Combat equipment - weapons. Quality class Grade A B C solar panels

To begin with, it is worth deciding what it is. Refubrished (in relation to technique)- these are devices that have been brought to a new state by replacing components and / or external elements (housing). Divided in turn into two types Manufactured refurbished and Seller refurbished.

The former is also often called certificated refurbished, these are devices that have been returned to the manufacturer for warranty or other reasons. After that, the device was sent to the manufacturer, where the malfunction was eliminated, external elements were replaced and testing was carried out. After that, these devices are equipped with new peripherals: cables, charging, etc., packed in specials. packaging or with special designations and sent to the company's warehouse. For example, this is how Apple and Dell do it. A full warranty is given for such devices. Buying them poses no danger. But the savings in this case are minimal.

And here is the second type - seller refurbished much less monotonous. This process can be handled by both the end seller on eBay / Aliexpress, and special mini-factories in China. And it can be a simple retrofitting of the device with new accessories and a box, if there are no faults and external defects. So is the complete restoration of the device. In this case, they can be divided into gradations: Grade A / A + and Grade B.

How it looks in practice: in China, faulty phones are massively bought, and then, depending on the scale, repairs are carried out right on the spot in the radio market, in a nook-shop, or sent to a special mini-factory. This is where the first and most important problem lies - the source material. Spare parts for all mass models are often available, and modular repair takes a few minutes and costs a penny, so it is easier and cheaper for a person to repair a device than to sell it for a pittance. That is why “weird” devices are bought up - completely broken, drowned, with sealed off or faulty chips on the board.

After that, all the elements of the case and the display are replaced, the defective parts inside are replaced, the board is repaired and "rolled" (if required). Here the second problem arises - the quality of the repair and the quality of the materials used. Spare parts are also divided into Grade A / A + - good copies and original; Grade B / C - so-so copies and rejects. Using my example, I can describe the difference in their quality.

For example, I ordered a display module for iPhone 5 - the quality was indistinguishable from the original, the camera and microphone were also of excellent quality, although there was no oleophobic coating (it seems that it does not appear on copies at all). Then I decided to save money and order cheaper modules, the seller did not indicate the quality, but it felt like it was Grade C, production rejection - there were dead pixels on both displays, and one had a small dark spot. There was also a case with the iPhone 4 screen - the screen itself was of good quality, but the front camera was of very low quality - the resolution was like 0.1MP, and soapy, and there was also a large purple blot in the center of the picture. There were many more such examples, but these are enough for clarity.

At the last stage, the device is supplemented with accessories: headphones, cable, charging - differ in the quality of materials and are similar to the original, but the filling itself is unchanged: the headphones sound disgusting, the charger does not have controllers and chips (you should also be very careful with this). Then all this is packed in a box (the quality of cardboard and printing is also different from nasty, to indistinguishable).

As you can see, the quality of components can vary greatly from good to disgusting. And given that sellers strive to earn as much as possible, there is no doubt about their choice. To this we add the lack of quality control at such "enterprises" and at the exit we have a product of dubious quality, and sometimes even dangerous (remember the cases with the iPhone exploded in China). Moreover, all these gradations are rather arbitrary, many sellers do not indicate them, and it is practically impossible to check them.

So keep this in mind when in doubt which to choose: LG G2, Meizu M1 Note or wait for the Xiaomi mi4i. Well, think about why a “new” iPhone in Moscow costs one and a half times cheaper than in the USA (we are talking about unlocked).

P.S: There are many free services on the Internet for checking iPhone by IMEI as of the date of production / activation.

Solar cell quality class - Grade A, B and C: what is it?

In the description of solar cells, the characteristics indicate: "quality class - Grade A" or "quality category - Grade A" or "solar cells grade A".
Sometimes representatives of a particular factory indicate that only they have quality class A, but all other factories have exclusively quality class B or C, therefore, other factories have solar modules cheaper, worse, and after a few years will stop working (to justify unreasonably high prices ).

It should be understood that no one specifically makes solar cells of poor quality, it is impossible to produce solar cells under artisanal conditions, since equipment for a solar cell workshop is very expensive, and all manufacturers are interested in obtaining class A solar cells.
Graduation (classification) of solar cells is carried out during interoperative and final quality control in the production of solar cells: defects in appearance and by instrumental control.

Defects detected during interoperational control are so-called critical defects (Grade D), such blanks are disposed of and are not allowed for further processing and sale. Both equipment manufacturers and solar cell manufacturers are involved in solving this problem. Such cases are quite rare and will not be considered in detail.

On the photo blanks for solar cells, passed interoperative control:

About instrumental control solar cells

Before us is an "ideal" solar cell, there are no visible defects on it: chips, broken geometry, spots, destroyed tires, etc.

Some incompetent sellers of solar modules claim that if there are no visible defects on the solar cells, if the solar cell is 156 by 156 mm in size, then they sell exactly class A solar modules. But solar modules made from cells of other sizes: 156 mm by 78 mm (the so-called half ) or 156mm by 39mm (the so-called quarter), then this panel is made from industrial waste and exclusively class B or C or D.

First, solar cells come in sizes 125mm by 125mm (the so-called third generation), and also come in sizes 100mm by 100mm (second generation) and 80mm by 80mm (first generation). These generations are no worse and no better in terms of characteristics from each other. And the fact is that the workpiece from which the solar cells are cut increases in size approximately every 10 years (this allows the cost of solar cells to be reduced) and the size of the solar cells increases.
So, back to our apparently "healthy" cell. Let's carry out instrumental control. Every plant that cares about the quality of solar modules and cares about its reputation, for example, the Sunny Energy plant, has an electroluminescent control installation.

There are several such installations at the Sunne Energy plant, there are installations for testing individual solar cells as part of a laboratory:

And there are also electroluminescent control units built into solar cell production lines and ready-made solar modules line:

As a rule, such installations measure more than 40 different parameters of the final control, they are automated, such installations can only be afforded by manufacturers with a high degree of capitalization.

This is how an outwardly "healthy" solar cell can look like under instrumental control:

Dark areas are areas under the tire and areas of impaired power generation. With so many "bad" areas, the solar cell is discarded and sold to factories that specialize in producing cheap solar modules or have received an order for "cheaper solar modules".

Microcracks on solar cells, already in the assembled solar module kit, with electroluminescent control.

So when you are told:
- our solar cell consists of 156 mm x 156 mm cells without external defects, That's why she is class A,
this is false information.

Solar cells 156 mm x 156 mm without external defects, maybe class B, it is enough on the popular resource alibaba.com, where almost all sellers from China are present in the search bar, type: B Grade 156x156mm Solar Cell, dozens of offers of solar cells 156 will appear mm x 156 mm class B without external defects:

Please remember, even a seemingly flawless solar cell can be of poor quality:

A solar cell that has not passed instrumental control for low energy indicators, a disturbed internal and (or) external structure is classified as class B. 5 years.

Outwardly, it is impossible to distinguish such solar modules from quality ones, so please carefully choose suppliers of solar modules with a good reputation. It is desirable that it be a factory with its own production of solar cells and a modern laboratory for quality control of solar modules.

About visualcontrol solar cells.
At the final quality control, after instrumental control, external quality control of solar modules is carried out.

Visual rejection occurs according to the following indicators:

Color deviation:

Leakage of paste on the tire application line

"Watery" or dark spots

Let's sum up what a solar cell is class A:
it is a solar cell that has passed strict instrumental and external control from a manufacturer with a good reputation.
Such a cell, after a special aging test (PID test), shows a decrease in the power of the elements by no more than 5%

Solar cell class B, this is a solar cell with an already disturbed, external or internal structure, and (or) that has not passed visual control. Such a cell, after a special aging test (PID test), shows a decrease in the power of the elements by no more than 30%

Solar cells class C, after a special aging test (PID test), shows a decrease in the power of the cells by more than 30%

Such a gradation of solar cells is international, but if you are told that the gradation is determined solely by appearance: for example, a solar cell "whole - means class A" or "half - means class B", then you have an incompetent seller.

Before us is a photograph of solar cells "halves" made for the Russian space constellation of satellites "Glonass",
manufactured by JSC "Saturn", Krasnodar. According to the classification of would-be sellers: "half means class B". Fortunately, Krasnodar engineers are not familiar with such a self-made theory. (Photo used by personal permission of Rustem Rinatovich Adagamov)

Conclusions: it is guaranteed to buy solar modules of category A, you can if you buy from a manufacturer with a good reputation.

If you buy solar panels, specify which factory the solar panels are made in. If the seller hides the manufacturer and sells under his own trade name, it is better to refuse such a purchase, there is a high risk of buying a pig in a poke.

If you are told that this is a Russian manufacturer,
then please keep in mind, here is the list of manufacturers:
1. CJSC "TELECOM-STV" (SKD from imported components)
2. Ryazan plant of cermet devices (SKD from imported components)
3. JSC "Saturn", Krasnodar (full production cycle)
4. Plant "Hevel", Novocheboksarsk (full production cycle)

For information:
Glonass satellites use Krasnodar solar batteries, an international concern AirbusDefense and Space (ADS) plans to purchase 900 sets of batteries for the OneWeb satellite constellation (global Internet) at the Saturn plant.

All other solar modules sold in Russia are exclusively imported.

Bonus for reading the article to the end:
photo report from JSC "Saturn", Krasnodar -

The main weapon in the world Lineage ii- one of the elements of combat equipment. With the help of it, the character deals damage to enemies. The basic parameters of the weapon are physical and magical attack. It also has physical and magical protection, attack speed and other less significant indicators that affect the characteristics.

In the game, weapons are divided into classes (swords, clubs, bows, etc.) and grades (no grade, D grade, C grade, etc.). The weapon class for the character should be chosen in accordance with his profession. For example, archers are not advised to fight with swords. The damage inflicted on the enemy will be weak, they will not be able to use their attacking skills (skills). However, at the same time, magicians or healers, in addition to magic staves, can also use some swords that have an increased magic attack. Dwarves also have and develop skills, both for using clubs and for using lances. Before deciding on any weapon, you should thoroughly study the characteristics and skills of your character.

The higher the grade of the weapon, the higher its base stats. But there is also a small but…. A character who has reached, for example, level 20, will be penalized for attack speed and accuracy for using weapons of grade C and above. Those. he will strike at long intervals, and often these strikes will not reach the target (zero damage). What kind of weapon at what level should a character acquire in order not to receive a fine?

From 1 to 19 level weapon No grade is used.

From 20 to 39 level, D grade weapons are used.

From 40 to 51 levels, C grade weapons are used.

From 52 to 60 level, B grade weapons are used.

From 61 to 75 level, A grade weapons are used.

From 76 to 79 level, S grade weapons are used.

From 80 to 83 levels, weapons of the C80 grade (S80 grade) are used.

C 84 uses weapons of C84 grade (S84 grade).

Characters with a higher level can use lower grade weapons. There are no penalties for this.

Weapons can be purchased in weapon stores located in cities without a grade , D grade and C grade for magicians and warriors. In a specialized store Luxury Shop (Luxor) which is located in Town of Giran, B-grade weapons are sold, but you can buy them not for money, but for crystals.

In order for the weapon to inflict higher damage during the battle, it is advisable to use magic charges. They are also divided into grades and classes. For example, for a C grade weapon, you should purchase charges of the same grade. Charges that do not have a grade can be bought in shops located in cities. Charges of D grade and higher can be purchased from other characters or from dwarf crafters. By the terms of the game, only crafters know how to make charges of various grades (depending on the level of the gnome).

The charges are also divided into two classes:

Soul Shot- are used for physical weapons.

Soul charges- used for magic weapons, divided into types - common Soulshots (Spirit Shot- are cheaper, the damage is less) and Blased Spirit Shot- are more expensive and the damage done is higher. Are in higher demand).

The main weapon has no upgrade limit. It can be sharpened with special scrolls, insert a crystal CA (SA), Stone of Element and Life Stone .

With the help of scrolls of improvement (sharpening), the damage done to the enemy, or to the monster, is increased. Ordinary scrolls can be purchased from other players, knocked out of monsters, or taken from treasure chests by opening them with keys (they also drop from monsters). Blessed Scrolls are dropped by a successful hunt for Raid Bosses. The game provides for various events, participating in which, you can also get sharpenings. Manor from castles also makes it possible to get various improvement scrolls.

By inserting a stone into the weapon CA (SA), you can improve the special attributes of the item. Stones vary in level and color. Weapons of grade C and higher can be improved with the help of SA.

Life Stone- This is another way to improve (augment) your weapon. Augmentation is available for products of grade C and higher. The character's level must be equal to or higher than the level of the stone.

Elemental stones can be inserted into weapons of C (S) grade and higher. This stone adds the attack power of the corresponding element to the weapon. Exists 4 types of attributes - Earth, Water, Fire and Air... You can get them on the Crystal Island from high-level monsters.

Among the players, there is a division of weapons of each grade into levels: low, middle and top. For example, the expression "Top D weapon" means that the character wields a D grade weapon that has the highest magical and physical attack and defense rates of this grade.

The ANR26650 are LiFePO4 rechargeable batteries from A123 Systems that support discharge currents up to 70A. These batteries are very popular with those who assemble assemblies for electric vehicles. They are even faked. The manufacturer himself produces 2 grades - Grade A and B, while nowhere is there information about what is worse Grade B. I have a pair of each grade and I decided to test one pair at currents of 0.5A (0.2C), 5A, 10A and 20A, and compare all 4 banks at 20A. Why 20A and not 70? It's just that my load no longer knows how, but I think the difference will be visible even at 20A.

I bought banks at different times from the same supplier - Queen battery... I have been taking lithium batteries only from them for more than six months. I have already made 4 orders, and they have never failed.

The testing methodology has not changed - charged and discharged using ZKETECH EBC-A20(4-wire connection, discharge up to 20A). As always, I adhered to the requirements of the IEC61960-2003 standard (the same GOST 61960-2007) in terms of measuring the capacity of batteries. The measurements were taken at an ambient temperature of 23-25 ​​° C. Before each charge / discharge cycle, each battery rested for at least one hour (usually an hour and a half). In all cases, charging was carried out with a standard current according to the datasheet (standard charge current, 2.5A).

But I slightly updated the holder - I replaced the steel plates with copper ones (20x20x0.3mm).

Main characteristics taken from datasheet

• Rated voltage: 3.3V
• End of charging: 3.6V
• End of discharge: 2.0V
• Rated capacity: 2500mAh
• Minimum capacity: 2400mAh
• Standard charging current: 2.5A
• Maximum charging current: 10A
• Maximum discharge current: 70A
• Max. short-term discharge current: 120A (10 seconds)

And so, first let's look at the external differences. Grade A (top) carries much more heat shrinkage information than Grade B, which only shows ANR26650.

The heat shrinkage around the Grade A negative contact is zebra patterned

And on the side of positive contacts, there are no differences

Let's move on to the results.

Grade A first:

Everything is fine here. Even at 20A, the capacity remains above the nominal 2500mAh, and at 0.2C / 0.5A it almost falls short of 2700mAh.

Now let's look at Grade B:

This can is doing even better - at 0.2C it produced exactly 2700mAh, and even surpassed Grade A at all values ​​of the discharge current. This is rather strange, since, in theory, Grade A should be better than Grade B ...

Now a comparison of two Grade A cans and two Grade B cans at 20 amp discharge:

By the way, these cans weigh much lighter than their 4.2V lithium counterparts - 76g versus 96.

Well, at the end of the video version of the review in English:

During the interview, in response to questions related to the size of the salary, the applicant may hear the cryptic phrase: "We have a grading system in our company."

First of all, you should not take the mention of grades as an excuse for a HR manager to avoid announcing the actual salary of a particular position. Where the grading system is functioning correctly, it is usually easier to understand both the timing of the increase in wages and the amount of its increase.

What is grading?

The grading system is quite new for the personnel and financial policies of many Russian companies. It should not be surprising that a fairly large number of HR specialists have only heard about its existence, but have never used it in practice.

Grading is not a novelty in world personnel policy, at least this system has been discussed since the 1940s. It was then that they first talked about it in connection with the developments of the American Edward Hay, president and founder of the Hay Group consulting company. But what is good for the Western mentality does not immediately and does not always take root in Russian reality.

The Maslow pyramid, which has long become a textbook, suggests that any person is guided primarily by meeting basic needs - food, water, safety. And since it can be obtained for money, then it is they that become the leading motivation for effective work. It is difficult to assume that the satisfaction of basic needs of employees was directly linked to the corporate values ​​of the company. Consequently, the amount of financial compensation for labor will still prevail over the factors of non-material motivation of the employee.

It is on this basis that the grading system functions, aimed at financial incentives for personnel.

But at the same time not to be confused grading and just accrual of bonuses and bonuses, since there are qualitative differences between them.

The grading system itself is that the hierarchy of positions in the enterprise is built according to certain criteria, which, in turn, directly affects the size of the employee's salary.

Both grade and full upgrade

Not all HR professionals see the need to implement a grading system in their companies. When it comes to a small company with 5-8 people, this can be fully explained. But if we mean a large organization employing several hundred people or more, then often in such a decision lies a simple reluctance to almost completely modernize the entire personnel structure of the company.

Yes, in the end, grading is aimed at stimulating the work of each employee, but still, it affects more than just the financial side. First of all, ordering occurs in the very structure of the organization.

The grading system is currently divided into job grading and staff grading... And if the first type is appropriate primarily in large companies, the second is preferable in small firms. But both types of grading are aimed primarily at financial incentives for the employee, and only then at non-material types of incentives.

Often, HR specialists do not want to break existing HR and financial relationships. The system of rewarding employees with good indicators also works quite effectively, and there is no particular desire to rank positions using rather complex calculation systems.

But without a grading system, it is problematic to determine the real cost of a particular specialist and offer him adequate material compensation - no less than he deserves, but not too high. His personal contribution to the development of the company's business should be clearly indicated.

“If an employee is paid a salary that clearly does not correspond to his level of professionalism and efficiency, then the employer is a loser. But if the employee receives a salary less than his “market value”, then the level of his interest will sooner or later fall and he will quit. This means that the company will lose again ", - shares his opinion Elena Savelyeva, independent business coach.

How much does each individual employee cost?

Grading is a fairly accurate technique, and a simple description of the quality of work of an employee is clearly not enough here. As the practice of many companies that have successfully implemented a grading system shows, it takes from 3 to 12 months to complete such a project.

Grading is based primarily on a point-factor assessment of the efficiency of each employee's work. In addition, if the issue of grading arises in an organization, then it should be carried out at all levels of positions, including top management, which is often forgotten in practice.

But it is not worth over-complicating it, adding too much mathematics where it is possible to get by in simpler ways. Since the emphasis is on the implementation of key performance indicators and related bonuses, the actual salary depends on the personal achievements of the employee, on how he fulfills the plan.

There are also psychological reasons explaining the reluctance of a number of HR professionals to implement grading in their companies. To a greater extent, this is due to the quite predictable dissatisfaction of that part of the employees, whose salary may decrease precisely as a result of their real assessment. The inevitability of layoffs, as well as the costs associated with the search and adaptation of a new employee, makes the introduction of such a system to be postponed, although, as practice shows, grading justifies itself financially rather quickly.

Grading takes into account a variety of indicators of the value of each specialist, which directly determine the size of his salary and remuneration. Among such factors and the degree of employee responsibility, and the impact of his work on the business result of the entire company, and also quite rare for domestic practice price calculation ... errors... In addition, the actual working conditions are taken into account, as well as the degree of communicative and information-analytical load for a specific employee.

When grading is not a panacea

Despite the undeniable usefulness and effectiveness, one should not exaggerate the real significance of this incentive system. Since the introduction of a grading system will require costs - both time and financial, it is worth determining how much this is really necessary in a particular company.