energy to those whose advice, experience, and authority they live on. They lack energy.

umbilical hernia

Psychological reasonumbilical hernia - attraction to hoarding and pride.

Often people have a hernia after acquiring a dacha. Finally, you can save up some valuables, and in addition to valuables in the country, they also pile up all the old, unnecessary rubbish. If pride is still involved, then the owner’s thoughts take on the following character: “Now I have a lot of things. I will have more than my neighbors! Relatives will come -“ I will show them how to live, let them envy, etc. ”

All this can live in the subconscious of a person, and the energy just obeys the subconscious impulses - this is a sufficient reason for the onset of the disease.

Example. A specific case of a hernia is known. In one family, the father earned a lot, turned things around and some valuables accumulated in the house. The owner himself took this rather calmly, but the son was proud of his father and the well-being of the whole family. A poor neighbor, unimportantly dressed, came to visit. And it was the son who began to look down on him, as if he were "unfinished", showing pride. The neighbor was offended when he felt the attitude of the owner's son, although there was no talk about it in words - they talked about completely different topics. The son had a hernia, and then his child, because the child lived on the energy of his father.

Diabetes and its psychosomatic causes

Cause — contempt for those below while worshiping those above.

If a person has only one of these qualities, then there will be no diabetes. This is a disease of people who are hierarchical in their vision of the world. Diabetes is the scourge of India. In the 20th century, India ranked first in the world in this disease. This is the only country where caste is still so strongly manifested in our time. The untouchables are despised there - this is the norm - and they bow before the owners, which creates a fertile ground for diabetes. It is interesting that in different societies the hierarchy is built according to different laws - not always wealth will be the main thing. Somewhere strength is valued, somewhere intellect, creativity, etc. Let's take a chess club - the ability to play chess is valued there. If a member of the club will despise those. Who plays worse than him and bows before the best players, then he may well earn diabetes. Resentment often comes from the despised, from those who are stamped with inferiority.

Toothache - psychological causes according to Ayurveda

Cause of toothache — criticism of society, any societies.

This may include both criticism of the government, reforms, laws, and condemnation of doctors, police, merchants - any societies that make up social structure. If someone criticizes another person or the activity of an entire organization in order to improve it, to help understand something, then this may not cause a toothache. But when we sit in the kitchen, drink tea and curse the state, then our emotional energy flies out and hits this structure in the astral plane. This is an attack on our part and the astral society has the right to give back, which returns to us in the form of a disease. The reason is in ourselves, however, as always :)

sickness love child

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