Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. Structure and biological role of atf. Chemical properties of ATP
Our body produces ATP to provide energy for movement, but often this energy is not enough. Is it worth taking ATP in supplement form in this case?
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the main source of energy that supports all processes in the body. In fact, if your body stops producing ATP, it means you're...well, you're dead.
ATP has long been considered a chemical that the body can synthesize from other nutrients but cannot obtain from a supplement on its own. However, taking ATP tablets or powders can provide significant benefits to your workouts.
What is ATP
Each ATP molecule has three phosphate groups (triphosphate). When phosphate groups are released from a molecule, a huge amount of energy is released. The body uses this energy to carry out essential life processes. These include the transport of proteins and lipids (fats) into and out of cells, communication between cells, DNA and RNA synthesis, and finally muscle contractions that make movement possible.
How does ATP provide energy?
During physical activity, the body constantly produces new ATP molecules to satisfy the energy needs of cells. The reserves of ready-made ATP in muscle tissue last only a couple of seconds. During intense muscle activity, energy is consumed very quickly, so the body requires sufficient amounts of phosphocreatine, glucose and oxygen to replenish ATP reserves.
Some people take supplements to get more energy to perform short-term, high-intensity exercise. Creatine provides an energy boost by increasing the supply of phosphocreatine, which the body can use to further form more ATP. Consuming carbohydrates before exercise works in a similar way. Eating carbohydrates increases your blood glucose levels. Glucose, in turn, can also be used to produce ATP through a process called glycolysis.
Benefits of ATP Supplements
Doesn't it make sense in this case to eliminate the intermediate and just take ATP supplements? Yes and no. Some studies indicate positive results, but mostly these were the results of experiments conducted on laboratory rats. Subsequent studies in humans were not as promising. However, this does not mean that ATP supplements do not have beneficial properties. While they may not directly increase ATP stores in muscle tissue, they do help improve blood flow to active tissue, improve physical performance, and speed up recovery.
Increased strength and endurance
In a 2004 study published in magazineMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, it was found that two weeks of ATP supplementation had no effect on increasing ATP stores in muscle tissue. However, subjects taking ATP performed more bench press repetitions at 70% of their one-rep max than subjects taking placebo.
Another study published in magazine International Society of Sports Nutrition, demonstrated that taking 400 mg of ATP for 15 consecutive days reduced muscle fatigue and helped subjects use energy more efficiently during intense exercise compared to controls.
Researchers at the University of Tampa found that during a 12-week strength training program, subjects taking 400 mg of ATP daily had significantly improved 1RM performance in the squat and deadlift compared to subjects taking a placebo substance. The study also found that athletes who took the supplements saw their quadriceps muscle thickness increase twice as much as those who took a placebo.
Increased blood flow
In addition to improving muscle function, taking ATP supplements also promotes vasodilation, or widening of the arteries. Wider vessels mean more fuel—specifically, more oxygen and glucose—gets to active muscles faster. Vasodilation also helps remove metabolic waste products such as lactic acid and urea from muscle tissue and provides more nutrients to speed up muscle recovery.
Improved recovery
A 2017 study published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, demonstrated that ATP supplementation helps prevent the depletion of ATP stores after intense exercise. Subjects who took the supplements also showed greater power than members of the placebo group during repeated Wingate anaerobic tests.
Do ATP supplements have side effects?
To date, there are no known side effects of taking adenosine triphosphate. But keep in mind that the longest ATP study lasted only 12 weeks. The effects of longer-term use of ATP supplements have not been studied.
Does ATP interact with other supplements?
ATP is safe to combine with other supplements. Moreover, sometimes this gives a positive synergistic effect and allows you to enhance the beneficial effects of additives such as and.
How much and in what form is it best to take ATP supplements?
ATP supplements are most often sold in tablet form; The ATP ingredient can also be found in some powder supplements. Health experts say that if you want to increase your ATP levels during exercise, it is best to take.
Regardless of supplement form, 400 mg of ATP should be taken to maximize benefits.
When is the best time to take ATP?
To date, there are no definitive research findings regarding the optimal timing and dosage of ATP supplementation. Existing research suggests that it is best to take 400 mg ATP 30 minutes before training. On days when you are not training, take AFL on an empty stomach 30 minutes before your first meal.
The main source of energy for the cell is nutrients: carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which are oxidized with the help of oxygen. Almost all carbohydrates, before reaching the cells of the body, are converted into glucose thanks to the work of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Along with carbohydrates, proteins are also broken down into amino acids and lipids into fatty acids. In the cell, nutrients are oxidized under the influence of oxygen and with the participation of enzymes that control energy release reactions and its utilization. Almost all oxidative reactions occur in mitochondria, and the released energy is stored in the form of a high-energy compound - ATP. Subsequently, it is ATP, and not nutrients, that is used to provide intracellular metabolic processes with energy.
The ATP molecule contains: (1) the nitrogenous base adenine; (2) pentose carbohydrate ribose, (3) three phosphoric acid residues. The last two phosphates are connected to each other and to the rest of the molecule by high-energy phosphate bonds, indicated on the ATP formula by the symbol ~. Subject to the physical and chemical conditions characteristic of the body, the energy of each such bond is 12,000 calories per 1 mole of ATP, which is many times higher than the energy of an ordinary chemical bond, which is why phosphate bonds are called high-energy. Moreover, these connections are easily destroyed, providing intracellular processes with energy as soon as the need arises.
When energy is released, ATP donates a phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate. The released energy is used for almost all cellular processes, for example in biosynthesis reactions and muscle contraction.
Replenishment of ATP reserves occurs by recombining ADP with a phosphoric acid residue at the expense of nutrient energy. This process is repeated again and again. ATP is constantly used up and accumulated, which is why it is called the energy currency of the cell. ATP turnover time is only a few minutes.
The role of mitochondria in the chemical reactions of ATP formation. When glucose enters the cell, it is converted into pyruvic acid under the action of cytoplasmic enzymes (this process is called glycolysis). The energy released in this process is spent on converting a small amount of ADP into ATP, representing less than 5% of the total energy reserves.
ATP synthesis is 95% carried out in mitochondria. Pyruvic acid, fatty acids and amino acids, formed respectively from carbohydrates, fats and proteins, are eventually converted into a compound called acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. This compound, in turn, enters a series of enzymatic reactions collectively called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle to release its energy. In the tricarboxylic acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is broken down into hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide molecules. Carbon dioxide is removed from the mitochondria, then out of the cell by diffusion and removed from the body through the lungs.
Hydrogen atoms are chemically very active and therefore immediately react with oxygen diffusing into the mitochondria. The large amount of energy released in this reaction is used to convert many ADP molecules into ATP. These reactions are quite complex and require the participation of a huge number of enzymes that are part of the mitochondrial cristae. At the initial stage, an electron is split off from the hydrogen atom, and the atom turns into a hydrogen ion. The process ends with the addition of hydrogen ions to oxygen. As a result of this reaction, water and a large amount of energy are formed, which is necessary for the operation of ATP synthetase, a large globular protein that protrudes in the form of tubercles on the surface of the mitochondrial cristae. Under the action of this enzyme, which uses the energy of hydrogen ions, ADP is converted into ATP. New ATP molecules are sent from the mitochondria to all parts of the cell, including the nucleus, where the energy of this compound is used to provide a variety of functions. This process of ATP synthesis is generally called the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP formation.
ATP is the abbreviation for Adenosine Tri-Phosphoric Acid. You can also find the name Adenosine triphosphate. This is a nucleoid that plays a huge role in energy exchange in the body. Adenosine Tri-Phosphoric acid is a universal source of energy involved in all biochemical processes of the body. This molecule was discovered in 1929 by the scientist Karl Lohmann. And its significance was confirmed by Fritz Lipmann in 1941.
Structure and formula of ATP
If we talk about ATP in more detail, then this is a molecule that provides energy to all processes occurring in the body, including the energy for movement. When the ATP molecule is broken down, the muscle fiber contracts, resulting in the release of energy that allows contraction to occur. Adenosine triphosphate is synthesized from inosine in a living organism.
In order to give the body energy, Adenosine Triphosphate must go through several stages. First, one of the phosphates is separated using a special coenzyme. Each phosphate provides ten calories. The process produces energy and produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
If the body needs more energy to function, then another phosphate is separated. Then AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is formed. The main source for the production of Adenosine Triphosphate is glucose; in the cell it is broken down into pyruvate and cytosol. Adenosine triphosphate energizes long fibers that contain the protein myosin. It is what forms muscle cells.
At moments when the body is resting, the chain goes in the opposite direction, i.e. Adenosine Tri-Phosphoric acid is formed. Again, glucose is used for these purposes. The created Adenosine Triphosphate molecules will be reused as soon as necessary. When energy is not needed, it is stored in the body and released as soon as it is needed.
The ATP molecule consists of several, or rather, three components:
- Ribose is a five-carbon sugar that forms the basis of DNA.
- Adenine is the combined atoms of nitrogen and carbon.
- Triphosphate.
At the very center of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is a ribose molecule, and its edge is the main one for adenosine. On the other side of ribose is a chain of three phosphates.
ATP systems
At the same time, you need to understand that ATP reserves will be sufficient only for the first two or three seconds of physical activity, after which its level decreases. But at the same time, muscle work can only be carried out with the help of ATP. Thanks to special systems in the body, new ATP molecules are constantly synthesized. The inclusion of new molecules occurs depending on the duration of the load.
ATP molecules synthesize three main biochemical systems:
- Phosphagen system (creatine phosphate).
- Glycogen and lactic acid system.
- Aerobic respiration.
Let's consider each of them separately.
Phosphagen system- if the muscles work for a short time, but extremely intensely (about 10 seconds), the phosphagen system will be used. In this case, ADP binds to creatine phosphate. Thanks to this system, a small amount of Adenosine Triphosphate is constantly circulated in muscle cells. Since the muscle cells themselves also contain creatine phosphate, it is used to restore ATP levels after high-intensity short work. But within ten seconds the level of creatine phosphate begins to decrease - this energy is enough for a short race or intense strength training in bodybuilding.
Glycogen and lactic acid- supplies energy to the body more slowly than the previous one. It synthesizes ATP, which can be enough for one and a half minutes of intense work. In the process, glucose in muscle cells is formed into lactic acid through anaerobic metabolism.
Since in the anaerobic state oxygen is not used by the body, this system provides energy in the same way as in the aerobic system, but time is saved. In anaerobic mode, muscles contract extremely powerfully and quickly. Such a system can allow you to run a four hundred meter sprint or a longer intense workout in the gym. But working in this way for a long time will not allow muscle soreness, which appears due to an excess of lactic acid.
Aerobic respiration- this system turns on if the workout lasts more than two minutes. Then the muscles begin to receive adenosine triphosphate from carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In this case, ATP is synthesized slowly, but the energy lasts for a long time - physical activity can last for several hours. This happens due to the fact that glucose breaks down without obstacles, it does not have any counteractions from outside - as lactic acid interferes with the anaerobic process.
The role of ATP in the body
From the previous description it is clear that the main role of adenosine triphosphate in the body is to provide energy for all the numerous biochemical processes and reactions in the body. Most energy-consuming processes in living beings occur thanks to ATP.
But in addition to this main function, adenosine triphosphate also performs others:
The role of ATP in the human body and life is well known not only to scientists, but also to many athletes and bodybuilders, since its understanding helps make training more effective and correctly calculate loads. For people who do strength training in the gym, sprinting and other sports, it is very important to understand what exercises need to be performed at one time or another. Thanks to this, you can form the desired body structure, work out the muscle structure, reduce excess weight and achieve other desired results.
The cytoplasm of each cell, as well as mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei contains adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). It supplies energy for most of the reactions that occur in the cell. With the help of ATP, the cell synthesizes new molecules of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, gets rid of waste, carries out active transport of substances, beating of flagella and cilia, etc.
ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. The phosphate groups in the ATP molecule are connected to each other by high-energy (macroergic) bonds:
The bonds between phosphate groups are not very strong, and when they break, a large amount of energy is released. As a result of hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphate group from ATP, adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP) is formed and a portion of energy is released:
ADP can also undergo further hydrolysis with the elimination of another phosphate group and the release of a second portion of energy; in this case, ADP is converted to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is not further hydrolyzed:
ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate due to the energy released during the oxidation of organic substances and during photosynthesis. This process is called phosphorylation. In this case, at least 40 kJ/mol of energy must be expended, which is accumulated in high-energy bonds:
Consequently, the main significance of the processes of respiration and photosynthesis is determined by the fact that they supply energy for the synthesis of ATP, with the participation of which most of the work is performed in the cell.
Thus, ATP is the main universal supplier of energy in the cells of all living organisms.
ATP is renewed extremely quickly. In humans, for example, each ATP molecule is broken down and regenerated 2,400 times a day, so that its average lifespan is less than 1 minute. ATP synthesis occurs mainly in mitochondria and chloroplasts (partially in the cytoplasm). The ATP formed here is sent to those parts of the cell where the need for energy arises.
Source : N.A. Lemeza L.V. Kamlyuk N.D. Lisov "A manual on biology for applicants to universities"
Adenosine triphosphoric acid-ATP- an essential energy component of any living cell. ATP is also a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose and three phosphoric acid molecule residues. This is an unstable structure. In metabolic processes, phosphoric acid residues are successively split off from it by breaking the energy-rich but fragile bond between the second and third phosphoric acid residues. The detachment of one molecule of phosphoric acid is accompanied by the release of about 40 kJ of energy. In this case, ATP is converted into adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP), and with further cleavage of the phosphoric acid residue from ADP, adenosine monophosphoric acid (AMP) is formed.
Scheme of the structure of ATP and its conversion to ADP ( T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000 )
Consequently, ATP is a kind of energy accumulator in the cell, which is “discharged” when it is broken down. The breakdown of ATP occurs during the reactions of synthesis of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and any other vital functions of cells. These reactions occur with the absorption of energy, which is extracted during the breakdown of substances.
ATP is synthesized in mitochondria in several stages. The first one is preparatory - proceeds in stages, with the involvement of specific enzymes at each stage. In this case, complex organic compounds are broken down into monomers: proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into glucose, nucleic acids into nucleotides, etc. The breaking of bonds in these substances is accompanied by the release of a small amount of energy. The resulting monomers, under the action of other enzymes, can undergo further decomposition to form simpler substances, up to carbon dioxide and water.
Scheme ATP synthesis in cell mtochondria
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DIAGRAM TRANSFORMATION OF SUBSTANCES AND ENERGY IN THE PROCESS OF DISSIMILIATION
Stage I - preparatory: complex organic substances, under the influence of digestive enzymes, break down into simple ones, and only thermal energy is released.
Proteins ->amino acids
Fats- >
glycerol and fatty acids
Starch ->glucose
Stage II - glycolysis (oxygen-free): carried out in the hyaloplasm, not associated with membranes; enzymes are involved in it; Glucose is broken down:
In yeast fungi, a glucose molecule without the participation of oxygen is converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (alcoholic fermentation):
In other microorganisms, glycolysis can result in the formation of acetone, acetic acid, etc. In all cases, the breakdown of one glucose molecule is accompanied by the formation of two ATP molecules. During the oxygen-free breakdown of glucose in the form of a chemical bond in the ATP molecule, 40% of the anergy is retained, and the rest is dissipated as heat.
Stage III - hydrolysis (oxygen): carried out in mitochondria, associated with the mitochondrial matrix and the inner membrane, enzymes participate in it, lactic acid undergoes breakdown: C3H6O3 + 3H20 --> 3CO2+ 12H. CO2 (carbon dioxide) is released from mitochondria into the environment. The hydrogen atom is included in a chain of reactions, the final result of which is the synthesis of ATP. These reactions occur in the following sequence:
1. The hydrogen atom H, with the help of carrier enzymes, enters the inner membrane of mitochondria, forming cristae, where it is oxidized: H-e--> H+
2. Hydrogen proton H+(cation) is carried by carriers to the outer surface of the cristae membrane. This membrane is impermeable to protons, so they accumulate in the intermembrane space, forming a proton reservoir.
3. Hydrogen electrons e are transferred to the inner surface of the cristae membrane and immediately attach to oxygen using the enzyme oxidase, forming negatively charged active oxygen (anion): O2 + e--> O2-
4. Cations and anions on both sides of the membrane create an oppositely charged electric field, and when the potential difference reaches 200 mV, the proton channel begins to operate. It occurs in the molecules of ATP synthetase enzymes, which are embedded in the inner membrane that forms the cristae.
5. Hydrogen protons pass through the proton channel H+ rush inside the mitochondria, creating a high level of energy, most of which goes to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and P (ADP+P-->ATP), and protons H+ interact with active oxygen, forming water and molecular 02:
(4Н++202- -->2Н20+02)
Thus, O2, which enters the mitochondria during the body’s respiration process, is necessary for the addition of hydrogen protons H. In its absence, the entire process in the mitochondria stops, since the electron transport chain ceases to function. General reaction of stage III:
(2C3NbOz + 6Oz + 36ADP + 36F ---> 6C02 + 36ATP + +42H20)
As a result of the breakdown of one glucose molecule, 38 ATP molecules are formed: at stage II - 2 ATP and at stage III - 36 ATP. The resulting ATP molecules go beyond the mitochondria and participate in all cellular processes where energy is needed. When splitting, ATP releases energy (one phosphate bond contains 40 kJ) and returns to the mitochondria in the form of ADP and P (phosphate).